Associations of dietary intake and metabolic syndrome risk parameters in Vietnamese female marriage immigrants in South Korea: The KoGES follow-up study

Namsoo Chang,Hye Won Chung,Ji-Myung Kim,Hyesook Kim,Hyesu Yang 대한지역사회영양학회 2016 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.10 No.3

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare the overall changes in dietary intake and metabolic syndrome risk parameters in Vietnamese marriage-based female immigrants over time. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects of this study were 581 Vietnamese marriage-based female immigrants, who were recruited from local clinical centers in Korea. Baseline data were collected from 2006-2011 and the follow-up data were collected from 2012-2014. Dietary food intake was assessed by a 1-day 24-hour recall method. RESULTS: Compared to the baseline, the mean body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increased while the fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased at follow-up. The total consumption of foods such as vegetables/fruits/seaweeds/mushrooms, oil and fat, and eggs decreased during the follow-up period, whereas the consumption of sugars, beverages and meats increased. Partial correlation between the rate of change [(Follow-up - Baseline) / Baseline × 100] in metabolic syndrome risk parameters and food intake after controlling for confounding factors showed that the waist circumference was positively correlated with either the total plant food intake (r = 0.1042, P = 0.0129) or the total food intake (r = 0.0880, P = 0.0359). The plasma levels of total cholesterol (r = -0.1918, P = 0.0289) and HDL-cholesterol (r = -0.1424, P = 0.0007) were negatively correlated with the percentage of total intake from plant food, and HDL-cholesterol levels were positively correlated with the intake of total animal food (r = 0.0980, P = 0.0217). The serum C-reactive protein levels were positively correlated with the total intake of animal food (r = 0.2374, P < 0.0001) or the percentage of total intake from animal food (r = 0.1346, P = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the change rate of dietary intake such as total plant food or animal food is associated with the change rates of metabolic syndrome risk parameters.

재한 중국 유학 여대생들의 식습관 변화에 따른 영양 섭취 실태

Gaowei,김소연(Kim, Soyeon),장남수(Chang, Namsoo),김기남(Kim, Ki Nam) 한국영양학회 2013 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.46 No.2

본 연구는 현재 한국의 대학에 재학 중인 중국인 여대생 114명을 대상으로 중국인 유학생들의 영양소 섭취상태를 조사하고, 중국과 한국에서의 식습관 변화 및 식습관 변화에 따른 영양소 섭취상태를 평가하고자 수행되었으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 중국인 유학생의 평균 에너지 섭취량은 1,586.9 ± 474.2 kcal였고, 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 구성비는 56 : 14 : 30으로 나타났으며, 전체 대상자의 23.7%가 단백질의 평균필요량에 미치지 못하고 있었고 43%가 권장섭취량에 미만으로 섭취하고 있었다. 엽산의 평균필요량 미만으로 섭취하는 비율은 대상자의 93%였고, 대상자의 60~70%가 칼슘, 아연, 비타민 A, 비타민 B₂, 비타민 C을 평균필요량 미만으로 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 2) 중국 유학생의 총 식습관 점수는 64.3 ± 9.9점으로 유학 전 75.9 ± 9.9점에 비해 유의적으로 낮아졌으며 (p < 0.001), 특히 식사의 규칙성과 균형성, 아침식사 여부 및 단백질 식품, 녹황색 채소와 과일 등의 섭취빈도가 좋지 않은 방향으로 변화되었고, 가공식품의 섭취와 외식의 빈도는 더 많아진 것으로 조사되었다. 3) 한국 유학 전 후의 식습관 혹은 식행동 변화 여부에 따른 영양소 섭취 수준을 비교한 결과, 한국에 온 이후 아침 결식률이 높아진 사람들은 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, 비타민 B₂ 및 니아신의 섭취량이 낮았고, 또 중국에서 보다 녹황색 채소를 더 적게 먹게 된 경우는 식이섬유소와 비타민 C를, 우유 및 유제품의 경우는 단백질과 칼슘비타민 B₂와 비타민 B₆를 비롯하여 비타민 E와 엽산을 적게 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, 성인기 식생활과 건강을 결정하는 20대 초반 재한 중국인 여대생들의 경우 바람직하지 않은 식습관과 이로 인한 영양 섭취 상태의 불균형을 나타내는 것으로 조사되었다. 이상의 결과는 고국을 떠나 낯선 문화에 적응하여야 하는 중국인 유학생들에 대한 영양교육 프로그램의 개발과 식생활 관리가 필요하다고 하겠다. 또 올바른 식생활의 정립은 심리적, 정서적 건강상태에도 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 대학생활의 적응과 성공적인 유학생활에도 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the nutritional status of Chinese female college students in Korea, and to investigate changes in their dietary behavior after residing in Korea. The subjects included 114 Chinese female college students currently studying in Korea. General characteristics and dietary behaviors before and after residing in Korea were investigated. Daily nutrients and food intake were assessed using a one-day 24-hour recall. Consumption of most nutrients, namely calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin B₂, vitamin C, and folate was estimated to fall below the EAR for the Korean population. The proportions of subjects whose intake were estimated below the EAR for folate, calcium, vitamin B₂, iron, zinc, and vitamin C were 93.0%, 71.9%, 66.7%, 65.8%, 65.8%, and 63.2%, respectively. In the current study, the dietary behavior scores fell significantly after Chinese students immigrated to Korea (p < 0.001); increased frequency of meal skipping, less consumption of fruits and vegetables, irregular meal pattern, and imbalanced diet were some of the significant changes among Chinese students before and after residing in Korea. In addition, consumption of most nutrients, including dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B group, vitamin C, and folate in the Worsened Group was significantly lower, compared with the No Change Group (p < 0.05). According to the changes in dietary behaviors, consumption of most nutrients, including dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B group, vitamin C, and folate in the Worsened Group was significantly lower than in the No Change Group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that Chinese students practiced more unhealthy dietary behaviors after residing in Korea and Chinese students residing in Korea showed poor nutrient-based diet quality. Conduct of a follow-up study using blood profile tests is needed in order to assess the nutritional status of Chinese students. These results would be used in planning of a nutritional surveillance program for Chinese students. (Korean J Nutr 2013; 46(2): 177 ~ 185)

Macronutrient composition of human milk from Korean mothers of full term infants born at 37-42 gestational weeks

Chang, Namsoo,Jung, Ji A,Kim, Hyesook,Jo, Ara,Kang, Sujeong,Lee, Si-Won,Yi, Hyunju,Kim, Jihee,Yim, Jong-Gap,Jung, Byung-Moon The Korean Nutrition Society 2015 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.9 No.4

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; $32.0{\pm}3.3years$), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

Macronutrient composition of human milk from Korean mothers of full term infants born at 37-42 gestational weeks

Namsoo Chang,Ji A Jung,Hyesook Kim,Ara Jo,Sujeong Kang,Si-Won Lee,Hyunju Yi,Jihee Kim,Jong-Gap Yim,Byung-Moon Jung 대한지역사회영양학회 2015 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.5 No.6

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; 32.0 ± 3.3 years), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

Macronutrient composition of human milk from Korean mothers of full term infants born at 37-42 gestational weeks

Namsoo Chang,Ji A Jung,Hyesook Kim,Ara Jo,Sujeong Kang,Si-Won Lee,Hyunju Yi,Jihee Kim,Jong-Gap Yim,Byung-Moon Jung 한국영양학회 2015 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.9 No.4

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; 32.0 ± 3.3 years), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

Dietary changes in Vietnamese marriage immigrant women: The KoGES follow-up study

Ji-Yun Hwang,Hakim Lee,Ahra Ko,Chan-Jung Han,Hye Won Chung,Namsoo Chang 한국영양학회 2014 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.8 No.3

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The immigrant population has grown considerably in South Korea since the early 1990s due to international marriages. Dietary changes in immigrants are an important issue, because they are related to health and disease patterns. This study was conducted to compare changes in dietary intake between baseline and follow-up periods. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Two hundreds thirty three Vietnamese female married immigrants. Baseline data were collected during 2006-2009, and the follow-up data were collected during 2008 and 2010. Food consumption was assessed using a 1-day 24-hour recall. RESULTS: The amount of the total food consumed (P < 0.001) including that of cereals (P = 0.004), vegetables (P = 0.003), and fruits (P = 0.002) decreased at follow-up compared to that at baseline, whereas consumption of milk and dairy products increased (P = 0.004). Accordingly, the overall energy and nutrient intake decreased at follow-up, including carbohydrates (P = 0.012), protein (P = 0.021), fiber (P = 0.008), iron (P = 0.009), zinc (P = 0.006), and folate (P = 0.002). Among various anthropometric and biochemical variables, mean skeletal muscle mass decreased (P = 0.012), plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol increased, (P = 0.020) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein decreased at follow-up (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A long-term follow-up study is needed to investigate the association between changes in food and nutrient intake and anthropometric and biochemical variables in these Vietnamese female marriage immigrants.

Plasma total homocysteine and macrovascular complications are associated with food and nutrient intake in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus

Namsoo Chang,Ji-Myung Kim,Hyesook Kim,Yong Wook Cho 한국영양학회 2007 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.1 No.2

The present study was conducted to document the association between plasma homocysteine levels and the presence of macrovascular angiopathy with food and nutrient intake patterns among patients with Type II diabetes mellitus in Korea. Plasma total homocysteine concentration was analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence detector method in 127 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Logistic regression analyses were performed respectively to study the association of plasma homocysteine levels with clinical and dietary characteristics and macroangiopathy (MA). The average plasma homocysteine level of patients with MA was 14.2 μ㏖/ℓ, which was significantly higher than that of patients without MA (11.4 μ㏖/ℓ). The proportions of patients with MA showed a significant difference, being 32.3% in hyperhomocysteinemic (>14.0 μ㏖/ℓ) patients and 13.5% in others with homocysteine levels lower than 14.0 μ㏖/ℓ. Odds ratios for macroangiopathy by tertile increase of plasma homocysteine concentration were 1.633 (Q₂) and 4.831 (Q₃), when adjusted for age, sex, and cigarette smoking. Patients with MA consumed reduced amounts of vitamin B1, B2, and folate. The results indicate that the plasma homocysteine levels are significantly increased in NIDDM patients who have macroangiopathy. Dietary management such as increased fruits and vegetables and decreased potatoes and starches might be beneficial for the prevention of macroangiopathy in diabetic patients.

Folate nutrition is related to neuropsychological functions in the elderly

Namsoo Chang,EunJung Kim,Ki Nam Kim,Hyesook Kim,Seong Yoon Kim,Bum Seok Jeong 대한지역사회영양학회 2009 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.3 No.1

We investigated the nutritional state of B vitamins and the neuropsychological functions in 25 subjects, aged 63.1 ± 6.3 years, residing in rural areas of Korea. Nutritional states of thiamin, riboflavin, and pyridoxine were assessed enzymatically in the erythrocytes, and folate concentrations were measured microbiologically in the plasma and erythrocytes. A battery of composite neuropsychological test was administered to the subjects. Plasma folate was correlated with the total intelligence score (p=0.049). Folate levels in the erythrocytes were correlated with the performance intelligence scores such as block design (p=0.017) and picture arrangement (p=0.016). The red cell folate was correlated with memory scores such as general memory (p=0.009) and delayed recall (p=0.000). Although it did not reach statistical significance, verbal memory (p=0.053) was highly correlated with the red cell folate. The red cell folate was also correlated positively with the percent of conceptual level response number score (p=0.029), and negatively with the grooved pegboard test score for the non-dominant hand (p=0.010). Fine motor coordination was also influenced by folate nutrition, as finger tapping scores in both hands were significantly correlated with red cell folate (dominant hand; p=0.026, non-dominant hand; p=0.004). Other B vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B6 were not as strongly correlated with neuropsychological function test scores as folate was. These results suggest that folate nutrition influences neuropsychological function test scores significantly in humans. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between folate or other vitamin B nutrition and neuropsychological functions and the implications thereof.

Nutrition : Its Vital Role on fhe Development of Human Resources

Chang, Namsoo 이화여자대학교 아시아식품영양연구소 2002 아시아식품영양연구소 개소 30주년 기념논문집 Vol. No.

Nutrition is fundamental to life, and vital to the health and well-being of every individual and of a society. Nutritional state both influences and reflects the economic and social development of any society or nation throughout the history. Nutrition is an important component of human resources along with health and education. A person's past nutritional status is a capital asset, which critically affects present and future productivity. This paper focuses on the role of nutrition on the development of human resources that is critically important for economic development. It will discuss the extent and magnitude of intergenerational problems of protein-energy malnutrition and deficiencies of micro-nutrients such as iron, iodine and vitamin A. Detrimental short-term and mid-term effects of childhood malnutrition on morbidity and mortality, learning capability and cognitive function will be reviewed. Effects of childhood malnutrition on the physical capacity and work productivity, and at a much later life on the incidence of obesity and chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and coronary heart disease will be discussed with regard to health care cost and economic loss. Emphasis will be placed on how important it is to invest on various nutrition regimens and programs to bring about a successful, long-lasting, and broad-based sustainable economic development of a society or a nation. The well-designed and appropriately targeted investments in nutrition should be viewed not only as a mere improvement of individual's nutritional and health status but also as investments in human capital. Better nutrition, focused on the growth and development in children will result in greater human capital in the work force, which will in turn bring about increased work productivity and economic improvement. This aspect becomes even more crucial as we move into an information society, where importance of creativity, intelligence and emotional status of an individual becomes even more critical in the midst of rapidly changing lifestyle for increased economic prosperity and well-being.

[S6-4] Folic Acid in Yellow-green Vegetables May Help Maintain Healthy Blood Vessels in the Brain

Namsoo Chang,Hwayoung Lee,Ji-Myung Kim 한국식품영양과학회 2006 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2006 No.10