Immunomodulatory and Therapeutic Potential of Enrofloxacin in Bovine Sub Clinical Mastitis

Mukherjee, Reena,Dash, P.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.6

Immunomodulatory and therapeutic potential of Enrofloxacin was studied in bovine sub clinical mastitis (SCM). The therapeutic efficacy was adjudged by Somatic cell count and Total bacterial count of the milk, whereas, the immuno modulatory potential of the drug was assessed by measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) and acid phosphates (ACP) enzyme level in the milk leukocytes. Forty-five cows were divided into three equal groups. Gr I consisting 15 cows served as healthy control, whereas, 30 cows (SCM), Gr II and Gr III, selected on the basis of California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive reaction. Gr II cows received 150 mg of Enrofloxacin, once a day for three days and Gr.III received sterile 5 ml PBS (pH 7.4) for 7days, both the treatment were given by intramammary route. The observation was made up to 30 days post-treatment (PT). The CMT of the healthy milk was negative (0), whereas, it ranged between 1 point score and 2 point score in SCM. The Somatic cell count (SCC) and Total bacterial count (TBC) decreased significantly (p<0.05) on day 3 PT in GrII cows in Enrofloxacin treated group, however, such changes were insignificant in PBS treated group. Traces of MPO and ACP enzyme were found in the healthy milk. The mean ACP level enhanced by 70% on day 3 PT in GrII and only 18.7% in Gr. III cows. The mean MPO level enhanced to 32% in Gr. II and 18 % in Gr. III cows on day 3 PT. Concomitant use of Enrofloxacin in SCM at sub optimal dose was found to reduce the bacterial load by increasing the bactericidal enzyme level in the milk polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in bovine SCM, which indicates its immunomodulatory potential in mastitis.

Effect of Dietary Lipid Sources on Growth, Enzyme Activities and Immuno-hematological Parameters in Catla catla Fingerlings

Priya, K.,Pal, A.K.,Sahu, N.P.,Mukherjee, S.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.11

Ninety advanced Catla catla fingerlings (av. wt. 16 g) were randomly distributed in six treatment groups with three replicates each for an experimental period of 60 days to study the effect of dietary lipid source on growth, enzyme activities and immuno-hematological parameters. Six isoprotein (40.0-41.9%) and isocaloric (4,260 kcal $kg^{-1}$) semi-purified diets were prepared with varying levels of soybean oil (SBO) and cod liver oil (CLO) within a total of 8% lipid viz., $D_1$ (Control), $D_2$ (8% SBO), $D_3$ (6% SBO and 2% CLO), $D_4$ (4% SBO and 4% CLO), $D_5$ (2% SBO and 6% CLO) and $D_6$ (8% CLO). Highest SGR was noted in $D_5$ (0.73${\pm}$0.03) group, which was similar with $D_3$ (0.71${\pm}$0.02) and $D_4$ (0.69${\pm}$0.01) groups. Activity of intestinal lipase, hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) of the lipid treatment groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control group. The respiratory burst activity of the phagocytes (Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)) was highest in $D_2$ (1.95${\pm}$0.21) followed by $D_3$ (1.19${\pm}$0.15) group, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other groups. Globulin level was significantly higher in $D_3$ (1.29${\pm}$0.08) than in the other groups expect $D_4$. Hemoglobin content and total erythrocyte count did not show any significant difference. From this study, it is concluded that a diet containing 6% soybean oil and 2% cod liver oil ($D_3$) yields higher growth and immune response in Catla catla fingerlings and would be cost effective.

Hypoglycemic Activity of Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae) Leaves in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Mandal, Subhash C.,Mukherjee, Pulok K.,Saha, Kakali,Das, J.,Pal, M.,Saha, B.P. The Korean Society of Pharmacognosy 1997 Natural Product Sciences Vol.3 No.1

The hypoglycemic effect of the extract of Ficus racemosa leaves was studied on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Petroleum ether $(60-80^{\circ}C)$ extract of the plant obtained by soxhlet extraction from coarsely pulverised leaves was used. In the $LD_{50}$ determination of the extract no abnormalities were observed at the dose range of 3 g/kg (p.o.) of the extract. The extract (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg orally) caused a reduction of blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by 28.9% (P<0.00l) and 34.6% (P<0.001) respectively at the end of 9 days. The results. of this study indicate that the petroleum ether $(60-80^{\circ}C)$ extract of the leaves possesses significant hypoglycemic activity in hyperglycemic animals compared with glybenclamide as standard drug.

Gelatinized Carbohydrates in the Diet of Catla catla Fingerlings: Effect of Levels and Sources on Nutrient Utilization, Body Composition and Tissue Enzyme Activities

Yengkokpam, Sona,Sahu, N.P.,Pal, A.K.,Mukherjee, S.C.,Debnath, Dipesh Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.1

A Feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of three different sources and two levels of dietary gelatinized carbohydrate (GC) on nutrient utilization, growth, tissue composition and tissue enzyme activities of fingerlings of Catla catla (15.1-15.3 g). Six isocaloric (17.1-17.5 kJ/g) semi-purified diets were prepared either with rice, corn or tapioca at 40 or 50% GC each. The crude protein (CP) level used in the diet was 35% and 25% for 40% and 50% GC level, respectively to study the protein sparing effect of GC. The degree of gelatinization was higher for corn and tapioca than rice under similar cooking conditions. After a 60-d feeding trial, dry matter, carbohydrate, protein and lipid digestibility were higher in tapioca fed groups at both the levels of GC. However, the highest specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were observed in the corn fed groups at 50% GC level indicating better utilization of nutrients from gelatinized corn. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was almost similar in corn and tapioca fed groups between two levels of GC but in rice fed groups, FCR was lower in 40% GC than 50% GC level. The results indicated higher protein-sparing effect in corn and tapioca fed groups than rice fed groups. The order of gelatinized carbohydrate utilization in Catla catla fingerlings at 50% GC level was corn>tapioca>rice. At 40% GC level, corn and tapioca were comparable and more efficiently utilized than rice. In the corn fed groups, 50% GC was comparable with 40% GC level, whereas in rice and tapioca fed groups the 40% GC was better in terms of nutrient utilization. Liver glycogen content and hepatosomatic index were significantly (p<0.05) higher in those groups fed high GC (50%) irrespective of carbohydrate sources. Higher intestinal amylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were observed in higher GC fed groups than the lower GC groups. No mortality was found in any groups at any levels of GC.

Positron annihilation spectroscopy of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers embedded with multi-wall carbon nanotubes

Chakrabarti, K.,Nambissan, P.M.G.,Mukherjee, C.D.,Bardhan, K.K.,Kim, C.,Yang, K.S. Elsevier 2006 Carbon Vol.44 No.5

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, embedded with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in different concentrations, have been prepared by an electrospinning technique and investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Raman, and positron annihilation spectroscopy. An analysis of the positron lifetime and Doppler broadened spectral line shape has been made. Positron lifetime spectra for all the samples give best fit for three distinct lifetime components. Raman data has been used to estimate the sp<SUP>2</SUP> mole fraction in the fiber. It is found that the gradual changes incorporated in the fiber due to the addition of MWCNTs are reflected as well defined changes in the positron lifetime and the <I>S</I> parameter of the Doppler broadened spectral line. Annihilation parameters are discussed from the point of view of formation of distinct positron trapping sites in the form of vacancy type defects at the interfaces of MWCNTs and the PAN matrix, and their variations in concentration due to different amount of MWCNTs added.</P>

Deposition rate dependent phase/mechanical property evolution in zirconia and ceria-zirconia thin film by EB-PVD technique

Arunkumar, P.,Aarthi, U.,Sribalaji, M.,Mukherjee, B.,Keshri, Anup Kumar,Tanveer, Waqas Hassan,Cha, Suk-Won,Babu, K. Suresh Elsevier 2018 Journal of alloys and compounds Vol.765 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Pure zirconia (ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>) and ceria (16 mol%) stabilized zirconia (CeSZr) thin films were prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition with varying deposition rates (1, 4 and 8 Å/s) in order to correlate the phase changes to the mechanical property. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra results indicate the presence of mixed monoclinic and tetragonal phases in ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> film, but tetragonal phase dominated at lower deposition rate. However, irrespective of the deposition rate, cerium addition to ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> resulted in complete stabilization of tetragonal phase. Depending on the presence of dual (ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>) or single (CeSZr) phase, either surface cracks or well-connected grain structure was observed in SEM, respectively. Thus, CeSZr film showed a four-fold increase in hardness in comparison to ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>, which can be attributed to the complete stabilization of tetragonal phase that hinders the crack propagation along the grain. Plastic deformation of CeSZr film was found to be 1.80 × 10<SUP>−2</SUP> GPa, which is about ∼55% higher as compared to pure ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> film (8.04 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> GPa). Thus, the development of CeSZr coating may lead to better surface protection of many components.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Zirconia and ceria (16 mol%) stabilized zirconia (CeSZr) films deposited by EB-PVD. </LI> <LI> ZrO2 thin film showed mixed tetragonal and cubic structure. </LI> <LI> CeSZr thin film formed with single phase tetragonal structure. </LI> <LI> CeSZr film exhibited a four-fold increase in hardness in comparison to ZrO2 film. </LI> <LI> Deposition rate and chemistry influence the mechanical property of films. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review

P. Mukherjee,S. Roy,D. Ghosh,S. K. Nandi 한국실험동물학회 2022 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.38 No.3

The animal model deals with the species other than the human, as it can imitate the disease progression, its’ diagnosis as well as a treatment similar to human. Discovery of a drug and/or component, equipment, their toxicological studies, dose, side effects are in vivo studied for future use in humans considering its’ ethical issues. Here lies the importance of the animal model for its enormous use in biomedical research. Animal models have many facets that mimic various disease conditions in humans like systemic autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, Atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc., and many more. Besides, the model has tremendous importance in drug development, development of medical devices, tissue engineering, wound healing, and bone and cartilage regeneration studies, as a model in vascular surgeries as well as the model for vertebral disc regeneration surgery. Though, all the models have some advantages as well as challenges, but, present review has emphasized the importance of various small and large animal models in pharmaceutical drug development, transgenic animal models, models for medical device developments, studies for various human diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration model, diabetic and burn wound model as well as surgical models like vascular surgeries and surgeries for intervertebral disc degeneration considering all the ethical issues of that specific animal model. Despite, the process of using the animal model has facilitated researchers to carry out the researches that would have been impossible to accomplish in human considering the ethical prohibitions.

Breast cancer metastasis: Putative therapeutic role of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1

Sharma, R.,Sharma, R.,Khaket, T. P.,Dutta, C.,Chakraborty, B.,Mukherjee, T. K. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 CELLULAR ONCOLOGY Vol.40 No.3

<P>Conclusions This study focuses on recent progress on the role of VCAM-1, an important glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily of cell surface adhesion molecules in breast cancer angiogenesis, survival and metastasis. Targeting VCAM-1, expressed on the surface of breast cancer cells, and/or its specific ligand VLA-4/alpha 4 beta 1 integrin, expressed on cells at the site of metastasis, may be a useful strategy to reduce breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Various approaches to therapeutically target VCAM-1 and VLA-4 are also discussed.</P>

Relationship of Nitrate Reductase Activity to Leaf Yield, Protein, Sugar and Physiological Attributes in Mulberry (Morus alba L.)

( M. K. Ghosh ),( B. K. Das ),( C. Das ),( A. K. Mishra ),( P. K. Mukherjee ),( S. Raje Urs ) 한국잠사학회 2007 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.8 No.1

Ten improved mulberry varieties (Vl, C1730, C2016, C2017, Anantha, RFS-175, Thallaghatapura, Vishala, S1 and S1635) were evaluated through enzyme assay and estimation of soluble protein content followed by regression analysis, grown under irrigated conditions in the alluvial soils of Gangetic plains of West Bengal in India for five successive crops in a year. The nitrate reductase (EC No. 1.6.6.1) activity (NRA, μmol NO2-h-1 g-1 fr, wt.), total soluble protein (mg g-1 fr, wt.) was estimated which showed to vary significantly in the tested varieties. In addition to these, the other parameters like unit leaf fresh and dry weight (g), moisture %, unit leaf area (㎠), specific leaf weight (g ㎝-2), total soluble sugar (mg g-1 fr, wt.), leaf yield/plant (kg), shoot yield/plant (kg) and net photosynthetic rate (NPR, μ㏖ m-2 g-1) were also studied which showed to vary significantly in tested varieties. Among them, S1635, haying higher NRA (13.25 μ㏖ NO2-h-1g-1 fr, wt.), total soluble protein (39.63 mg g-1 fr, wt.), NPR (16.66 μ㏖ m-2 S-1), total soluble sugar (48.44 mg g-1 fr. wt.), leaf yield/plant (0.689 kg) and shoot yield/plant (1.135 kg) showed its superiority over other tested varieties. Regression and correlation coefficients were analysed, and a strong positive correlation was found between NRA & total soluble protein, NRA & NPR, NRA & total soluble sugar, NRA & unit leaf weight, NRA & specific leaf weight, NRA & leaf yield/plant, NRA & shoot yield/plant, NPR & leaf yield and NPR & specific leaf weight.

Histopathological and ultramicroscopical changes in gill, liver and kidney of Anabas testudineus (Bloch) after chronic intoxication of almix (metsulfuron methyl 10.1%+chlorimuron ethyl 10.1%) herbicide

Samanta, P.,Bandyopadhyay, N.,Pal, S.,Mukherjee, A.K.,Ghosh, A.R. Academic Press 2015 Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol.122 No.-

Present study aimed to investigate the effects of almix herbicide on histopathological and ultrastructural changes in freshwater teleostean fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) under field and laboratory conditions with a dose of 8g/acre and 66.7mg/L respectively for 30 days. In field experiment fish species were reared in special type of cage submerged in pond. Cellular alterations of the concerned organs namely gills, liver and kidney were observed through light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Gill showed hypertrophy and oedema in secondary gill epithelium, and epithelial lifting under laboratory condition but in field condition hyperplasia was prominent. SEM study revealed necrosis, hyperplasia, excessive secretion of mucus and loss of microridges; while TEM study depicted degenerative changes in mitochondria and chloride cells and severe cytoplsmic vacuolation but the changes were comparatively less under field study. In liver, damage in acinar cells of hepatopancreas, degenerative changes in zymogen granules and detachment of hepatopancreatic acinar cells under laboratory condition were the serious changes, but in field condition fatty deposition is prominent. TEM study depicted dilated, degranulated and vesiculated rough endoplasmic reticulum, dilation and swelling of mitochondria and vacuolation in hepatocytes, but under field condition dilation of mitochondria and appearance of vacuolation were well marked. Kidney showed shrinkage of glomerulus, damaged and hypertrophied proximal convoluted tubule, loss of haematopoietic tissues under light microscopy; while ultrastructural changes like degenerative changes in mitochondria, deformed nucleus, dilation, fragmentation and vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, severe vacuolation in cytoplasm and necrosis were of very serious concern under laboratory condition, but in field condition epithelial cells showed less damage. Responses depicted that symptoms of lesions were more pronounced under laboratory than field condition and the degree of responses in different tissues were different under these two conditions. Therefore, evaluation of these histopathological lesions in concerned tissues may be established as symptomatic indicators for toxicity study in aquatic ecosystem.