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A brief review on relaxor ferroelectrics and selected issues in lead-free relaxors
Ahn, Chang Won,Hong, Chang-Hyo,Choi, Byung-Yul,Kim, Hwang-Pill,Han, Hyoung-Su,Hwang, Younghun,Jo, Wook,Wang, Ke,Li, Jing-Feng,Lee, Jae-Shin,Kim, Ill Won 한국물리학회 2016 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol. No.
<P>Relaxor ferroelectricity is one of the most widely investigated but the least understood material classes in the condensed matter physics. This is largely due to the lack of experimental tools that decisively confirm the existing theoretical models. In spite of the diversity in the models, they share the core idea that the observed features in relaxors are closely related to localized chemical heterogeneity. Given this, this review attempts to overview the existing models of importance chronologically, from the diffuse phase transition model to the random-field model and to show how the core idea has been reflected in them to better shape our insight into the nature of relaxor-related phenomena. Then, the discussion will be directed to how the models of a common consensus, developed with the so-called canonical relaxors such as Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PMN) and (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O-3 (PLZT), are compatible with phenomenological explanations for the recently identified relaxors such as (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 (BNT)-based lead-free ferroelectrics. This review will be finalized with a discussion on the theoretical aspects of recently introduced 0-3 and 2-2 ferroelectric/relaxor composites as a practical tool for strain engineering.</P>
안수열,임학,문미경,최영식,차태준,서승연,구자영,박병채 대한내과학회 1992 대한내과학회지 Vol.42 No.2
We assessed 79 cases of chloangiocarcinoma which was diagnosed histologically at Kosin General Hospital and Kim Hae Gospel Hospital from 1986 to 1990 and the results are as follows; 1) More than half of all patients were beyond sixth decade, the ratio of male to female was 2:l and 2.8:1 in intra and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, respectively. 2) Prevalence rate of clonorchiasis was 30%, 18.4% in intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, respectively, and prevalence rate of clonorchiasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was markedly higher than that (19.6%) of general population in Pusan, Kyungnam area. 3) The predominant symptoms were general weakness (90.0%), abdominal pain (53.3%), jaundice (46.7%) in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, jaundice was the most frequent symptom (75.5%). 4) Of the 11 patients with distant metastases in in trahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, the most common site of metastases was abdominal lymph nodes (91 .O%) followed by liver (36.4%), peritoneum (27.3%) and kindey (18.2%). 5) Serum CEA level was more than 10ng/㎖ in 66.7% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and 26.5% of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma which suggested that serum CEA level may be more useful in the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma than extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Serum CA 19-9 level was more than 37 U/㎖ in 80.0% of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and 67.3% of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. 6 ) Of the 11 patients with distant metastases in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. 9 patients (81.8%) had serum CEA levels of more than 60ng/㎖, and 5 of 19 patients (26.3%) with localized tumor showed CEA levels of more than 60 ng/㎖, the difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p< 0.05).