Neural mechanism underlying the object- value association in retrosplenial cortex : Neural mechanism underlying the object- value association in retrosplenial cortex

Almas Serikov 과학기술연합대학원대학교 한국과학기술연구원(KIST) 2024 국내석사

SPATIAL ASSOCIATION MEASURES FOR AN ESDA-GIS FRAMEWORK : DEVELOPMENTS, SIGNIFICANCE TESTS, AND APPLICATIONS TO SPATIO-TEMPORAL INCOME DYNAMICS OF U.S. LABOR MARKET AREAS, 1969-1999

이상일 Ohio State University 2001 해외박사

This study is concerned with developing new spatial association measures (SAMs), elaborating generalized significance testing methods, proposing associated graphical and mapping techniques for an ESDA-GIS (Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisGeographic Information Systems) framework, and applying those techniques to spatiotemporal income dynamics across U.S. labor market areas, 1969-1999. It is argued that SAMs play a central role in obtaining a seamless integration between ESDA and GIS where the cross-fertilization between them is highly achieved in such a way that ESDA takes advantage of GIS's data manipulation and visualization capabilities and a GIS utilizes ESDA's statistical integrity and computational efficiency. Two sets of new SAMs are developed: global S and local Si as univariate SAMs, and global L and local Li as bivariate SAMs. Global S, spatial smoothing scalar, captures the degree of spatial smoothing when a geographical variable is transformed to its spatially smoothed vector in which each observation is re-computed in conjunction with its neighbors as defined in a spatial weights matrix. If a spatial pattern is more spatially clustered, it is given a higher value of S. Local Si, defined as an observation's relative contribution to the corresponding global S, allows a researcher to detect spatial clusters with effectively avoiding the tyranny of reference observations that preexisting univariate SAMs have suffered from. Global L and local Li are devised to conform to two concepts of association involved in comparing two spatial patterns in a simultaneous fashion: pairwise point-topoint association and univariate spatial association. Whereas aspatial bivariate association measure, such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, is dedicated solely to the first type of association, global L captures numerical co-variances conditioned by topological relationships among observations to parameteriza bivariate spatial dependence and to calibrate the degree of spatial co-patterning. Local Li, a localized spatial correlation, captures the degree to which each location conforms to or deviats from the corresponding global L, and allows for exploring spatial heterogeneity in a bivariate relation. Two sets of generalized significance testing methods are elaborated: one based on normality assumption and the other on randomization assumption. It is demonstrated that a transformation of SAMs to ratio of quadratic forms allows for a derivation of first four moments for global and local univariate SAMs including S and 5'; under normality assumption. The Extended Mantel Test and the generalized vector randomization test are elaborated to compute first two moments of SAMs under randomization assumption. It is evidenced that the devised randomization test procedures can be applied to all the SAMs, whether global or local, whether univariate or bivariate, or whether a zero-diagonal in a spatial weights matrix or not. A new set of ESDA techniques utilizing SAMs are proposed and its usefulness in geographical inquiries is illustrated with a hypothetical data set. For univariate situations, local-S significance map and Geary significance map are devised in comparison with the preexisting Moran significance map. For bivariate situations, local-L and local-r maps, local-L and local-r scatterplots, and local-L and local-r significance maps are proposed. When various significance levels are applied to those significance maps, probability maps can be created where higher p-value areas are expected to surround lower p-value areas, resulting in a probability surface. Those ESDA techniques are expected to accomplish various ESDA purposes. The ESDA techniques are applied to an empirical study on spatio-temporal income dynamics across the U.S. labor market areas from 1969 to 1999. A series of local-S significance maps identify spatial clusters in regional per capital personal distribution, and show that spatial integration within the spatial clusters has been eroded. A notion of o-convergence is not evidence. Rather, a trend toward income divergence is detected since the late 70s. Two distinctive trends towards regional income divergence observed in the late 1980s and the late 1990s seem to be associated with different spatial processes: the former with contagious spatial processes; the latter with sporadic spatial processes. A spatial autoregressive model concludes that there is no statistical evidence of β-convergence between 1969 income levels and income growth rate between 1969 and 1999. Various local-L scatterplot maps and significance maps report that spatial heterogeneity in β-convergence is evident during the entire period and varies sub-period to sub-period in terms of strength and locations.

(A) bidirectional causal association between type 2 diabetes and hypertension based on the life course approach

전주은 Graduate School, Yonsei University 2023 국내박사

Background: The positive relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension has been proved in a number of large observational studies. These observational studies were limited in confirming causal relationships because of the potential confounding biases and reverse causality. There was only one previous Mendelian randomization (MR) study for the bidirectional causal relationship between T2D and hypertension was conducted, it had ethnical limitations. This study aimed to conduct improved MR study in a Korean population-based longitudinal cohort study and investigate the bidirectional causal relations of fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) using MR analysis, and validate the bidirectional causal association based on life course approach. Methods: Five MR methods were applied, including the two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression method, inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, and 2 median-based methods (simple and weighted), MR-Egger was used to assess the bidirectional causal association. The weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) for genetically instrumented FBS and systolic blood pressure (SBP) was constructed using 91 and 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) extracted from the GWAS of the large Korean biobank. The p-value cutoff was set at <1.0×10-8 based on multiple linear regression. A trajectory analyses was performed to estimate how much genetically determined FBS or SBP value estimated from IVs affects future T2D or hypertension incidents. the Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to assess the association analyses between wGRS and future T2D or hypertension in a general healthy population. To evaluate the association analyses between trajectories for genetically determined FBS or SBP value and future T2D or hypertension in a general healthy population, the Cox proportional hazard models were performed. Results: MR analysis using the two-stage least squares regression method adjusted for age and sex showed that FBS elevation by 10 mg/dL due to our genetic variants was associated with an increased SBP of 1.63 mm/Hg (p=0.005), and genetically determined elevation of SBP by 10 mm/Hg was associated with an FBS increase of 11.39 mg/dL (p<0.0001). Using the MR-Egger method, when the FBS was 1 mg/dL higher genetically, it was associated with a higher SBP of 0.20 mm/Hg (p=0.005, p for intercept=0.823). Meanwhile, an elevated SBP of 1 mm/Hg genetically was associated with an increased FBS of 1.08 mg/dL, and a significant intercept p-value was demonstrated (p<.0001 , p for intercept=0.001). However, after omitting only one outlier (rs671, which has a strong relationship with alcohol drink), the significance for horizontal pleiotropy resolved. A distinct FBS / SBP trajectory (controlled and uncontrolled groups) over time was confirmed using latent group trajectory analysis after selecting the healthy population at baseline without T2D and hypertension. Subsequently, the incidents of hypertension / T2D were evaluated according to each FBS / SBP trajectory using Cox proportional hazard regression. There was no significant difference between the FBS uncontrolled and controlled groups after adjusting for covariates including antidiabetic medications. Conversely, a significantly higher risk of increased SBP was detected in the uncontrolled group relative to the controlled group (HR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.16-1.38 after adjusting for covariates including antihypertensive medications. Conclusion: A bidirectional causal association between fasting blood sugar level and systolic blood pressure in the Korean general population was identified based on the life course approach. In the future, elaborative large biobank studies including countless genetic variants and different environmental interactions are needed to validate the bidirectional causal association between FBS and SBP using the life course approach.

지방자치단체 협의체 활동에 관한 연구 : 전북 기초의회 의장협의회 건의문 분석을 중심으로

신정이 전북대학교 행정대학원 2023 국내석사

This study mainly analyzed what issues the local council, which represents the political will of local residents, makes social issues or public agenda in the process of setting these policies at this point, more than 30 years after the local council was suspended and revived. In particular, through an analysis of the agenda of the 14 city and county local council chairs association in Jeollabuk-do, not the individual local council, we examined what social issues were mainly recognized as representative social issues in Jeollabuk-do. Looking at the current status of the Jeollabuk-do city and county local council chairs association from 2016 to 2022, there were a total of 98 cases, an average of 14 cases were handled every year, and only 22 of the 98 cases were notified of the review results, and 76 cases were not notified. Looking at the nature of the agenda, there were 46 issues at the Jeollabuk-do level and 52 issues on local autonomy nationwide, indicating that the Jeollabuk-do city and county local council chairs association has not only raised issues in Jeollabuk-do but has also been striving to develop local autonomy and improve the legal system. In addition, the specific contents of the Jeollabuk-do city and county local council chairs association mainly raise issues affecting two or more regions rather than issues affecting a single region of local governments, so it can be evaluated that it was operated faithfully for the purpose of promoting mutual exchange and cooperation among local governments and discussing common issues. When classifying the agenda of the Jeollabuk-do city and county local council chairs association by policy nature, the agenda for the government's policy was the highest, followed by transportation, agriculture, budget, and welfare. The fact that the agenda of the Jeollabuk-do city and county local council chairs association was the highest in relation to government policy can be evaluated that the city and county local council chairs association, which directly represents the residents of Jeollabuk-do, made more active efforts to raise social issues or public agendas recognized by residents of local governments. Also it can be seen that the city and county local council chairs association actively participated in the process of setting an agenda to solve the government's policy problems. Along with the analysis of the results of the agenda handling of the Jeollabuk-do city and county local council chairs association over the past seven years, the agenda setting function was examined through a survey of the perceptions of the local council chairs of 14 cities and counties in Jeollabuk-do. As a result of the survey, all 14 city and county local council chairs answered that the agenda of the local council chairs association was "very important," fully recognizing the policy meaning of the local council chairs association's agenda. The selection of the agenda of the local council chairs association actively represented the political will of the residents of the region by selecting the public opinion of most local residents and the public opinion of their councils. On the other hand, the Jeollabuk-do city and country local council chairs association recognized both issues in Jeollabuk-do and national issues as important, and answered that issues at the Jeollabuk-do level were more important in evaluating their relative importance. When asked what areas of agenda should be dealt with in the future, decentralization was the highest, followed by regional development, agriculture, and welfare. In the evaluation of how much the adoption of the agenda of the Jeollabuk-do city and county local council chairs association affects the central government, 42.8% of the respondents said it was normal and slightly so. Accordingly, it was evaluated that the impact on the central government was not significant, considering that the local council chairs association's agenda was very important. On the other hand, 78.6% of the respondents answered that the agenda of the local council chairs association of presidents of cities and counties in Jeollabuk-do was slightly yes and very yes in the policy of Jeollabuk-do. It was evaluated as having a relatively significant impact on the reflection of Jeollabuk-do's policies. Finally, the activities of the city and county local council chairs association were evaluated to be very helpful in the cooperative relationship of 14 city and county councils in Jeollabuk-do, helping to promote mutual exchange and cooperation stipulated by the Local autonomy act. Through a survey of chairs of 14 city and county local councils, most of the city and county local councils chairs in Jeollabuk-do sympathized with the importance and necessity of adopting the agenda and had a positive effect on mutual communication and cooperation. However, there are many skeptical responses to the central government's policy reflection, so it is necessary to improve this. Overall, the 14 city and county chairmen's councils in Jeollabuk-do have faithfully played a key role in transforming social issues into social issues or public agendas in the process of setting policy agendas, one of the theories of classical policy studies. Over the seven years from 2016 to 2022, the local council chairs association has faithfully served as a council representing the will of local residents by adopting a total of 98 agendas in various fields and proposing them to the central government.

藥師會의 機能과 實態

변태건 檀國大學校 大學院 1974 국내석사

This thesis consist of following parts; Introduction, 1. Foundation of Korean Pharmaceutical Association, 2. The finance and property, 3. The executive bureau of Association, 4. Tasks of Association, 5. Relations between administrative authorities and Association. 6. Self-rules of pharmaceutists, Conclusion. In the chapter of Introduction the purpose and methods of thesis is handled. The purpose of this thesis is to collect and analyze, the factors which has contributed to the development of the Association and to utilize them for farther development of the Association. The first chapter has described the history of the foundation of the Association and has explained details about the organization and membership of the Association. The second chapter has described about financial resources and its present situation. The Association is supported financially solely by membership fees. On account of that the Association is suffering from its financial difficulties. The third chapter has illustrated about the inner organization and management of the executive bureaus and some problems the bureau has encountered. Above all the bureaus are suffering from its financial and personal screcity. The fourth chapter has enumerated the tasks of the Association proved by the articles of the Association. Reviewing the activities that the Association has achieved Since the date of its foundation, some comments are added to them. In my view, the Association is overburdend compared with its present organization and financial resources. Because of that reinforcement of financial and personal power is viewed essential for the fulfillment of its regular tasks. Reviewing the present relation between the administrative authorities and the Association which is main contents of fifth chapter, government's encouragement and assistance is also required for farther development of the Association. On the 20th anniversary general meetion this spring, the Association adopted resolutions requiring government to guarantee the Association equal legal status that the Association of Medicians has been endowed. In facts, the Association of pharmaceutists has been impartially treated by the government on the ground no one can explain. Since that the impartiality should be repealed hence. In the sixth chapter, some self-rule of the pharmaceutists in the foreign countries are introduced. Those materials are regarded instructive for self-activities of members of the Association. In the conclusion, the above contents are summed up and some thoughts of mine are added to them looking forward futual development of the Association.

日帝下 梁山水利組合에 대한 硏究

나창호 京畿大學校 大學院 1994 국내석사

梁山水利組合은 慶尙南道 梁山郡 梁山面·東面·上西面 3개 面, 10개 洞·里에 산재한 土地 약 1,170町步에 대한 灌漑·排水·防水를 목적으로 1923년에 설립되었다. 양산수리조합이 설립된 1920년대는 일본 국내의 식량문제가 심각하게 대두된 시기이다. 일제는 조선에서의 米穀增産과 그 이출을 통해 식량문제를 해결하고 일본자본주의 발달의 기반인 低貨金·低穀價 정책을 유지하고자 하였다. 조선에서 시행된『産米增殖計劃』은 이러한 상황속에 실시된 것이었으며, 조선에서는 수리조합을 통한 토지개량사업이 그 중심에 놓였다. 본고에서 밝히고자 한 것은 이러한 상황속에서 설립된 수리조합이 조선의 농촌에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는가 하는 점이었다. 양산수리조합이 설립된 지역은 본래 홍수피해가 잦았던 지역으로 이를 방지할 수 있는 시설이 절실히 요청되고 있던 지역이었다. 따라서 양산수리조합이 설립될 당시는 농민들의 적극적인 반대운동은 전개되지 않았다. 그러나 수리조합의 설립공사가 진행되는 과정에서 나타나는 민족적 차별에 의해 조선농민이 피해를 받으면서 조합측에 대책을 강구하라는 항의로 수리조합 반대운동이 발생하고 있었다. 한편 일제 水利農政의 變化를 보면, 철저하게 일본 국내의 식량문제와 결부되어 추진되고 있었으며, 전통적인 농민적 수리관행을 파괴하고 지주 중심의 수리농정을 이식하였다. 梁山水利組合 설립에 주도적 역할을 담당한 계층은 다른 지역과 마찬가지로 일본인 대지주, 그리고 그들과 이해관계를 같이 하는 일부 조선인 지주층이었다. 그러나 일본인 대지주 중에서도 수리조합을 설립하여 자신의 이해를 충족시킬 수 있었던 다시말하면, 개간가능지를 많이 소유하고 있던 자들이 그 중심이 되었다. 반면 많은 수의 조선인 빈농은 조합 설립에 반대하였다. 양산수리조합에서 특징적인 것은 1920년대 후반 조합당국과 대립하면서 조합원의 이익을 지키려는 평의회의 활동이 적극적으로 전개되었다는 점이다. 이것은 창립초기 일본인 지주에게 조합의 권력이 집중됨으로서 많은 피해를 받았던 조선인 지주들이 자신의 이해를 관철시키려는 노력의 일환이었다. 때문에 자신들의 이해가 관철되었던 1930년대 초반에 이르면 이들의 활동은 거의 자취를 감추고 대다수 빈농의 이해관계는 1930년대 초반에 설립된 혁명적 농민조합에 의해서만이 가능하게 되었다. 한편 양산수리조합은 미비한 설립공사로 인한 피해와 잦은 복구공사, 증산목표 달성의 실패, 고율의 조합채 등을 이유로 조합원에게 과중한 조합비 부담을 안겨주었다. 과중한 조합비 부담은 組合費 等級査定 標準의 차별을 통해 일본인 지주가 조선인 지주에게, 소작료의 인상과 諸稅 公課金의 소작인 부담이라는 방법을 통해 지주가 소작인에게 組合費를 轉嫁하는 구조를 형성하였다. 그리고 이러한 조합비 전가로 인하여 많은 수의 조선인 중·소·빈농이 몰락하였으며, 1930년대 후반에 이르면 양산군 농민의 약 80% 가 소작인으로 전락하는 극단적이 농민층분해를 가져왔다. 반대로 일본인 지주에 대한 토지집중이 이루어져 양산군 소작인 중 50%가 일본인 지주의 소유지를 소작하는 상황에 이르게 되었다. 결국 양산수리조합의 설립과 운영실태를 통해 보면, 산미중식계획기에 설립되었다는 시기적 제한성과 대하천 유역에 위치한 조합이라는 지역적 한계는 가지고 있지만, 일제의 수탈농정에 기반을 두고 기본적으로는 일본국내의 식량문제해결을 위한 미곡 수탈과 일인대지주에 의한 토지겸병을 통한 자본의 수탈 이라는 결과를 낳았다. 『Yangsan Irrigation Association』(梁山水利組合) was located at Yangsan - kun, Kyungsangnam - do and was establised in 1923 for the purpose of irrigation, drainage and protecton against water for a land with a size of 1,170 plus jeong bo(町步). Irrigation associations under the Japanese Rule which prospered aronud 1920's-1930's with the implementation of rice prodution increase plan were a representive case of exploitation policy. Furthemore its status had been changed in close association with he demostic foods supply condition in japan and transplanted the practice of landlord - centered system unlike that of traditional age. The research in this revealed that: Firstly, irrigation association were estabished by the main elements centered around big landlords possessing inferior quality lands. And those Japanese landlords who were beieved unable to receive benefits throuh such association opposed its establishment. Moreover in the process of establishing the association due to national discriminations within the zone of irrigation association it touched off oppositions from Korean farmers. Secondly, in terms of characteristics of operating the organizational structure all the power of the association was vested to the union president but on the other hand control of the power of the said president by the Governor General was very seriouse. Although the council was nothing but an advisory body for the union president since the later half of 1920's for the interests of the members of the union they stood up against the association authority. However since 1930's when their demands were realized their activities almost disappeared and the interests of the farmers had to be realized through revolutionary farmers associations in the early part of 1930's. Thirdly, the finance of the association was made up mostly of union due and the issuance of bonds. Most part of expenditures were in the form of repayment of association bonds and since interest rate for such bonds was high it produced heavy burden to the members of the union. Consequently such practice transferred burdens of fund for the benefits of the big landlords to medium, small or poor farmers thus contributed mostly to the downfall of farmers. Fourthly, excessive burdens of union dues were transferred from Japanese landlord to Korean landlord through the process of raising farm rent which was transferred from landlords to tenant farmer and due to differential imposition of union dues. Thruogh this practice extreme disintegration of social classes known as downfall of the tenant farmers and overlapping ownership of lands by landlords within the zone of irrigation association occurred. Based on the findings mentioned above arrigation association were tools for exploitative farm policy under the Japanese Rule and through such policy Japanese found solution to their food problems by exploitation of Korean rice and also they performed exploitation of capitals too.

민간소비자단체의 소비자교육 현황과 발전방향

홍연금 가톨릭대학교 대학원 1998 국내석사

본 논문은 민간소비자단체에서 성인소비자교육을 실시하는데 있어 체계적이고 실질적인 소비자교육 내용에 대해 모색해 보고 이러한 소비자교육을 실행할 수 있는 민간소비자단체의 소비자교육 여건을 조성할 수 있는 방안을 제시하는데 그 목적을 두고 있다. 이러한 연구결과는 앞으로 민간소비자단체에서 성인소비자를 대상으로 체계적인 소비자교육을 실시할 수 있는 구체적이고 현실적인 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다. 본 논문의 연구문제는 첫째, 소비자교육에 관한 선행연구와 소비자피해 사례를 분석하여 민간소비자단체에서 실시할 체계적이고 실용적인 소비자교육 내용을 구성한다. 둘째, 민간소비자단체의 소비자교육 현황을 조사하여 민간소비자단체의 소비자교육에 대한 실태를 분석 · 평가한다. 연구방법으로는 문헌조사와 설문조사를 병행하였다. 문헌조사방법으로는 성인소비자에게 필요한 소비자교육 내용을 구성하기 위해 소비자교육 내용에 대한 선행연구들을 비교 · 평가하였다. 그리고 실질적인 소비자피해 사례들을 파악하기 위해 1990년~1997년의 소비자상담사례를 분석하였다. 설문조사방법으로는 민간소비자단체의 소비자교육 현황에 대해 전국 182개 민간소비자단체를 대상으로 1996년~1997년동안 실시해온 소비자교육 실태와 여건 등을 조사하였다. 연구결과로는 우선, 소비자교육 내용에 대한 선행연구들의 분석을 통해 성인소비자들의 소비자능력 향상에 필요한 체계적인 소비자교육 내용을 구성하였으며, 최근 8년 동안의 소비자상담 사례를 분석하여 성인소비자들이 실제 겪고 있는 소비자피해 · 사례를 바탕으로 성인소비자에게 실질적으로 필요한 소비자교육 내용을 구성하였다. 민간소비자단체의 96년~97년동안의 소비자교육 현황에 대한 조사 결과 교육 내용에 있어서는 다른 주제들에 비해 소비자불만처리와 소비자 관련 법에 대한 교육에 편중되어 있으며 소득, 저축 · 투자, 지출계획에 관한 교육은 전혀 이루어지지 않는 등 한정된 주제로 교육이 이루어지고 있었다. 그리고 교육의 주제 선정도 소비자피해 사례나 시기에 적절한 주제를 중심으로 임의적인 주제 선정 방법으로 이루어지고 있었으며, 교육 방법은 대부분 강의 및 토론식 방법을 사용하고 있었다. 소비자 교육을 실시하고 있는 민간소비자단체의 여건은 열악한 환경으로 대체로 1명의 담당 실무자들이 다른 업무들을 겸하는 경우가 많았다. 소비자교육의 예산은 자체 예산뿐 아니라 지방자치단체나 중앙정부의 지원액이 단체 및 지역에 따라 큰 차이가 있어 아직까지 소비자교육에 대한 제도나 지원이 제대로 이루어지고 있지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 각 주제별 영역의 강사 확보의 문제 및 외부강사만으로 이루어진 소비자교육의 증가 등 소비자교육에 관한 강사의 부족으로 인한 문제들을 지적할 수가 있었다. 이에 민간소비자단체의 소비자교육을 체계적이고 효율적으로 실행시킬 방안에 대한 제안으로는 민간소비자단체 별로 소비자교육에 대한 특성화가 이루어져야 하며, 소비자교육 방법을 다양화시켜야 한다. 그리고 중앙정부나 자치 단체의 사회소비자교육에 대한 지원이 정책적으로 마련되어져야 하며, 지역의 관련 기관과 상호 협력이 증대되어져야한다. The purpose of this study was to grope for the systematic and practical consumer education contents In adult consumer education of consumer association and to present the device enabling to prepare consumer education conditions of consumer association which can put this consumer education in practice. This information included 1) to compose systematic and practical consumer education contents which would be enforced by consumer association by analyzing the previous study on consumer education and the case of consumer problem, and 2) to analyze and evaluate the real state of consumer education of consumer association by survey instrument the present condition of consumer education of consumer association. For this purpose, the literature research and survey instrument were carried out at the same time. As literature research method the previous study on consumer education contents were compared and valuated to compose the consumer education contents needed to adult consumer. And, the consumer consultation cases of 1990 through 1997 were analyzed to understand the virtual consumer problem cases. As survey instrument, the real state and conditions of consumer education which has been practiced during 1996 through 1997 by subjecting 182 consumer associations all over the country were surveyed about the present condition of consumer education of consumer association. The major findings and suggestions as follows. 1. As the result on consumer education content needed to adult consumers, the first the contents for improving consumer ability were largely divided into the basic principle of market economy & consumer value education, purchase and household economy education, consumer right · consumer role education, and these are classified into seven fields, so total 31 contents were established as detail items of each field. The second, as a result of analyzing consumer consultation cases for recent 8 years, the problems by item in cultural item, daily commodities, clothes and wash-related item, culture · entertainment item was increased. And the problem of culture · entertainment item has been increased rapidly since 1995, and by demand reason type the problem of contact cancellation and quality · function, service type were badly. And, there's no great change in average component ratio of consumer consultation cases. Therefore, on the grounds of these results, the education contents needed to adult consumer practically are designated as the big theme of goods items, and the education contents are composed of centering around the demand reason type such as knowledge about A/S, consumer problem compensation regulation, contact cancellation-related education, from goods purchasing to using, etc. 2. As the results on the present condition of consumer education of consumer association during 1996 through 1997, the first, there's no great change between 1996 and 1997 components ratio in consumer education contents practiced in consumer association, and the education of various themes wasn't practiced. Consumer education contents mainly practiced by them was examined like follows ; the theme on consumer dissatisfaction treatment were 25 times, consumer-related law 21 times, consume desire and consume life 13 times, etc. On the other hand, the theme which had been never practiced during 1996 through 1997 were those of income, expenses plan, saving · investment. Second, consumer association has practiced consumer education about the yearly mean two times, and the short term · intermittent consumer education was increased in 1997 compared to 1996, and the education method in both years were most lecture and discussing method. The teaching materials was developed and produced in itself and the dependence degree on outer lecturer was high. The publicity method of consumer education was utilized diversely, the education subject was mainly district residents, and the attendants was diverse from below 10 persons to above 200. The theme of consumer education was selected centering around consumer consultation cases. And, in the aspect of an official in charge of consumer education of consumer association, the case having an official in charge of consumer education was 72.0%, and the case having no was 24.1%. In case having an official in charge of consumer education, most officials had another businesses at the same time, and their own budget and the financial support by central government or self-institution were diverse according to district and institution. As restrict factors in practicing consumer education, the shortage of budget and the collection of education subject was the most difficult one, and in confirming consumer education lecturer, all have difficulty by each theme field. The systematic and practical consumer education contents for developing consumer ability of adult consumer could be composed through these results, and the related-research and financial · institutional support for the development of consumer education of consumer association should be done.

농업협동조합의 사업에 관한 법적 연구

최흥은 대진대학교 법무행정대학원 2007 국내석사

통합 농협법은 1999.9.7. 법률 제6018호로 제정되어 그동안 7차 개정을 거쳐 2005.7.29 법률7638호 농협법으로 유지되고 있다. 농업협동조합법은 농업인의 협동조직인 지역농업협동조합(이하‘지역농협’이라함)●지역축산업협동조합(이하‘지역축협’이라함)●품목별●업종별협동조합(이하‘품목조합’이라함)●조합공동사업법인 및 품목조합연합회와 농업협동조합중앙회(이하‘중앙회’라함)의 모두를 농협이라는 법인의 조직●운영●사업에 대하여 적용하기 위하여 제정된 특별법이다. 그러면 그 목적을 살펴보면 농업인의 자주적인 협동조직을 바탕으로 농업인의 경제적●사회적●문화적 지위 향상과 농업의 경쟁력 강화를 통하여 농업인의 삶의 질을 높이고 국민경제의 균형 있는 발전에 이바지함을 농협법 1조에 명시 하였다. 여기서 농협법의 헌법상 제정●운영근거는 헌법 119조 2항, 123조 5항에 그 근거를 두었다. 그러나 한국의 협동조합은 정부의 주도하에 필요에 의하여 제정되었지만 세계 협동조합의 변천과 발전에 비하여 비약할 정도로 발전되어진 것은 사실이다. 아울러서 대다수 일반인(국민)도 농협이 은행 또는 정부의 공공기관 또는 예하단체로 이해되고 있는 현실을 감안하면, 올바른 농협의 역할과 사업의 필요성을 알지 못해 농협에 대한 바른 정의를 할 수가 없다고 할 것이다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 농협법의 존립 목적과 사회적 이론적 근거를 고찰하고, 한국의 협동조합이 비약적 발전에 비하여 경제적 약자 단체인데도 불구하고 사회적 기업으로서 많은 활동과 향후 미래에 더 많은 사회적 기업으로서 활동을 해야 한다는 충분한 명분을 가지고 있음은 부인할 수 없을 것이다. 무릇 기업(법인)의 존속 유지는 사업을 통한 수익 창출일 것이다, 농협도 비영리 법인이지만 운영에 필요한 사업을 하여 구성원에게 이익을 돌려주어야 할 의무가 있는 것이다. 과연 농협법상의 사업의 범위가 상인성 여부와의 관계, 사업범위의 판단, 회원이 아닌 비회원이 이용하는 사업의 제도와 제한과 위반의 효력은 어떤 것이지를 논하였으며, 비회원을 대상으로 한 우선출자제도의 성격과 권리 및 배당관계와 비회원의 거래증가가 농협 사업에 미치는 효과와 농협사업의 점유에 따른 상법 적 상인성 문제를 다루었다. 그리고 농업협동조합법 이의에 의한 농협사업에 대하여 기술 하였다. 그동안 농협법에 대한 논문이나 자료가 충분하지 않아 이론적으로 충분 하지는 않는다. 그러나 자본주의가 발전되어지고 기업의 성장은 시장경쟁을 통하여 창출되어지는 것이다. 농업협동조합도 일반적으로 조합원과 시장의 관계에서 거래 비용을 최소화하고 시장을 경쟁적 구조로 효율화하여 회원의 이익과 사회적 이익 환원을 함으로서 시장지배력을 확보하여야 할 것이다. 이에 농업협동조합에 대한 사업 기반을 정부는 개방을 하여야 하며 농협은 건전 경영을 통한 사업의 질을 높여야 할 것이며, 더 나아가 농업협동조합은 사회적 기업으로 거듭 태어나야 할 것이다. The comprehensive Agricultural Cooperative Association Act is currently maintained as the Agricultural Cooperative Association Act, law No. 7639 since its revision on July 29th, 2005, after its initial legislation as low No 6018 on September 7th, 1999, and seven revisions thenceforth. The Agricultural Cooperative Association Act is a special act legislated to govern the cooperative organizations of farmers, including the local agricultural cooperative association(hereafter referred to as the ‘local agricultural cooperative association’); local stock-raisers' cooperative association(hereafter referred to as the ‘local stock raisers' association’); cooperative associations for each item and business type (hereafter referred to as the ‘item association’); the united association business corporation, the item association union and the central agricultural cooperative association union (hereafter referred to as the 'central union’) regarding the structure, operation and business of the corporation called agricultural cooperative association. The object of this act is stated as to enhance the life quality of farmers by improving the economic, social and cultural status of farmers and reinforcing the competitive edge of agriculture based on the automative cooperative organizations of farmers, and contribute to the balanced development of the national economy in Provision 1 of the Agricultural Cooperative Association Act. The constitutional basis of the act's legislation and enforcement is in Provision 119, article 2 and Provision 123, article 5 of the constitution. However, although the cooperative association of Korea has been established upon the call of necessity, led by the government, it is true that the association has achieved remarkable progress compared to the changes and development of the other cooperative associations around the world. Moreover, considering that most citizens perceive agricultural cooperative associations as public organizations under banks or governments or as their subsidiary institutions, it cannot be said that the correct definition of agricultural cooperative associations cannot be made due to the lack of knowledge regarding the roles and necessity of agricultural cooperative associations. Therefore, this thesis aims to observe the object and social/logical foundation of the Agricultural Cooperative Association Act. Doubtlessly, there is sufficient reason to believe that Korean cooperative associations must further operate as social institutions in the future as well as at this current point, despite the fact that they are still economically weak entities compared to their remarkable degree of progress. The Raison D'etre of most companies(corporations) is no doubt creating profit by doing business. Although agricultural cooperative associations are non-profit organizations, they still have the duty to practice business necessary for their existence and return the generated profit to their members. This study discusses the scope of business stipulated in the Agricultural Cooperative Association Act in the aspect of its inter-relationship, judgement of the scope of business, and what the effects of the regulations and limits subject to the projects utilized by non-members. Also, this study observes the characteristics and rights of the priority investment system for non-members, the dividend system, the effect of the increase in non-member transaction, and the inter-relationship in the business law aspect according to the market share of the agricultural cooperative associations. Also, the thesis describes the agricultural cooperative associations' businesses based on the Agricultural Cooperative Association Act. There hasn't been sufficient dissertations or data published regarding the Agricultural Cooperative Association Act; therefore, the logical basis may not be sufficiently stable. However, with the development of capitalism, companies develop through competitions in markets. The agricultural cooperative association must obtain governance over the market by returning its earnings to the members and the society, by efficiently reforming the market into a competitive structure and minimizing the transaction expenses in the relationship between the members and the market. The government should in turn open up the business-foundation of the agricultural cooperative association, while the agricultural cooperative associations must improve their business quality by performing transparent operations. Furthermore, the agricultural cooperative associations must be reborn as social organizations.

Research on the Historical Development of the Chinese Professional Football League

증치앙 안동대학교 일반대학원 2023 국내박사

At the beginning of the 1990s, football was chosen as the first sport to be professionalized in China. The Chinese Professional Football League was created to raise the level of football in China. But Chinese football hasn't gotten better after 28 years of development in the Chinese Professional Football League. This paper is mostly about the history of the Chinese Professional Football League. It uses the literature method and the case analysis method to look at the three stages of the Chinese Professional Football League A (1994–2003), the early stage of the Chinese Super League (2004–2011), and the capital stage of the Chinese Super League (2012–2022). Find out about the management system, operation mechanism, and market operation system in each stage. This paper's research is mostly broken up into four parts. In the first part, the background of the Chinese Professional Football League is looked at. At the level of the initial league, the sports management department is in charge of a mandatory professional reform of Chinese football. This reform shows problems like government interference in the league, fake stadiums, and clubs with bad management. In the early days of the Chinese Super League, the Chinese Football Association and different clubs had more problems with each other. Because the government and the Chinese Football Association don't keep a close eye on professional leagues well enough, things like match-fixing, the "black whistle," and other things have happened. During the Chinese Super League's capitalist stage, the league moved into a time of rapid growth and development. But when the government started regulating the real estate industry, the time of China Super Capital was over. The second part looks at the Chinese Professional Football League's management system, how the Chinese Football Association works, and how management has changed over time. First, in the early days of the First Division and the Chinese Super League, the Chinese Football Association was connected to the government and ran all professional football leagues by itself. During the CSL Capital stage, the Chinese Football Association broke away from the government. This made it harder for the government to manage and interfere with professional leagues. Second, the League Committee, the Chinese Super League Committee, and the League Council are the three groups that run the Chinese Professional Football League. Before 2015, the Chinese Football Association changed its internal structure, which led to changes in the way the Chinese Professional Football League is run. The new league council has the same status as the Chinese Football Association, which means it is an independent adult. But since the Chinese Football Association and the club have a lot of different ideas, the newly formed league council has not yet been set up. In the future, it will keep pushing for the professional league council to gradually become an independent body, set up a real professional league system, and give professional clubs the right to run and manage professional leagues. The only thing the Chinese Football Association can do is keep an eye on things. The third part looks at how the Chinese professional football league works by looking at how players get into the league and how they move between teams. First of all, the Chinese Professional Football League's system for getting into the league has higher and higher standards for the club's organizational structure, team construction, infrastructure, personnel mix, financial standards, laws, and rules. The future club access system should be put into place in a strict way to help professional clubs diversify their property rights and become less dependent on one industry. Second, the Chinese Football Professional League has made six changes to its transfer system: limiting free transfers, a sequential delisting system, a reverse order delisting system, a dual-track system, a free transfer system, and a price cap. As the group that makes rules about transfers, the Chinese Football Association has some bad habits. There is no continuity in the transfer system, which is not good for the growth of professional football leagues. Based on how things are in China, the professional leagues should use the same rules for player transfers as the rest of the world. In the fourth part, the market operation system of the Chinese Professional Football League is studied. This is done by looking at how the market operation organization of the professional league has changed over time and how the market operation is going now. First, the Chinese Football Association oversaw running the league when League A was going on and when the Chinese Super League was just getting started. During the time when the Chinese Super League capital was in place, the company that ran the professional leagues got the rights to run them. Late in league A, the number of people watching went down, but when the Chinese Super League started, the number of people watching went up from 1.4 million to 5.5 million. The broadcast income was low in League A and the early stages of the Chinese Super League, but when the capital period started, it went from 29 million yuan to 1 billion yuan, a big jump. During League A, the league's income from title sponsorship went from 10.5 million yuan to 56 million yuan. During the time of the capital, the income from title sponsorship went from 60 million to 200 million yuan. The market environment of professional football leagues is affected by things like the Football Association's administrative actions, national policies, match-fixing, the black whistle, game splendor, and stars. The attention and power of professional leagues have a direct effect on how much money they can make. In the future, China's professional football market should pay more attention to how much money the clubs make and how profitable, they are, as well as how they grow their fan market. The Chinese Football Association, which runs professional football leagues, has been controlled by the national government for a long time. Because of this, the leagues aren't very competitive and the level of football in China isn't getting better very quickly. But in the future, if the management and operation of professional football leagues can be separated, the healthy growth of the professional football league market can be emphasized, and youth football can be brought back to life, China's professional football will enter a new, fast-paced phase of growth.

海兵 戰友會의 組織과 活動에 관한 硏究

이관식 水原大學校 行政大學院 2003 국내석사

Some say that the heart of present society is colder than the past. However, when you look around, there are many organizations that work for the public and nation's benefits than the individual's, such as NGO or Civil Organization. The members of Marine Veterans Association are gathered just because they love the Marine Corps. I have felt to research this well known association's characteristics and activities. The purpose of this research is to identify its characteristics and to describe its activities, finance, and employment through the comparison with NGO. Also, it is to recognize the limitations and to present the improvement through the analysis and to provide the bases to be settled as a new type of active civil organization. For the research, I have studied the documents and papers about existing NGO and Korean civil organizations. I organized their characteristics and types of activities. Also, I have compared the activities between two regional Marine Veterans Associations and the similar organization and pulled out the difference between them. I researched the past 3 years of the news reference about Marine Veterans Association and interviewed with their members. And I derived their problems and pointed out the way of development. Throughout these research, I concluded as followed. First, the result of the analysis about Marine Veterans Association's identity and characteristics differs other veterans associations but has same characteristics. Second, the activities of Marine Veterans Association are the self security patrols, keeping traffic order, environment surveillance and prevention, local events volunteers and much more. For the self security patrol, they use their own vehicles, diving equipments, and traffic control tools. Third, just like civil organizations, they are having a hard time with the finance due to the shortage of the fund. Currently they rune association with membership fee and donations. They get the supports from local-self government since they are in the mutual relations. Fourth, Marine Veterans Association is in direct or parallel relationship with the Central Marine Veterans Association and the members are mostly enlisted retired. Fifth, the news reference presents the Marine Veterans Association positively. It will help to make their future activities appropriate. As problems and development, people misunderstand the Marine Veterans Association because of the lack of positive public relations. They can use the internet for the mutual information exchange so that people get the right idea about them. This will lead the way to have a better opportunity for the marines and their family who want to be members. There are legal issues about some of their activities. The uniforms they wear and the vehicles they patrol are against the regulations. The solution would be the that they convince the necessity of the change of the law through the appropriate logic and public opinion. For the finance, it is ok to get the supports from government, however, it could make them a government circle organization and might be manipulated politically. Therefore, they need to get enough members so that they can have their own budget. All members of the Marine Veterans Association should try to have a better condition to have various of new members. It was a good opportunity to look back the organizations and the activities of the Marine Veterans Association. It is significant to have a chance to present the research subject to improve the Marine Veterans Association. There was not much of reference about the Marine Veterans Association. I am so regretful that I only depended on the interne, newspapers, and the National Defense 119 magazine. I should admit that there was a lack of objectives due to the limitation of reference. If I do more of the objective research for the organizations and activities of the Marine Veterans Organization, I could have more developed result.