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Laboratory Animal Industry in Japan
Tsuyoshi FURUYA 건국대학교 동물자원연구센터 1993 국제 심포지움 Vol.- No.4
일본에서는 실험동물의 근대화가 1950년대 초에 시작되어 1980년대에는 미생물학 및 유전학적으로 콘트롤된 동물을 사육회사로부터 쉽게 구입할 수 있게 되었다. 동물실험에 있어서 실험동물의 콘트롤로 인해 정확하고 再現性있는 데이터를 구할 수 있고 미생물학적 콘트롤로써 감염에 의한 방해를 받지 않고 실험을 계속할 수 있다. 동시에 동물데이터에 영향을 미치는 사육 및 동물관리를 위한 설비, 시설건물, 기술 등이 개선되었고 마우스와 랫트에 대한 연구자들의 요구를 충족시킬 조직이 이 30년동안에 구성되었다. 일본에서 쓰이는 동물의 수를 보면, 최대치가 1970년도 1,150만 마리의 마우스가 사용되었으나 1986년 이후 500만 마리로 감소하였다. 한편, 랫트는 1970년 이후 점차 증가하여 1986년에는 250만 마리에 이르렀다. 이러한 랫트사용의 점차적인 증가의 주요인은 일본의 독성시험지침에 암수 양쪽에서의 약리검사와 독성시험이 요구되어 사용기회가 증가한 때문이다. 안전성시험을 요구하는 새로운 화학물질이 증가는 했지만 시험에 사용된 동물의 수는 1990년에는 감소하였다. 그 원인으로서는 동물권리주의자들의 운동과 치밀히 심의된 실험계획의 준비 및 동물품질의 개선을 들 수 있다. 1992년도에 사육회사가 판매한 실험동물의 조사에서 사람에 유사한 질환을 나타내는 변이계 마우스와 랫트의 수가 급격히 증가한 것을 알 수 있었다. 토끼의 수는 감소한 반면 개, 고양이 및 돼지는 증가하였는데, 이는 시험에 여러 품종을 사용하는 경향이 있음을 나타내는 것이다. 사육회사외에도 큐슈대학의대와 같은 몇몇 대학의 동물시설에서 마우스와 랫트의 근교계, 변이계 및 교잡군이 생산되어 연구자들에게 제공되었다. 일본에는 실험동물과 관련된 시설이 2,500에서 3,000개소가 존재한다. 그 중에는 의학과 약학 및 치학과 관련된 공공시설이 208개소, 제약회사의 GLP시설이 75개소, 안전성시험 수탁연구소가 35개소, 그리고 수의과대학 및 축산대학의 부속연구시설이 80개소로 구성되어 있다. 동물실험은 또한 지방연구소와 민간시설(식품, 철강, 건축)에서도 실시하고 있다. 이러한 환경속에서 「동물의 保護 및 管理에 관한 법률(法律 제105호, 1973)」과 「실험동물의 飼養 및 保管 등에 관한 基準(告示 제6호, 1980 總理府)」이 제정되었다. 끝으로, 본인은 실험동물학에 관한 연구분야가 양국의 과학자들간에 우정과 협력을 보다 촉진시킴으로써 더욱 발전하기를 기대한다. In Japan, the modernization of experimental animals began in early 1950s, and 1980s, microbiologically and genetic controlled animals have been easily available from breeding company. In animal experiments, genetical control in experimental animals makes us possible to obtain precise and reproducible data, and micro biological control to continue the experiment without interruption by infection. Simultaneously, facilities, institutions and technology for feed and animal care, these influencing animal data, were improved, and structure to satisfy researchers' demand in mice and rats were organized for these 30 years. On the number of animals used in Japan, 11.5 million mice, a maximum value, were used in 1970, but they reduced to 5 million after 1986. However, the number of rats used were gradually increased after 1970, and reached to 2.5 million in 1986. Main factor of gradual increase in the number of rats was due to increase in opportunity for pharmacological examination and safety study in which both sexes were required Japanese guidelines for toxicity studies. Although new chemical products required safety studies were increased, the number of animals in used in the study was decreased in 1990. The reasons for this include the movement of animal-rights activists, preparation of well-discussed protocol and improvement of animal quality. Survey of laboratory animals sold by breeding company in 1992 indicated that the number of mutant mice and rats with disease resemble to human were rapidly increased. The number of rabbits was decreased whereas those of dogs, cats and pigs were increased, showing that there was tendency to use many species in the study. Outside of the breeder, inbred, mutant and hybrid strains of mice and rats were bred to supply researchers in some animal facilities of University, ie. Kyushu University School of Medicine. There are 2500-3000 facilities related to laboratory animals in Japan. They are public institutes for medicine, pharmacy and dentistry (208), GLP facilities in pharmaceutical company (75), contact laboratories (35), and institutes of veterinary and animal husbandry school (80). Animal experiments were also carried out in prefectural institutes and corporational facilities (food, Steel, construction). Under these circumstances. "Law concerning the protection and control of animals" (Law No. 105, 1973) and "Standards relating to the care and management of experimental animals" (Notification, No.6, 1980 of the Prime Minister's Office) have been established in Japan. Finally, I hope that a field of study concerning laboratory animal science will be advanced by promoting further friendship and cooperation among scientists in both countries.
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Tsuyoshi Majima,Yumi Oota,Yoshihisa Matsukawa,Yasuhito Funahashi,Masashi Kato,Hiromitsu Mimata,Momokazu Gotoh 대한비뇨의학회 2020 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.61 No.6
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether data obtained from the Lilium α-200 (Lilium Otsuka Co., Ltd., Japan) correlated with conventional frequency-volume chart (FVC) and post-void residual urine volume (PVR) obtained by urethral catheterization. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective multicentre study. Patients hospitalized for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms were included. Patients were evaluated with conventional FVC and Lilium α-200 for 2 days. PVR was measured by urethral catherization after urination at the end of the 2 day evaluation period. Results: A total of 42 patients were enrolled in this study. Voided volume and PVR measured by Lilium α-200 were significantly correlated with voided volume obtained from conventional FVC and PVR measured by urethral catheterization, respectively. There was considerable measurement error in voided volume measured by Lilium α-200 (−21.0±102.0 mL). In contrast, the error between PVR measured by the Lilium α-200 and PVR obtained by urethral catheterization was 2.4±52.0 mL. Additionally, high body mass index, but not sex, benign prostate hyperplasia, time zone of measurement (daytime vs. nighttime), and examiners (a urologist versus other healthcare providers) were significantly associated with inaccurate results in voided volume. Conclusions: Voided volume and PVR measured by the Lilium α-200 were correlated with voided volume obtained from conventional FVC and PVR measured by urethral catheterization, although accuracy of the measurements was not high. The Lilium α-200 is a useful device to easily measure approximate bladder volume.
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Chloroplastic NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Complex and Cyclic Electron Transport around Photosystem I
Tsuyoshi Endo,Satoshi Ishida,Noriko Ishikawa,Fumihiko Sato 한국분자세포생물학회 2008 Molecules and cells Vol.25 No.2
Recent molecular genetics studies have revealed that cyclic electron transport around photosystem I is essential for normal photosynthesis and growth of plants. Chloroplastic NAD(P)H dehydorgenase (NDH) complex, a homologue of the complex I in respiratory electron transport, is involved in one of two cyclic pathways. Recent studies on the function and structure of the NDH complex are reviewed
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