신동엽의 「껍데기는 가라」교육 방안 : 사회, 문화, 역사적 상황과 관련하여

안혜민 부경대학교 교육대학원 2017 국내석사

Literature reflects the reality of society and the way of life. From this perspective, literary work should be interpreted in the context of the environment and the time that it was born. Instructing-Learning literature is important because the process could cast another interpretation to those who enjoy it. Shin, Dong-yeop is a poet who wrote poems based on the historical reality and his individual experience such as Japanese colonial era, liberation, the chaos during post-liberation, Korean war and division, 4.19 revolution, and military dictatorship. Especially, 「Go Away Shells」with motif of April revolution is evaluated as one of the most outstanding poems based on historical event carrying hope for the future. Therefore, it will be helpful for learners to understand the poem very well that they know social, cultural, and historical background of it. Based on it, learners can experience the development process of democracy and the pain of divided nation's people indirectly, study how historical meaning is symbolized in this poem, and broaden discernment for appreciation of poetry. In chapter II, implications of 「Go Away Shells」and its social, cultural, historical background are presented. This chapter gives an opportunity to take a look at poems written by the poet Shin, and an explanation why middle schoolers should learn this poem by discussion about how it has been evaluated as a remarkable participation poem combining historical and national awareness. Chapter III shows the educational phase of 「Go Away Shells」 in the middle school curriculum by analyzing how many current teaching materials have this work. And it reveals why and how the content of the textbook containing 「Go Away Shells」 affects teaching method, worksheets, questionnaire, and evaluation. Chapter IV shows analysis results of this poem for teaching method , instruction guide for the research, and contents of lesson used in the class. Also, it introduces the contents of ‘Reader-Response theory’ and three 'response-centered teaching model' created by Rosenblatt which are centered in this paper's teaching method, and proposes the revised model to adapt to this paper's class composition. Based on this, the expected effect and outcome on class of this research is as follows. First, its social, cultural, historical background can be used as the material to motivate learners. Second, by offering the basic information such as historical fact about this work, the learners can make background knowledge. Third, making use of background knowledge can help learners to understand more actively. Fourth, after positively appreciating this poem, they can compare it with other works, broaden insight for appreciation, grasp the characteristics of poetry, and spontaneously express themselves in their own works. Lastly, by learning literature through social, cultural, and historical background and appreciating it, learners' historical awareness would be affected more positively. In conclusion, learning 「Go Away Shells」based on social, cultural, and historical background will foster conative attitude for poetry appreciation and comprehensive understanding of poetry.

생명의 순환과 수행적 반복의 표현 연구 : 본인 작품을 중심으로

김선현 국민대학교 일반대학원 2020 국내석사

I think of 'egg', which is commonly observed in everyday life and easily accessible, as a place of birth as well as a source of life. I compared the egg to life because its shape is the form before the life is born, and once it breaks, it symbolizes the moment of birth. And through this, the sublime of life is to be reconsidered. We eat eggs every day intentionally or by accident. However, because it is common in everyday life, we are unaware of the value of eggs as a source of life. We consume eggs and discard its shell easily. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to remind the sublime of the birth of life by setting the egg shell as the main material. I realize that eggs are the source and the symbol of life and revival in birth narratives and myths from around the world. Therefore, I set egg shells, which are easily seen in everyday life, as a main material. I consider the color black as death, extinction, and uterus where the life begins while the white color of the egg shell as birth and the color of light which signifies the divine power and revival. Such being the case, the coexistence of my work with the black background and white circle which represent birth of a life and death shows that the birth, death, and revival having the same origin. In this regard, the cycle of birth and death of this life is described as the source of life in my work. In addition, the circular shape seen in the work symbolizes circulation and life force and reminds the mandala. The repetition of the wave forming the circle expresses the dynamism of life by giving rhythm to the canvas. In this study, the process of making a circular shape by attaching egg shells one by one by hand is similar to that of Kim Hwan-ki(金煥基) who repeatedly put dots like a monk practicing asceticism and reach a certain level of spirituality. I considered the process of periodically collecting and gathering egg shells is similar to that of Wolfgang Laib, who spends a lot of time and focuses on continually collecting materials according to the change in the nature. In addition, To create the perfect black in my perspective, I overlay several colors and attach egg shells one by one. I regarded this to be similar to the performance of Roman Opalka's where he painted the overlapping of progression of increasing numbers. I interpreted the oneness and difference from repetition through repetition of the difference by Gilles Deleuze. In order to start my work, I collected the egg shells that have been discarded at home or at a restaurant, washed and dried the collected egg shells, and then broke them. Also, the color of the paint is continuously transformed until it becomes perfect black in my perspective. My work consists of the color black from the background symbolizing the uterus, the beginning of all life, death, and extinction, and white through egg shells, symbolizing revival, divinity, and the brightest color. Also, the circular shape which is the main feature on the canvas is in non-objective shape of an egg that symbolizes birth and life force. And it is expressed in a semicircle, fan-shaped form, with a circle divided like an egg shell. The wave-shaped repetition forming the circular shape, creates a rhythm on the canvas and though its figure looks the same, it is the repetition of difference made by the same action of attaching the egg shells with hands. This action is reminiscent of countless repetitive performances of asceticism. As seen from John Dewey's 『Art as Experience』, I used mundane everyday life as my subject and dealt with it from the artist's point of view. It is a part of expressing the sublime of the birth of life by using the egg shell, which is a daily material. The characteristic of my work contains the black background that symbolizes death, extinction, and uterus where the life is born and the shining color white from egg shells that signifies revival and divinity. The coexistence of white circle and the black background which represent birth of a life and death shows that the birth, death, and revival have the same origin. The circle which is the main feature on the canvas is in non-objective shape of an egg that symbolizes birth and life force. And it is expressed in a semicircle, fan-shaped form, with a circle divided like an egg shell. The pieces of the egg shells look the same, but the sizes of shells and its gaps continue to change and show a repetition of difference that creates a sense of rhythm. This characteristic shows that a life is completed in a variety of forms that are unique, although all life may appear to be similar. I collected the egg shells that have been discarded, washed, and dried them for storage. And, I repeatedly overlay several colors to create a perfect black color that I think is ideal when working. I also repeated the process of forming the shape of circle and its wave attaching egg shells one by one by hand on the colored canvas. This process of repetition is reminiscent of a performance of asceticism. 본인은 일상에서 흔히 관찰되고 쉽게 접할 수 있는 ‘달걀’이 탄생의 장소임과 동시에 생명의 원천이라 보았다. 달걀은 생명이 태어나기 전의 모습인 ‘알’의 형상을 하고 있고 그것을 깨고 나오며 탄생의 순간을 상징한다는 점에서 본인은 달걀을 생명에 비유했다. 그리고 이를 통해 생명의 숭고함을 재고찰하고자 한다. 우리는 매일 알게 모르게 달걀을 섭취한다. 하지만 일상에서 흔히 볼 수 있다는 이유로 우리는 생명의 원천으로서의 달걀이 가치를 가지고 있다는 것을 인지하지 못한 채 소비하고 쉽게 껍데기를 버리고 있다. 본 연구에서는 달걀 껍데기를 주된 소재로 설정하여 생명 탄생의 숭고함을 상기시키고자 한다. 본인은 알이 세계 각국의 탄생설화와 신화에서 생명의 근원이자 생명과 부활의 상징임을 깨닫고 일상에서 쉽게 접할 수 있는 알인 달걀 껍데기를 주된 재료로 설정했다. 본인은 검은색이 죽음과 소멸, 모든 생명 탄생의 시작인 자궁을 나타낸다고 보았다. 반면 달걀 껍데기의 흰색을 탄생의 상징으로 보았고 빛의 색으로서 신성한 힘과 연관되며 부활을 의미한다고 보았다. 이러한 생명의 탄생과 죽음을 본인 작업에서 보이는 배경의 검은색과 흰색의 원형이 함께 공존하는 점에서 탄생, 죽음, 부활은 하나의 기원을 가진다. 그리하여 본인의 작품에서는 탄생과 죽음이 순환되는 것이 삶의 원천으로 묘사된다. 또한 연구 작품에서 볼 수 있는 원형은 생명력과 순환을 상징하고 만다라를 상기시킨다. 원형을 구성하는 파동의 반복으로 화면에 율동감을 부여하여 생명 탄생의 역동성을 표현했다. 본 연구에서 본인이 달걀 껍데기를 직접 손으로 하나하나 붙여 원형을 만드는 과정은 김환기(金煥基)가 수도자와 같이 부단히 점을 찍어 가는 반복의 작업을 통하여 선적인 경지를 경험하게 된다는 점에서 유사하다고 보았다. 또한 본인이 주기적으로 달걀 껍데기를 수거하고 수집하는 과정은 볼프강 라이프(Wolfgang Laib)가 자연의 변화 과정에 따라 끊임없이 재료를 수집하며 많은 시간을 보내고 집중하는 것과 유사하다고 보았다. 또한 본인이 생각하는 완벽한 검은색을 만들기 위해 여러 단계의 색을 반복적으로 중첩 시켜 채색하고 달걀 껍데기를 하나하나 붙인다. 본인은 이러한 행위가 로만 오팔카(Roman Opalka)가 집적되고 증가하는 수들을 중첩 시켜 나열하는 것과 유사하다고 보았다. 본인은 반복에서 오는 동일성과 차이를 질 들뢰즈(Gilles Deleuze)의 차이의 반복을 통해 해석하였다. 본인은 작업을 시작하기 위해 가정이나, 음식점에서 버려진 달걀 껍데기를 수집하고 이렇게 수집한 달걀 껍데기들을 세척하고 건조 시킨 후 부스러뜨린다. 또한 본인이 생각하는 완벽한 검은색이 될 때까지 물감의 비율을 지속해서 변형해가며 채색한다. 본인의 작업은 죽음과 소멸, 모든 생명 탄생의 시작인 자궁을 상징하는 배경의 검은색과 부활과 신성하고 가장 빛나는 색인 흰색은 달걀 껍데기로 구성되어있다. 화면의 주된 형태인 원형은 탄생을 상징하는 알의 비구상적 형태이자 생명력을 상징한다. 그리고 달걀 껍데기의 개체처럼 원형이 절단된 반원, 부채꼴의 형태로도 표현된다. 원형을 구성하는 파동의 반복은 화면에 율동을 발생시키고 같은 형태로 보이지만 달걀 껍데기를 직접 손으로 붙이는 동일한 행위가 만들어 내는 차이의 반복이다. 이러한 행위는 무수히 반복되는 수행적 행위를 연상시킨다. 본인은 존 듀이(John Dewey)의 『경험으로서의 예술』에서 볼 수 있듯 무미건조한 일상의 사건들을 소재로 사용하여 일상 속 예술가의 관점에서 다루고 있다. 일상적 재료인 달걀 껍데기를 활용하여 생명 탄생의 숭고를 나타내는 것이 그의 일환이다. 본인의 작업이 가진 특징은 죽음과 소멸, 모든 생명 탄생의 시작인 자궁을 상징하는 배경의 검은색과 부활과 신성하고 가장 빛나는 색인 흰색은 달걀 껍데기로 구성된다. 생명의 탄생과 죽음을 배경의 검은색과 흰색의 원형이 함께 공존하는 점에서 탄생, 죽음, 부활은 하나의 기원을 가진다. 화면의 주된 형태인 원형은 탄생을 상징하는 알의 비구상적 형태이자 생명력을 상징한다. 그리고 달걀 껍데기의 개체처럼 원형이 절단된 반원, 부채꼴의 형태로도 표현된다. 달걀 껍데기의 조각들로 제작된 원형은 같은 형태로 보이지만 달걀 껍데기의 크기와 간격이 계속 달라지고 율동감을 만들어 내는 차이의 반복을 보여준다. 이러한 특징은 모든 생명은 비슷한 형태인 듯 보일지라도 독자적이고 유일성을 가진 다양한 형태로 완성되는 생명이다. 본인은 버려진 달걀 껍데기를 수집하고, 세척하고, 건조 시켜 보관한다. 그리고 이상적으로 생각하는 완벽한 검은색을 만들기 위해 채색을 반복한다. 또한 채색된 캔버스 위에 달걀 껍데기를 하나하나 손으로 직접 붙여 원형과 원을 구성하는 파동 형태를 만드는 과정을 반복한다. 이러한 과정의 반복은 수행적 행위가 연상된다.

굴 패각 분말과 계란 껍데기 분말을 혼합한 모르타르의 강도 및 내화 특성에 관한 연구

김해나 공주대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내석사

There are several methods of fire-resistant cladding used to protect buildings from fire. In the recent high-temperature fire of more than 1000℃, fire resistance performance is insufficient other than fire-resistant boards. However, fireproof boards are easily destroyed in explosive fires due to their high unit cost and weak strength. To address these shortcomings, research is underway to introduce oyster shells and eggshells into refractory materials. Oyster shell and egg shell are materials made up of with more than 90% of the ingredients. Oyster shell is biased in the timing and region of occurrence, but eggshells are characterized by evenly distributed timing and region. Due to various characteristics, it is believed that there will be advantages and disadvantages if used as refractory materials. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide basic data for use as a refractory material by comparing strength characteristics and fire resistance performance of mortar mixed with oyster shell and egg shell. In this study, oyster shells and eggshells were processed in the same particle size. The physical and chemical properties were then analyzed, the experiments were manufactured according to the combination, and the strength and refractory properties were evaluated. The following conclusions are drawn from the study for the application of oyster shells and egg shells as refractory materials. 1. Oyster shell and egg shell are natural calcium carbonate materials consisting of 90% or more. Oyster peeling occurred more than 300,000 tons (as of 2019) and eggshells generated an average of 265 tons per day (as of 2019) on average. In terms of raw materials supply and demand, oyster shell usually occurs in the biased area of Gyeongsangnam-do during the winter season of the year. Egg shells are operated by 186 egg processing companies nationwide, and occur uniformly throughout the country 365 days a year regardless of the timing. Therefore, it is considered to be more advantageous than oyster shell in terms of supply and demand of raw materials. 2. Density was very similar for OSP and ESP. However, the absorption rate was about 5.34% higher, which is attributed to the large surface area due to the small pieces attached to the surface of the oyster shell. The mixture design shall be more water-rich than the existing mortar mix and secure the water required for hydration reaction of cement. 3. For the strength performance of mortar according to the mixture, the OSP-mixed mortar had a bending strength of about 2.6MPa greater than the ESP-mixed mortar, and the compression strength was about 16.58MPa greater. The reason why OSP has a greater flexural and compressive strength is that small pieces are attached to the surface of the corrugated shell in different directions, which are considered to have had a positive effect on the adhesion of cement baggage due to the rough surface. On the other hand, ESP are considered to have a relatively smooth surface, which is considered to be lower than OSP due to its adverse effect on surface attachment. 4. Mortar's strength performance according to mixed materials was higher for both the bending and compression strength of OSP. The reason for this is that the strength of the oyster shell is higher than that of the egg shell, and the surface of the oyster shell is rough, which has a positive effect on the cement baggage attachment. 5. The difference in temperature behind 120 minutes of heating time of mortar according to OSP and ESP mixing rates was the greatest difference at 58.15℃ for 60% of the mixing rate, and 21.3℃ for 90% of the mixing rate. This is thought to be due to the fact that the egg shell consists of porosity and has more content. 6. OSP and ESP recited the thickness of the crack as the mixing rate increased. This is believed to be due to the increased mixture rate, which increases the amount of carbon dioxide escaping due to the de-carbonate reaction (). 7. Strength and refractory properties showed conflicting results. The strength of the OSP was measured at a higher value, and in the case of refractory properties, the refractory board mixed with ESP showed a lower Backside temperature of about 32.39℃ on average. However, both OSP and ESP showed lower strength and increased fire resistance as the mixing rate increased. Therefore, experiments on the strength and refractory properties of mortar mixed with oyster shell powder show that oyster shell and egg shell can be selected and applied according to the purpose used.

굴껍데기를 이용한 축산폐수처리장 방류수의 질소·인 제거에 관한 연구

권혁수 全北大學校 大學院 2004 국내석사

Stock-raising waterwater contains nitrogen and phosphous of high concentration. wastewater treatment difficult standard of nitrogen and phosphorus has been determined under 60mg/L, 8mg/L in 1990's. But it will be more intensified by 2005's. Enormous amount of oyster shell waste has been illegally disposed at oyster farm sites along the coast of Korea. As a materials for N,P removal, instead of activate carbon(AC), to seek for a possibility to recycle oyster shell waste crushed non-carcination(NCOS) and carcination oyster shell(COS) were investigated. According to the mixing ratio of NCOS, AC and COS, AC, removal rate was investigated. As react time increase, pH was rising while NH_(3) and PO_(4) decrease. In column test, C-4 is better than the others, T-M removal ratio, and T-P removal ratio is good in C-1. Therefor, it was fined that calcinated oyster-shell userble to treat stock-raising waste water substitution of activated carbon.

이가원의 작업일지 : 인간껍데기를 입다

이가원 부산대학교 2013 국내석사

The theme dealing with a sur-realistic world has been studied in many fields, and from such works, we can meet with the images of countless numbers of bodies. Among those works, when we are looking at the work [the Venus of Milo with Drawers] by a Spanish author Salvador Dalí, the author hung several-layered drawers on the face, body and legs of statue of the Venus. However, it's only a chest of drawers where nothing exists. The drawers taken out of the body show a desire to know something hidden inside existence. However, the drawer is empty with nothing, which shows that it simultaneously assumes the desire to cherish a secret as is the mysterious state where nothing can be known. Like this, existence and non-existence indwell in several forms in our life. Life and death, the present and future, truth and illusion, actuality and absence, also including myself and a thing other than myself, and a human's inner side and outer side. They, as known by these words, contain double-sidedness. Non-existence also comes upon us as several anxieties. There exist anxiety about death and the future, anxiety about absence, and anxiety about unconsciousness and meaninglessness, etc. This researcher is attempting to state a human's several feelings while forming a new space by including such themes on the canvass. In addition, there are many works using several things in the beginning, and afterwards, this researcher' works are linked to the transformation of the human body. As for materials, they are mostly for oil working on the canvas.

Anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of fractions derived from Trapa japonica pericarp in vitro and in vivo : 세포 및 동물 모델에서 마름 껍데기 분획물의 항산화 및 항염증 활성 연구

김연숙 건국대학교 대학원 2015 국내박사

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts ant it’s active fraction from Trapa japonica pericarp (TJP) were evaluated. The antioxidant properties of TJP extracts were evaluated through several biochemical assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Alkyl radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ABTS radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Ethyl acetate fraction (EF) showed protective effects against t-BHP induced oxidative damage in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experimental results showed that the EF suppressed t-BHP-induced damage in Chang cells through inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, western blotting disclosed that EF effectively inhibited the apoptosis against t-BHP through suppression of caspase-3, caspase-7, caspse-8 and caspase-9. In addition, our study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidant activity of EF for consecutive five days on t-BHP-induced acute oxidative damage in the liver. In vivo experimental results exhibited that the EF significantly prevented the increase of serum GOT, GPT and hepatic malondialdehyde level caused by t-BHP in mice, and markedly increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione levels. Histopathological examinations further confirmed that the EF could protect the liver from t-BHP-induced oxidative liver injury. These findings indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction could be developed as a medicinal herb for the therapy and prevention of hepatic injury. In this study, we found that chloroform fraction (CF) from TJP ethanolic extract inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and intracellular ROS in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) genes was also reduced, as evidenced by western blot. In addition, CF attenuated LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38. Our results indicate that CF exerts anti-inflammatory effects by down-regulating expression of iNOS and COX-2 genes through inhibition of MAPK (ERK, JNK and p38) and NF-κB signaling. Similarly we also evaluated the effects of CF on LPS-induced acute lung injury. In this study, male Balb/c mice were pretreated with dexamethasone or CF 1 hr before intranasal instillation of LPS. Eight hours after LPS administration, the inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined. The effects of CF on pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated that CF inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 production in a dose dependent manner. It was also observed that CF attenuated LPS-induced lung histopathologic changes. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the protective effect of CF on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice might relate to the suppression of excessive inflammatory responses in lung tissue. Thus, it can be suggested that CF might be a potential therapeutic agent for ALI. The potential of obtained pericarp from the Trapa japonica, by-products as a source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds was examined.

Paleontological, neontological, and taphonomic studies for amniote eggshells with analytical approaches

최승 서울대학교 대학원 2020 국내박사

알은 척추동물의 번식 관련 정보를 제공하는 생광화 물질이다. 고생물학에서, 화석알에 기록된 정보들은 뼈 화석이나 흔적 화석에서는 얻어질 수 없기 때문에 화석알은 멸종한 종들의 번식 관련 정보들을 얻기에 최적의 조건을 제공한다. 또한 화석알들은 화석화 과정을 거쳤기 때문에 순수한 생광화물질에서는 기대하기 힘든 지질학적 정보 역시 제공한다. 생물 기원 Calcite 에 기반한 화석알 연구는 척추고생물학의 다른 분야와 비교했을 때 분석학적 방법론에 입각한 인접 지질학, 생물학 분야의 방법론들을 이용하기 용이하다. 또한 고생물학 그 자체, 현생 생물학, 퇴적학에 걸치는 여러 분야들에 파급력을 미칠 수 있다. 결과는 크게 네 가지 점으로 요약된다. 본 학위 논문에서는 물질 과학과 구조 지질학에서 널리 사용되는 도구인 Electron Backscatter Diffraction 을 이용하여 화석과 현생 알들의 미세 구조 및 결정 구조를 분석하였다. 첫째, 도마뱀붙이와 지배파충류의 결정 구조는 완전히 다르며, 이는 그들의 광물화된 알들은 완전히 독립적으로 나타났고 수렴적 현상임을 의미한다. 둘째, Maniraptora 공룡 계열의 Squamatic Zone 과 External Zone 의 존재성은 결정 경계면의 선형 정도를 비교함으로써 검증해 볼 수 있음이 밝혀졌다. 또한, 크게 두 가지로 구분되는 결정 구조 패턴이 존재함 역시 밝혀졌다. 셋째, 유럽 상부 백악기 층의 이른바 „도마뱀붙이알‟의 결정 구조를 조사하여 이 알들이 사실은 Maniraptora 에 속하는 공룡알임을 밝힐 수 있었다. 넷째, 현생 Palaeognathae 의 알들의 미세구조와 결정구조 연구가 이루어졌고, 이는 현생 Maniraptora 에서 알의 구조들이 어떻게 진화하는지를 볼 수 있는 적절한 현생 사례가 될 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 한편, 라만 분광분석을 통하여 한반도 알 화석이 가지는 어두운 색깔은 대부분 비정질 탄소의 존재로 인한 것임을 밝혀낼 수 있었다. 비정질 탄소의 라만 스펙트럼은 화석 시료가 받은 최대 온도를 기록하고 있다. 비정질 탄소의 라만 스펙트럼은 여러 요소들로 분리되어 해석할 수 있음이 유기지화학자들에 의해 연구되어 왔고, 이를 이용해 화석지가 받은 최대 온도를 추정해 볼 수 있었다. 이 연구들은 EBSD 결과가 다양한 양막류 알들에 대한 좀 더 객관적인 미세구조, 결정구조적 특징들을 제공함을 보여주며, 이 결과 대부분은 전통적인 방식에서는 얻기가 힘든 결과들이다. 화석 알들에 대한 정확한 동정 및 분류라는 기본적 목적을 넘어 그 안에 담겨있는 숨겨진 고생물학적 정보들을 읽을 수 있음이 가능함을 보여준다. 특히 알껍데기의 강도는 미세 구조와 결정 구조에 직접적으로 관련되어 있기 때문에, 이 정보들은 Maniraptora 의 동물 행동학적 양상에 대한 간접적인 증거가 될 수도 있다. 만약 이 추정이 더 뒷받침된다면, 화석화된 생물유래 광물을 통해 생물의 행동 양식을 추정할 수 있는 새로운 접근 방식이 될 수 있을 것이다. 라만 분광 결과는 육성 분지가 지질학적 진화 과정에서 겪은 최대 온도 추정에 있어 화석 알이 유용한 시료가 될 수도 있음을 보여준다. 이 연구에서 활용된 분광 기법은 주로 해양 미화석이나 kerogen 유기물에 적용되어 왔으며, 육상 거화석에는 거의 적용되지 않았다. 이후 연구들을 통해 더 뒷받침된다면, 화석을 함유한 퇴적층들의 퇴적학적, 화석화 과정을 연구하기 위한 시료로서의 화석알의 가치는 더 커질 것으로 전망된다. 요약하면, EBSD 와 라만 분광기는 이전에 알지 못했던 새로운 정보들을 알에서 얻는데 있어 필수적인 도구이다. 이 기술들과 더불어 후속 연구들은 이 연구들에서 개척된 결과들을 더 확장해 나가야 할 것이며 특히 분석적 방법론과 통계적 방법론을 결합하여 화석과 현생 알에 숨어 있는 다양한 정보들을 얻기 위한 탐구들을 진행해야 할 것이다. Eggshells are biominerals that provide reproductive information of vertebrates. In paleontology, fossil eggshells offer a unique chance to investigate the reproductive paleobiology of extinct taxa because diverse information inscribed in fossil eggshells are unavailable from other types of fossils such as fossil bone and trace fossils. In addition, geologic information has been added to once-purely-biogenic-biomineral because fossil eggshells have experienced fossilization process. Being a discipline with biogenic calcite, compared to other fields of vertebrate paleontology, fossil eggshell research can share diverse methodologies with other fields of geology and biology, which are based on analytical approaches (e.g. mineralogy). Hence, it can have broad implications to diverse fields including, but not limited to, paleontology per se, neontology, and sedimentology. In this dissertation, firstly, I focused on the microstructure and crystallography of fossil and modern eggshells using a device called Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), which has been a powerful tool in materials science and structural geology. The results can be summarized in the four points. First, the crystallographies of gekkotan and archosaur eggshells were completely different from each other, meaning that calcified eggshells of those clades are independent and homoplastic in their origin. Secondly, the presence of the external zone and squamatic zone in maniraptoran eggshells can be identified by comparing the linearity of grain boundaries of the two zones. In addition, the two different misorientation distribution pattern could be found between them. Thirdly, the crystallography of ‘geckoid’ eggshells from Upper Cretaceous deposits in Europe confirmed that they are, in fact, maniraptoran dinosaur eggshells. Fourthly, the microstructural and crystallographic evolution of modern paleognath eggshells were investigated, which can be helpful to understand the evolution of eggshells in modern maniraptoran clades. Moreover, the dark color of fossil eggshells from the Korean Peninsula is mainly attributable to the presence of amorphous carbon, which can be detected by Raman spectroscopy. The amorphous carbon signal of Raman spectrum records the maximum paleotemperature that the fossil material experienced. The deconvolution approach of amorphous carbon in Raman spectrum developed by organic geochemist was adopted in this study, which allows estimating the maximum paleotemperature of fossil locality. These studies clearly show that EBSD can provide more objective results on the microstructure and crystallography of diverse amniotic eggshells than conventional techniques do. They are not only useful for correct identification and classification for fossil eggshells but also helpful to read latent paleobiological information. Notably, crystallographic data might be related to the ethological feature of Maniraptora because the strength of eggshells might be related to the microstructure and crystallography of eggshells. Raman spectroscopic results imply that fossil eggshells might be a useful material to infer the maximum paleotemperature of terrestrial basins. It is because the spectroscopic analysis has been usually focused on marine microfossils and kerogen organic materials rather than terrestrial macrofossils. If the same logic works in the biocarbonate of amniotic eggshells, fossil eggshells can be used as invaluable materials to infer the sedimentological and taphonomic setting of the terrestrial fossil-bearing deposits. In short, EBSD and Raman spectroscopy are essential tools to get novel information from eggshells that we had never acquired before. Along with this new technology, future research should be focused on combining statistical and analytical methods to correctly interpret hidden information from fossil and modern eggshells.

잔향의 시각적 표현연구 : -허물의 이미지를 중심으로-

임준성 서울과학기술대학교 2022 국내석사

In this study, the past and emotions of life is defined with the material of skin. It is named as last scent and molded with incense burners and ornaments. The last scent that the researcher wants to express is the residue left behind living things in the world of survival, and at the same time, various thoughts about the past woven into the residue. Such thoughts and feelings can be called last scent, or the remaining scent. The viewer can appreciate and reflect on what their own last scent is through the sculpture that embodies it. In addition, this study contains the meaning of last scent, which is intended to express various elements of nature by describing its form rather directly. It is because in the situation where the meaning of the work already contains many elements, it can be very difficult to interpret the meaning of the work if it goes through several simplifications. This way, the viewer can focus better on the meaning of the work. Most of the modeling results of this study were made with incense burners. The incense burner has been used as a meaning of ‘origin’ from ancient times, and by burning incense in the incense burner, the viewer can pursue the refinement of the mind and body, agonizing what their true last scent was. Most of the molding work was done using 92.5% silver, red copper, and a little gold leaf, and the precision casting method was used mainly. In the case of the casting method, it is the clearest way to describe the object under the assumption that the object can be plasticized and does not absorb gypsum, and through this, a unique and detailed result can be obtained. Furthermore, it is suitable for the theme of chewing the cud of remnants from the past, as the banquet that remains sticky after the incense has dried makes the color of red copper more beautiful and has the advantage of preserving the remnant of the banquet for a long time. Through this study, the artist was able to research in-depth on the scent of the things left behind. In the midst of all things falling apart without exception as the time flows, only faintly faded traces remain. Fragments of emotions, and the last scent of memories that linger on the tip of your nose in the swamp of locked memories. I look forward to being able to enjoy the scent left behind such a world. 본 연구는 세상의 잔여물이라는 소재를 이용하여 삶의 과거와 그 감정을 되새겨볼 수 있도록 정의내리고 이를 잔향이라 이름 붙여 향로와 장신구로 조형하였다. 연구자가 표현하고자 하는 잔향은 세상을 살아가는 생명체들이 살아가기 위해 남기고 간 잔여물에 엮이어진 과거에 대한 다양한 생각들이다. 그러한 생각과 마음이 곧 잔향, 즉 남아있는 향이라 할 수 있고 이를 시각화한 조형작품을 통해 관람자가 스스로의 잔향은 무엇이었는지를 반추하며 감상할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 본 연구는 자연의 여러 남겨진 요소들을 가져와 그 형태를 다소 직접적으로 묘사하여 표현하고자 하는 잔향의 의미를 담았다. 이는 작품이 가진 뜻에 집중하게끔 하는 요소로서 작품의 의미가 이미 많은 요소들을 함유하고 있는 상황에 표현하고자 하는 시각적 요소마저 여러 단계의 단순화 등을 거치게 된다면 작품의 의미에 대한 관람자의 해석이 심히 힘들어질 수 있기 때문이다. 본 연구의 조형결과는 대부분 향로로 조형되었다. 향로는 고대로부터 기원의 의미로 사용되었으며 잔향의 향로에서 향을 사르는 행위를 함으로서 심신의 정갈함을 추구하고 향을 사룬 후 남은 잔향의 향을 맡음으로서 관람자의 잔향은 무엇이었는지 조금 더 심도 있게 고민할 수 있을 것이다. 조형작업은 대부분 92.5%의 은과 적동, 약간의 금박을 이용하여 작업하였으며 정밀주조방식을 주로 사용하였다. 주조방식의 경우 대상이 소성이 가능하며 석고를 흡수하지 않는다는 가정 하에 대상을 묘사하기 가장 확실하고 깔끔한 방식이며 이를 통해 독특하면서도 디테일한 결과물을 얻을 수 있다. 또한 향의 사룬 후 끈적이게 남는 향연이 적동의 색을 더욱 아름답게 만들고 향연의 잔향을 오래 보존하는 장점이 있기에 잔향이라는 과거의 잔여물을 되새김질하는 주제에 걸맞다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 연구자는 남겨진 것들이 상징하는 삶의 과거의 감정에 대해 심도 있는 탐구를 할 수 있었다. 세상 만물이 시간 속에 예외 없이 스러지는 가운데 어렴풋하게나마 사그라든 흔적만이 남게 된다. 그러한 추억의 편린과 감정의 조각들, 잠겨버린 기억의 늪 속에서 코끝에 맴도는 기억의 잔향. 그러한 세상 속 남은 향을 향유할 수 있기를 기대한다.