Membrane separation processes for dehydration of bioethanol from fermentation broths: Recent developments, challenges, and prospects

Khalid, Azqa,Aslam, Muhammad,Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul,Faisal, Abrar,Khan, Asim Laeeq,Ahmed, Faisal,Lee, Moonyong,Kim, Jeonghwan,Jang, Nulee,Chang, In Seop,Bazmi, Aqeel Ahmed,Yasin, Muhammad Elsevier 2019 RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Vol.105 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Bioethanol has garnered a great interest as a potential energy source, mainly due to its sustainable and green nature. Generally, bioethanol is produced through the microbial conversion of biomass and biomass derived syngas. However, the dehydration and purification steps for achieving fuel-grade ethanol from the microbial production process consume tremendous amounts of energy. This high energy consumption limits the feasibility of microbial ethanol production on the commercial scale. In this context, selection of an optimal technology for product separation is essential for successful commercialization of microbially produced bioethanol. This article presents the recent developments in dehydration and purification technologies for bioethanol production using distillation and membrane based separation. Distillation and pervaporation are analyzed on the basis of the overall energy requirement, consumption, and economics. Pervaporation-assisted distillation approaches are also examined from the perspective of process systems engineering, including factors affecting the system performance. Furthermore, the role of simulation in technological development along with available mathematical models is discussed, and commercial status of pervaporation based separation is presented. Finally, the current status of the existing technology, challenges, and future research directions are identified from the perspective of achieving process sustainability on the industrial scale. Economic comparison between distillation and different hybrid schemes revealed that integrating distillation with membrane based separation techniques reduce the bioethanol production cost. Moreover, hybrid schemes that combine distillation with pervaporation, and steam stripping with vapor permeation are proved to be the best combinations for the cheapest bioethanol production.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Recent developments in dehydration of bioethanol are presented. </LI> <LI> Conventional and membrane-based technologies are compared. </LI> <LI> Integrating pervaporation with distillation reduce the bioethanol production cost. </LI> <LI> The most economical hybrid schemes for bioethanol separation is identified. </LI> <LI> Operational optimization and thermodynamic evaluation of hybrid processes are required. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Impact of salicylic acid and calcium chloride on quality attributes of peach stored at refrigeration temperature

Nosheen Khalid,Shehla Sammi,Sumaira Miskeen,Imran Khan,Inam-u-llah,Muhammad Liaquat,Khurshid Anwar,Adnan Khan,Abdul Majeed Shah,Abdul Sattar Shah,Awatif Abid Mohammed Al-Judaibi,하재원,Muhammad Jahangir 한국식품과학회 2023 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.32 No.9

Salicylic acid (SA) in different concentration were used to assess its individual effect as well as combined impact with 3% calcium chloride (CaCl2) on Swat No. 8 variety of peach stored at refrigerated temperature (6 ± 2 °C) for 21 days. Interestingly, the results revealed that applying 2 mmol L−1 SA with 3% CaCl2 maintained maximum nutritional value and least decay percent (44.1%) as compared to other treatments during storage. Moreover, this combination also exhibited significant weight loss and chilling injury at 6 ± 2 °C whereas increased levels of total phenolic, flavonoids, tannin, alkaloid, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity were observed as compared to other treatments. The combination treatment (2 mmol L−1 SA with 3% CaCl2) maintained other sensory attributes of peach fruit during refrigerated storage, therefore, its commercial use was recommended to store peach fruit for up to three weeks without any significant nutritional and physical loss.

Critical Evaluation of Frontal Image-Based Gender Classification Techniques

Hira Khalid Khan,Abdul Salam Shah,Muhammad Asim Khan 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.9 No.10

The face describes the personality of humans and has adequate importance in the identification and verification process. The human face provides, information as age, gender, face expression and ethnicity. Research has been carried out in the area of face detection, identification, verification, and gender classification to correctly identify humans. The focus of this paper is on gender classification, for which various methods have been formulated based on the measurements of face features. An efficient technique of gender classification helps in accurate identification of a person as male or female and also enhances the performance of other applications like Computer-User Interface, Investigation, Monitoring, Business Profiling and Human Computer Interaction (HCI). In this paper, the most prominent gender classification techniques have been evaluated in terms of their strengths and limitations.

Effect of variable degrees of jejunal resection upon different clinico-biochemical parameters in dogs

Dilawer, Muhammad Sohail,Khan, Muhammad Arif,Abidin, Zain ul,Azeem, Shahan,Majeed, Khalid Abdul,Shahbaz, Adeel,Khan, Aamir Riaz The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2011 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.51 No.4

Dogs are considered to be the best companions of human beings due to their loyalty, obedience and pleasant disposition. Jejunum is the largest part of small intestine mainly involved in absorption of nutrients. Jejunal resection up to 80% allows normal weight gain while resection up to 90% increased morbidity and mortality. In the present study, 20 dogs were divided into 4 groups based on the degree of jejunal resection i.e. A (70% resection), B (80% resection) and C (100% resection) while group D served as control. Dogs in the 70% and 80% jejunal resection group showed normal growth and function while 100% jejunal resection resulted in weight loss and alteration of hematological and biochemical parameters.

A Component-Based Framework for Software Reusability

Adnan Khan,Khalid Khan,Muhammad Amir,M. N. A. Khan 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Software Engineering and Vol.8 No.10

Attenuation of inflammatory pain by puerarin in animal model of inflammation through inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators

Ullah, Muhammad Zia,Khan, Ashraf Ullah,Afridi, Ruqayya,Rasheed, Hina,Khalid, Sidra,Naveed, Muhammad,Ali, Hussain,Kim, Yeong Shik,Khan, Salman Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY Vol.61 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In the current study, the puerarin was investigated for both acute Carrageenan and chronic CFA-induced inflammatory pain models. The Puerarin treatment significantly attenuated (P < 0.001) the mechanical hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in both Carrageenan and CFA-induced hyperalgesia. The Puerarin treatment also remarkably reduced (<I>p</I> < 0.001) the thermal hyperalgesic responses in both acute Carrageenan as well as chronic CFA-induced models. Furthermore, the Puerarin administration was also associated with significant inhibition of (<I>p</I> < 0.001) paw edema in both Carrageenan and CFA-induced models. The inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are significantly enhanced during inflammatory conditions, however, the Puerarin administration significantly altered (P < 0.001) the mRNA expression levels of these mediators. Additionally, the Puerarin treatment also significantly enhanced (P < 0.001) the mRNA expressions levels of the anti-oxidant enzymes such as Nrf2, HO-1 and SOD2. The Puerarin treatment is associated with significant (P < 0.001) inhibition of the acetic acid-induced Evans blue vascular permeability. Moreover, the concentration of Puerarin in various tissues was analyzed using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the results showed that the Puerarin was significantly distributed towards the peripheral tissues such as liver and kidney and less distributed towards the brain.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Puerarin possess strong antinociceptive properties in animal models. </LI> <LI> Puerarin inhibited various inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), and (VEGF). </LI> <LI> Vascular permeability was significant inhibited by puerarin. </LI> <LI> No apparent toxic effect of puerarin was observed. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Homomorphic Encryption Technologies for Cloud Computing

Khowla Khaliq,Muhammad Usman Bilal,Rimsha Khalid,Muhammad Waseem Iqbal,Muhammad Aqeel,Muhammad Adnan Khan 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2022 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 학술대회 Vol.2022 No.10

Security is the major concern about data especially when we are storing it on the cloud and handing over it to the third force as the cloud resource supplier. We store our important data on the cloud in the shape of cipher-text but we have to convert it to plain text to perform calculations on it, which disturb its security including confidentiality, privacy, authentication, etc. so, our ultimate goal was to introduce some of the best encryption technique for securing data. In this regard, we have discussed Homomorphic Encryption (HE) in our paper. This survey is shown how HE could be used to make secure data on the cloud. HE is a technique in which data (plaintext) is converted in cipher-text (unreadable format). Users can perform required calculations on encrypted data without decrypting it and which does not affect the original form of data. This paper aims to focus on the fully homomorphic encryption technique. For this purpose, many approaches were analyzed and we suggested the best approach at the end of the paper.

In-vitro assessment of food consumption, utilization indices and losses promises of leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.), on okra crop

Ahmad Nawaz,Habib Ali,Muhammad Sufyan,Muhammad Dildar Gogi,Muhammad Jalal Arif,Abid Ali,Muhammad Qasim,Waqar Islam,Noman Ali,Imran Bodla,Madiha Zaynab,Khalid Ali Khan,Hamed A. Ghramh 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.1

The lepidopteran insect pests have significant importance in vegetable production. The present study was performed to investigate the baseline studies about the assessment of feeding and consumption potential, utilization indices and losses promises of leafworm, Spodoptera litura (Fab.) on Okra. The data regarding feeding potential, food utilization and consumption indices as well as losses of different larval instars were recorded and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. The results showed that, in the beginning, the approximate digestibility of various instars was increase, e.g. third instar (51.36%–64.03%), fourth instar (63.42%–69.45%) and fifth instar (70.25%–76.10%). However, after a certain period, the digestibility was decreased and efficiency to convert the ingested food into biomass varied significantly. The consumption index values increased with an increase in time but the consumption and growth rate was declined of fourth instar larvae. The ingestion and digestion increased of third (10.01–13.06, 8.32–11.91 mg), fourth (11.27–17.28, 10.96–14.03 mg) and fifth (12.60–19.40, 11.93–15.28 mg) larval instars. The corrected weight of consumed leaves increased with a gain in body weight. However, in the third instar, a decline was observed on the last day of feeding. Maximum leaf area was consumed by fifth instar larvae (44.66 cm 2 ) followed by fourth (35.41 cm 2 ) and third (27.98 cm 2 ) instars. In conclusion, all the dependent parameters, including food utilization potential, consumption indices and losses were higher for fifth instar larvae than others. These results emphasized the re-establishment of fundamental (economic threshold level: ETL, economic injury level: EIL) integrated pest management concepts.

Strengthening calcium alginate microspheres using polysulfone and its performance evaluation: Preparation, characterization and application for enhanced biodegradation of chlorpyrifos

Khalid, Saira,Han, Jong-In,Hashmi, Imran,Hasnain, Ghalib,Ahmed, Muhammad Ajaz,Khan, Sher Jamal,Arshad, Muhammad Elsevier 2018 Science of the Total Environment Vol.631 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Bacterial cell immobilization offer considerable advantages over traditional biotreatment systems using free cells. Calcium alginate matrix usually used for bacterial immobilization is susceptible to biodegradation in harsh environment. Current study aimed to produce and characterize stable macrocapsules (MCs) of Chlorpyrifos (CP) degrading bacterial consortium using biocompatible calcium alginate matrix coupled with environmentally stable polysulfone. In current study bacterial consortium capable of CP biodegradation was immobilized using calcium alginate in a form of microcapsule (MC) reinforced by being coated with a synthetic polymer polysulfone (PSf) through phase inversion. Consortium comprised of five bacterial strains was immobilized using optimized concentration of sodium alginate (2.5gL<SUP>−1</SUP>), calcium chloride (6gL<SUP>−1</SUP>), biomass (600mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>) and polysulfone (10gL<SUP>−1</SUP>). It has been observed that MCs have high thermal, pH and chemical stability than CAMs. In synthetic media complete biodegradation of CP (100–600mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>) was achieved using macrocapsules (MCs) within 18h. CAMs could be reused effectively only upto 5cycles, contrary to this MCs could be used 13 times to achieve more than >96% CP degradation. Shelf life and reusability studies conducted for MCs indicated unaltered biomass retention and CP biodegradation activity (95%) over 16weeks of storage. MCs achieved complete biodegradation of CP (536mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>) in real industrial wastewater and reused several times effectively. Metabolites (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine (TMP) and diethyl-thiophosphate (DETP) were traced using GC–MS and possible metabolic pathway was constructed. Study indicated MCs could be used for cleanup of CP contaminated wastewater repeatedly, safely, efficiently for a longer period of time.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> MCs were more tolerant to temperature, pH and chemically harsh environment than CAMs. </LI> <LI> MCs can be used for complete biodegradation of CP upto 600mgL<SUP>−1</SUP>. </LI> <LI> CAMs can be reused for 5cycles only whereas MCs could be reused for 13 times. </LI> <LI> MCs have shelf life upto 16weeks with unaltered cell retention and CP biodegradation activity. </LI> <LI> MCs have potential to protect cells from shock loads of metal ions and organic solvents. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Analysis of a Non-Evaporable Getter of Ti-Al-Zr Thin Film with Enhanced Performance Used for Ultra-High Vacuum Generation

Muhammad Khalid Alamgir,M. Ikram,Ghalib Hussain Mughal,Ghulam Asghar,Sha q ur Rehman,S. Qaseem,M. Kamran,Amir Ullah,Sartaj Khan 한국물리학회 2019 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.75 No.5

Non-evaporable getter (NEG) thin films of Ti-Al-Zr and Ti-Zr were prepared on stainless-steel substrate by using the cathodic arc deposition technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the getter behavior of the non-evaporable getter thin films. The SEM images displayed the porous and rough surfaces of the thin films, which is an indication of high adsorption and sticking probabilities for the residual gases present in the chamber. The volume elemental composition of the thin films was measured by using EDX. The XRD patterns of the synthesized thin films indicated that the films had an amorphous nature and high structural stability. The in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies revealed that the superficial layers disappeared when the non-evaporable getter of Ti-Al-Zr thin films was heated at a temperature below 250~$^\circ$C for 30 minutes, there by activating the surface. However, for Ti-Zr thin films, no reasonable activation was observed at 250~$^\circ$C. This outcome reveals that thin films of Ti-Al-Zr are good for reducing the outgassing and producing an ultra-high vacuum.