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The contested terrain of sport diplomacy in a globalizing world
Steven J. Jackson1 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2013 International Area Studies Review Vol.16 No.3
Sport continues to occupy a rather ambiguous position within the context of politics, foreign policy and diplomatic relations. While one can identify a long list of cases where sport has been credited with diverting conflict, contributing to peace negotiations and helping develop better cultural understanding, there are also many cases where sport has not only fueled conflict but also served as its source. This paper seeks to: (1) highlight the unique features of sport as a cultural site and practice in relation to diplomacy; (2) briefly overview some key dimensions and limitations of sport as an instrument of diplomacy; and (3) offer a preliminary examination of contemporary sport organizations and events in order to understand the implications of the transformational shift occurring between state diplomacy and what might be termed “corporate diplomacy” within an increasingly global context.
Priscila Vaz de Arruda,Júlio César dos Santos,Rita de Cássia Lacerda Brambilla Rodrigues,Débora Danielle Virgínio da Silva,Celina Kiyomi Yamakawa,George Jackson de Moraes Rocha,Jonas Nolasco Júnior,Jo 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.47 No.-
In this study, volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa) was selected as a criterion for facilitatingthe scale up of xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii at the bench and pilot-scale level. A kLa valueof 16 h 1 was applied in reactors with volumetric capacity of 2.4 L, 18 L and 125 L. Fermentation wassuccessfully scaled-up from the bench to pilot-scale level with all experiments demonstrating aminimum of 60% xylose to xylitol conversion efficiency. Under all evaluated conditions glycerol andethanol were also produced as by-products of xylose metabolism. Only minor differences were observedin the fermentation profile when reactor volumes ranging from 2.4 L to 125 L were used forexperimentation purposes, reaching, at pilot scale, yield and volumetric productivity of 0.55 g g 1and 0.31 g L 1 h 1, respectively, with maximum specific growth rate of 0.26 h 1. This demonstrates andreinforces the feasibility of using kLa as scale up criterion. The use of this parameter allowed precisereproduction of results obtained at bench bioreactor level to a larger scale; this is extremely crucial andimportant information considering that the aim of the proposed biotechnological process is to reach thelevel required for the industrial viability.
Jackson, J.M.,Hupert, M.L.,Soper, S.A. Elsevier Sequoia 2014 Journal of Power Sources Vol.269 No.-
Parallel channel configurations, such as Z-type, used to distribute reagents in planar fuel cells provide lower overall pressure drop as compared to other channel designs. However, due to their inherent characteristics, flow maldistribution in parallel configurations is commonly observed and leads to starvation of reagents in middle channels. In addition, the Reynolds number dependent minor losses at branching tee junctions may cause asymmetric flow non-uniformity and reagent imbalance between the cathode and anode. Herein, we present a universal and simple optimization method to simultaneously reduce flow maldistribution, asymmetry, and parasitic pressure in Z-type parallel configurations of fuel cells or fuel cell stacks that has improved scalability relative to previous methods. A discrete model's governing equations were reduced to yield geometric ratios between headers. Increasing header widths to satisfy these ratios reduced flow maldistribution without modifying parallel channel geometry as validated by computation fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Furthermore, decreased Reynolds numbers throughout the headers reduced minor pressure drops and flow distribution asymmetry. We offer several methods to reduce the optimized geometry's footprint, including an adaptation of the discontinuous design.
Jackson, J.,Witek, M.,Hupert, M.,Brady, C.,Pullagurla, S.,Kamande, J.,Aufforth, R.,Tignanelli, C.,Torphy, R.,Yeh, J. Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Lab on a chip Vol.14 No.1
The need to activate thermoplastic surfaces using robust and efficient methods has been driven by the fact that replication techniques can be used to produce microfluidic devices in a high production mode and at low cost, making polymer microfluidics invaluable for in vitro diagnostics, such as circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis, where device disposability is critical to mitigate artifacts associated with sample carryover. Modifying the surface chemistry of thermoplastic devices through activation techniques can be used to increase the wettability of the surface or to produce functional scaffolds to allow for the covalent attachment of biologics, such as antibodies for CTC recognition. Extensive surface characterization tools were used to investigate UV activation of various surfaces to produce uniform and high surface coverage of functional groups, such as carboxylic acids in microchannels of different aspect ratios. We found that the efficiency of the UV activation process is highly dependent on the microchannel aspect ratio and the identity of the thermoplastic substrate. Colorimetric assays and fluorescence imaging of UV-activated microchannels following EDC/NHS coupling of Cy3-labeled oligonucleotides indicated that UV-activation of a PMMA microchannel with an aspect ratio of similar to 3 was significantly less efficient toward the bottom of the channel compared to the upper sections. This effect was a consequence of the bulk polymer's damping of the modifying UV radiation due to absorption artifacts. In contrast, this effect was less pronounced for COC. Moreover, we observed that after thermal fusion bonding of the device's cover plate to the substrate, many of the generated functional groups buried into the bulk rendering them inaccessible. The propensity of this surface reorganization was found to be higher for PMMA compared to COC. As an example of the effects of material and microchannel aspect ratios on device functionality, thermoplastic devices for the selection of CTCs from whole blood were evaluated, which required the immobilization of monoclonal antibodies to channel walls. From our results, we concluded the CTC yield and purity of isolated CTCs were dependent on the substrate material with COC producing the highest clinical yields for CTCs as well as better purities compared to PMMA.
Steven J.T. Jackson,Keith W. Singletary,Laura L. Murphy,Richard C. Venema,Andrew J. Young 한국식품영양과학회 2016 Journal of medicinal food Vol.19 No.1
Phytonutrients have rapidly emerged as natural food chemicals possessing multifaceted biological actions thatmay support beneficial health outcomes. Among the vast array of phytonutrients currently being studied, sulforaphane, curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol have been frequently reported to stimulate the expression of endogenous detoxification enzymes and may thereby facilitate the neutralization of otherwise harmful environmental agents. Some of these same phytonutrients, however, have also been implicated in disrupting normal cell proliferation and hence may possess toxic properties in and of themselves. In this study, we characterize the respective minimum threshold concentrations of the aforementioned phytonutrients in Hepa1c1c7 cells that stimulate NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), a key enzyme in the hepatic neutralization of menadione, other biological oxidants, and some environmental carcinogens. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that relatively low concentrations of either sulforaphane or curcumin significantly (P < .05) increase NQO1 protein expression and activity without triggering G2/M cell cycle arrest or mitotic catastrophe. The minimal quercetin concentration inducing NQO1, however, was 100-fold higher than that which disrupted mitosis. Also, while resveratrol modestly stimulated NQO1, the minimally effective resveratrol concentration concomitantly induced evidence of cellular apoptosis. Taken together, these findings indicate that only particular phytonutrients are likely efficacious in upregulating NQO1 activity without also leading to hepatic cytotoxicity.
Han, J.,Kim, Y.,Kim, H.W.,Jackson, D.H.K.,Lee, D.,Chang, H.,Chae, H.J.,Lee, K.Y.,Kim, H.J. Elsevier Science 2017 Electrochemistry communications Vol.83 No.-
Thin TiO<SUB>2</SUB> layers were deposited onto a carbon-supported Ni catalyst (Ni/C) through atomic layer deposition (ALD) and the resulting TiO<SUB>2</SUB>-coated Ni/C (ALD(TiO<SUB>2</SUB>)-Ni/C) was utilized for electrochemical glycerol oxidation in alkaline media. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the Ni surface phase of ALD(TiO<SUB>2</SUB>)-Ni/C mainly consisted of Ni(OH)<SUB>2</SUB> while that of uncoated Ni/C was a mixed phase of NiO and Ni(OH)<SUB>2</SUB>. The ALD(TiO<SUB>2</SUB>)-Ni/C exhibited electrocatalytic activity at least 2.4 times higher than that of Ni/C. Density functional theory calculations were used to investigate how the modified Ni surface with the TiO<SUB>2</SUB> coating affects the adsorption/desorption of glycerol.
Reaping What You Sow : Agriculture PAC Punishment Over the China Trade Vote
David J. Jackson,Steven T. Engel 한국공공정책학회 2005 공공정책연구 Vol.19 No.-
Business PACs are thought likely to follow safe strategies with regard to their direct campaign contributions and to seek to develop long-term relationships with powerful members of Congress whose voting records support the interests of the PACs. Both of these traditional approaches, believed to be prevalent among business PACs (the access and electoral/ideological strategies), share the common characteristic of deep interest in the voting records of members of Congress. While access to the powerful is important, it is unlikely agribusiness PACs would give large contributions to members who consistently oppose their preferences on important legislation.