일 대학 병원 마취 · 회복실 간호사의 간호활동 분석

강윤경,김경미,김연이,박혜옥,서광희,송숙녀,이현숙,조의영 대한간호행정학회 2006 간호행정학회지 Vol.12 No.1

Purpose: This study was aimed to specify roles of nurses from the anesthesia and recovery room by analyzing nursing activities as well as anesthesia nursing during surgery. Method: The objects were 12 RNs working in the recovery room of a university hospital located in Incheon. Self-report was performed by measuring stop-watch for five days from May 17th to May 21st in 2004. Research method was designed to record the time and frequency of the nursing activity from anesthesia and recovery room based on nurses' statement and other references for five days. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and t-test via SPSS Win 10.0 program. Result: Nursing activities in anesthesia recovery room were classified into two different characteristics such as direct and indirect nursing activity. The activities consisted of 11 direct nursing areas and 39 nursing activities in anesthesia preparation room. The indirect nursing was classified into 8 nursing areas and 32 nursing activities. The direct nursing was classified into 12 nursing areas and 55 nursing activity. Also, the indirect nursing was classified into 7 nursing areas and 21 nursing activities in recovery room. In terms of prevalence of nursing activities in the anesthesia preparation room, observation and cooperation of anesthesia was the most prevalent activity, drug and eqipment management the second prevalent, and drug administration the third. On the other hand, in the recovery room, the most prevalent activity was vital sign checking and observation, the second most prevalent activity informative activity, and the third body temperature control. Nursing activity time was recorded according to the nursing characteristics. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing spent for 8092.20 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 7198.50 minutes. Also, in the recovery room, the direct nursing spent for 2361.16 minutes was larger than the indirect nursing spent for 1134.13 minutes. 4. Nursing activity time was compared to duty shifts. In the anesthesia preparation room, the direct nursing was more prevalent on day shift and the indirect nursing was prevalent on evening shift. However, in the recovery room, both direct and indirect nursing activities were prevalent on day shift. Conclusion: The role of anesthesia and recovery room nurses was analysed according to the time, frequency, and its characteristics.

Two Reasons for Not Reducing Inferences of Social Deixis to Conventional Implicature

Cho, Eui-Yon 동국대학교 영어영문학과 1986 Dongguk review Vol.- No.14-15

1. In "Pragmatics and Social Deixis" (1979) and Praomatics (1983), Levinson argues that inferences arising from social deixis are non-cancellable as well as detachable, non-truth functional, and non-caculable like conventional implicatures. Therefore, he claims, social deictic items such as French tu, vous, Tamil referent honorific nka, etc, carry conventional implicatures. Contrary to what Levinson claims, however, I will show in this paper that social deictic item do not carry conventional implicatures by pressenting two sorts of empirical evidence; 1) while conventional implicatures are a part of the semantic content of the sentence with which they are associated, inferences of honorifics are not; 2) whereas conventional implicature is non-calculabel, inferences of honorifics are calculable. Before presenting in detail the above mentioned evidence, I will go over briefly with examples what led Levinson to conclude that social deictic items carry conventional implicature. I hope that the following summary of Levinson's argument makes this paper accessible to those readers who are not familiar with notions like conventional implicature, detachable, etc, explicated in Grice (1975). 2. In order to argue that inferences of honorifics can not be reduced to either presupposition or conversational implicature, one of whose main features is a cancellability, Levinson tries to show that inferences of honorifics are not cancelled by conjoined sentence. For example, given that the presupposition of the utterance "John didn't manage to stop in time," is "John tried to stop in time." (1) below shows that the presupposition of the first sentence, i.e. "John tried to stop in time." is cancelled by the conjoined sentence underlined: (1) John didn't manage to stop in time. But in fact, he didn't even try.

On the Pragmatic Nature of Social Deixis

Cho, Eui-yon 동국대학교 영어영문학과 1988 Dongguk review Vol.- No.16-17

『소년이 온다』 이탤릭체의 담화적 특성: 한강과 데버러 스미스

조의연 ( Cho¸ Eui-yon ),조숙희 ( Cho¸ Sook-hee ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2016 영어권문화연구 Vol.9 No.3

In English narratives italics are used as punctuation conventions which cover titles of books or songs, foreign words and quotations. In addition they are used to emphasize narrative information to highlight their importance to the readers (Douglas 2007). However, unlike English, italics are rarely used by Korean writers. One of the exceptions is Han Kang who has been known to employ italics as one of her styles in her novels since 『채식주의자』 (chaysikcwuuija) in 2007. The purpose of this paper is to show what discourse functions are loaded in italics in the novel 『소년이 온다』 (soyon-i on-ta) and its translated text Human Acts because italics are extensively used in this novel when compared with 『채식주의자』. For this we have examined her interviews to see how the writer herself characterizes her use of italics. It has been found that she uses them to emit the painful voices of the victims or the oppressed in her novels which are deeply located in her deep mind. By examing the cases of italics in detail used in Chapter 1 of the novel, we have found that two main discourse functions of italics are used. As narrative emphasis, one of them is to highlight the painful voices of the main character, Dongho such feelings as worries, anger, and resentment. The other function of the italics is to change the viewpoint of the story from the third person narrator to the main character. In the English translation of the novel, more cases of italics are found because the two songs in the source text are translated in italics due to one of the punctuation conventions of italics. Moreover, the translator Smith is found to make use of the narrative emphatic function of the italics by adding more cases of italics to highlight the voices of characters, Dongho’s brother and Chengdae’s sister which reside deeply in Dongho’s memory.

Applying the notion of span in audiovisual translation

( Park¸ Amy ),( Cho¸ Eui Yon ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2019 영어권문화연구 Vol.12 No.2

This study sets out to examine how the English pronouns are translated into the Korean subtitles. The main aim of the study is to apply the notion of span when analyzing the translation of pronouns from English into Korean. In other words, this paper would like to argue that the notion of span may well be applied in the study of personal pronouns when the source language and target language have different linguistic systems such as English and Korean. This is to emphasize and also demonstrate the fact that due to the characteristics of the Korean language, the notion of span may be an important factor proposed by Larson in 1984. The data of this study have been divided into certain spans according to certain situations between characters from the film Bridget Jones Diary 1. The results show that the translations of Korean personal pronouns vary according to the spans between certain characters which show that the relationship changes throughout the film.

Korean/Japanese vs. Chinese on Quantificational/Sloppy Readings of Null Subjects

Myung Kwan Park,Eui yon Cho 현대문법학회 2015 현대문법연구 Vol.85 No.-

The paper also offers a supplementary analysis of the two subtypes of the vague action verb, using the hybrid model of lexical conceptual structure and syntactic argument structure. This paper investigates the etiology of the contrast between Korean/Japanese (K/J) and Chinese in the availability of a quantificational/sloppy reading to the null subject. We attribute this contrast to the asymmetry between K/J and Chinese in the Case/topic marking system. K/J employs both overt subject/ object Case marker and topic marker, but Chinse does not have either of them. The latter language rather uses structural positions to code grammatical and topic relations. Though an object element in Chinese uses different positions (i.e., post-verbal and clause-intial positions) to indicate its grammatical relation and topichood, a subject element uses the same clause-initial position to do so. Thus, the element in clauseinitial position apparently regarded as a subject element is grammaticalized into taking up the marked role of a topic in this language. Mutatis mutandis, its null counterpart or null subject is only construed as a definite topic, which bars it from being interpreted with a quantificational/sloppy reading.

한국어 무표형 명사의 단,복수 해석에 대한 화용적 분석

조숙희 ( Sook Hee Cho ),조의연 ( Eui Yon Cho ) 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2011 언어연구 Vol.28 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to pragmatically account for how a Korean nonplural nominal known as a bare noun without ``tul`` is interpreted as singular or plural depending on context. Unlike other approaches to it, we claim that the plural or singular interpretation of a nonplural nominal is not specified in the lexicon: it means it has only a number index in the lexicon. The value of the number index of a bare noun is assigned or determined by various ways. When it is modified by a numeral expression, the numeral expression assigns the value of the number. If not accompanied by any numeral expression, no matter internal or external, then the value is given pragmatically. It has been observed that if the referent(s) of a bare noun is interpreted as being definite, there is a tendency for it to be interpreted as singular. This phenomenon is analyzed to be caused by scalar implicature based on the scalar relation of information: ``tul`` plural marker is informationally stronger than the zero marker of a bare noun. On the other hand, the fixed singular interpretation of a bare noun modified by a deictic determiner such as ``i`` ``ku`` or ``ceo`` is also pragmatically accounted for as a short-circuited implicature.

비장에 이식된 간세포의 조직학적 특성과 알부민 유전자의 발현

권상옥(Sang Ok Kwon),이동기(Dong Ki Lee),김준명(Jun Myeong Kim),박의련(Eui Ryun Park),심광용(Kwang Yong Shim),정필호(Phil Ho Jung),조미연(Mee Yon Cho),허만욱(Mann Uk Hur) 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.53 No.4

N/A Background: The morphological characteristics of hepatocytes transplanted into the spleen have been studied. However few attempts has been made to determine the expression of genes in intrasplenically transplanted hepatocytes. The aim of this study was to explore whether the pattern of expression of albumin gene in intrasplenically transplanted hepatocytes is similar to that in adult liver, resulting in the long-term expression of this hepatocyte-specific gene. Methods: Hepatocytes isolated from liver of syngeneic Fischer 344 rats and transplanted into the spleen of rats from the same strain survived for 12 months in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs. Microscopic examination of intrasplenic hepatocytes and Northern blotting for albumin gene expression of RNA extracted from liver and spleen was performed. Results: Microscopy demonstrated that hepatocytes attached themselves only in the red pulp of the spleen and isolated hepatocytes preserved the fine structures characteristic of normal hepatic parenchymal cells. Throughout the 12 months period, intrasplenically transplanted hepatocytes expressed albumin mRNA. Conclusions: Intrasplenically transplanted hepatocytes represent a unique in vivo system of extrahepatic maintenance of hepatocytes. This novel transplantation system could be used to investigate hepatocyte engraft, proliferation and gene expression.