학습장애아동과 ADHD아동 및 일반아동의 실행기능 특성 = Executive functional characteristics of learning disability children, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children, and normal children

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is aimed for revealing differences of executive functional characteristics
of learning disability children, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children (ADHD),
and normal children. The sample consists of 30 reading disorder children, 30 math
disorder children, 30 ADHD children, and 30 normal children.
‘Kims Frontal-Executive Function Test for children’ was employed as an
investigation tool for finding executive functional characteristics of each group in this
study. This tool is comprised of four small tests, which are ‘Stroop Test’, ‘Word
Fluency Test’, ‘Design Fluency’, and ‘Auditory Verbal Learning Test’. This study
conducted one-way ANOVA and MANOVA by using Spss 14.0 program so as to
verify whether there are significant differences among each group.
The following findings are derived based on this study’s results and debates.
First, Among learning disability children, ADHD children, and normal children,
there are obvious differences of the capability of self-regulation and response,
which are sub-types of executive function.
Second, Among learning disability children, ADHD children, and normal children,
there are obvious differences of cognitive flexibility, which is sub-type of
executive function.
Third, Among learning disability children, ADHD children, and normal children,
there are obvious differences of the ability of working memory, which is sub-type
of executive function.
As stated above, there are significant differences of executive functional
characteristics among learning disability children, ADHD children, and normal
children, all of which belong to the same intelligence category and have similar learning
and activity charateristics.
Therefore, this study that compared differences of learning ability and executive
function related to activity charateristics among three groups will support not only
for applying a distinctive teaching-learning method, but also for study of mediation
considering unique characteristics among learning disability children, ADHD children, and
normal children.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 = 1
• 1. 연구의 필요성 = 1
• 2. 연구의 목적 = 5
• 3. 용어의 정의 = 6
• 4. 연구의 제한점 = 7
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 8
• 1. 실행기능의 개념 = 8
• 2. 전두엽과 실행기능 = 13
• 3. 학습장애와 ADHD아동의 신경심리적 이해 = 20
• 4. 학습장애와 ADHD아동의 실행기능 = 29
• 5. 실행기능에 관한 우리나라의 선행 연구 분석 = 41
• Ⅲ. 연구 방법 = 48
• 1. 연구 대상 = 48
• 2. 측정 도구 = 50
• 3. 연구 절차 = 57
• 4. 자료 분석 = 59
• Ⅳ. 연구 결과 = 60
• 1. 반응억제 및 자기조절 능력 차이 = 60
• 2. 인지적 유연성의 차이 = 64
• 3. 작업기억 능력 차이 = 70
• Ⅴ. 논의 = 76
• Ⅵ. 결론 및 제언 = 87
• 1. 결론 = 87
• 2. 제언 = 88
• 참고문헌 = 90
• (Abstract) = 110
• 부록목차 = 112

참고문헌 (Reference)

1. Working memory, Baddeley, Alan D., Clarendon Press, , 1986

2. Expressivewriting, Gregg, , 1992

3. Psychology ofADHD, Castellanos, , 1999

4. The Frontal lobes, Stuss, Donald T, Raven, TheFrontalLobes, , 1986

5. TakingchargeofADHD, Hodges, , 1994

6. AttentiongenesandADHD, Levy, , 2001

7. Behavioral Inhibition, Barkley, Behavioralinhibition, , 1997

8. The prefrontal cortex, Fuster, Joaquin M, Academic Press/Elsevier, , 2008

9. Primary mental abilities, Thurstone, L. L., Univ. of Chicago Press, Primarymentalabilities, , 1957

10. A contextforhyperactivity, Zentall, , 1985

11. Abnormal child psychology, Mash, Eric J, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, , 2002

12. Descartes' Error: Emotion, Damasio, Descartes'Error:Emotion, , 1994

13. 학습장애아동 교육, 강위영, 형설출판사, , r

14. Principleofneuropsychology, Zillmer, Spiers, , 2001

15. Social skill rating system, Elliott,S.N., , 1990

16. Control of mental processes, Monsell, , 1996

17. Teaching learning strategies, Mekeachie, Lin, Pintrich, Teachinglearning strategies, , 1985

18. Understandingself-regulation, Nieuwenhuis, Sander, , 2004

19. Asperger'ssyndrome and autism, Bartoucci, Finlayson, Nielen, , 2004

20. DyslexiaOslo:Gyldendalsforlag, Hoien, , 1990

21. Measurementofexecutivefunction, Denckla, , 1994

22. The Prefrontal Cortex: Anatomy, Fuster, , 1980

23. WisconsinCardSortingTest(WCST), Heatin, , 1981

24. Behavior disorders of childhood, Wicks-Nelson, Rita, Prentice Hall, , 1991

25. Executive function in Education, Melzer, , 2006

26. IsADHD aDisinhibitory Disorder?, Nigg, , 2001

27. K-ABC 교육심리 측정도구, 문수백, 변창진, K-ABC:교육심리 측정 도구, , 2004

28. Specific impairments of planning, Shallice, , 1982

29. ADHD아동의 실행기능 결함, 정은정, , 2003

30. How the special needs brain learns, Sousa, David A, Corwin Press, , 2001

31. Mathematicaldisabilities:cognitive, Geary, , 1993

32. A theoryandmodelofexecutivefunction, Denckla, , 1996

33. Learning disabilities:Basicconcepts, Myers, Hammill, , 1990

34. A model of working memory in writing, Kellog, , 1996

35. Hyperactivity and attention deficits, Whalen, Henker, , 1989

36. 전두엽 증후군의 임상 평가, 김홍근, , 2001

37. Educating exceptionalchildren(10thed), Anastasiow, Kirk, , 2003

38. Effectsoffrontallobeinjuryinchildhood, Mateer, , 1991

39. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology, Kolb, Bryan, W.H. Freeman, , 1996

40. Neuropsychological assessment(3rd ed), Lezak, M. D., , 1995

41. Cognition in schizophrenia: impairments, Sharma, , 2000

42. Conceptualproblem-solvinginhighlyverbal, Rumsey, , 1985

43. Measurementofwritten languageexpression, Watson, Wasileski, , 1994

44. Understanding the representational mind, Perner, Josef, MIT Press, , 1991

45. 정신분열증 환자의 인지 결함, 정일관(Il Kwan Jeong), 박민철(Min Cheol Park), 백영석(Young Suk Paik), 리광철(Kwang Cheol Lee), 오상우(Sang Woo Oh), 한국심리학회, "한국심리학회지:임상, , 2002

46. 주의력결핍 및 과잉행동 장애, 신현균, 김진숙, , 2000

47. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Barkley, R. A., Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,

48. 아동용 Rey-Kim 기억검사:해설서, 김홍근, , 2005

49. Attention, memory, and executive function, Lyon, G. Reid, P.H. Brookes Pub. Co., "Attentionmemory, , 1996

50. ManualfortheTeacherReportForm and Profile, Edelbrock, Achenbach, , 1986

51. Workingmemoryinlearningdisabilitysubgroups, Swanson, , 1993

52. 실행기능의 차원과 영역별 발달, 이명주, 홍창희, 한국심리학회, "한국심리학회지, , 2006

53. Evidence for executive dysfunction in autism, 김인경, , 1994

54. Studies of inferencein serial verbal reaction, Stroop, , 1935

55. Affention-deficithyperactivitydisorderinadults, Wender, , 1995

56. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: In E, Barkley, , 1996

57. TheRelationshipsbetweenPhonologicalSensitivity, Gottardo, , 1996

58. Working memory asaresourcein thewritingprocess, Levy, Lea, , 1999

59. 정신과 환자 집단의 실행 기능연구, 이창욱, 이정애, 이민수, 신동균, 大韓神經精神醫學會, "신경정신의학, , 2002

60. K-WISC-Ⅲ(한국 웩슬러 아동지능검사), 김청택, 곽금주, 박혜원, , 2001

61. Learningdisabledbrains:A review ofthe literature, Rourke, Collins, , 2003

62. Theworking brain:Introduction to neuropsychology, Luria, , 1976

63. 정신분열병 환자의 전두엽-관리기능, 김홍근, 서석교, , 2004

64. Exectivefunctionsand developmentalpsychopathology, Pennington, , 1996

65. 특수교육 요구아동 출현율 조사 연구, 김형일, 정동영, 정동일, 국립특수교육원, 국립특수교육원, , 2001

66. A diagnosticprocedurebasedonreading componentmodel, Joshi, , 1999

67. Asperger'ssyndromeandautism:Neurocognitiveaspects', Finlayson, Karatekin, Bartoucci, , 2000

68. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults, Wender, , 1998

69. Inhibitory functioninnonretardedchildrenwithautism, Strayer, Ozonoff, , 1997

70. Validationofexecutivefuntiontaskswithyoungchildren, Gyns, Willis, , 1991

71. Reading and writing relations and their development, Shanahan,T., Fitzgerald,J., Reading and writing relations andtheirdevelopment, , 2000

72. 품행장애자의 전두엽 실행기능의 결핍, 정혜영, , 2000

73. 학습장애아 특성분석과 진단도구 개발, 이나미, 윤점룡, 학습장애아 특성 분석과 진단도구 개발, , 1990

74. Schizophreniaandthefrontal brain:aquantitativereview, Zakzanis, Heinrichs, , 1999

75. Disorganization of behavior after frontal lobe damage, Duncan, , 1986

76. 학습장애 개념에 관한 이론적 모델 연구, 정대영, 大韓特殊敎育學會, "특수교육학회지, , 1991

77. 한국판 치매 평가 검사(K-DRS)전문가 요강, 최진영, , 1998

78. Emotion-inducedchangesinhumanmedialprefrontalcortex:ll, SimpsonJ.R, Snyder, , 2001

79. Executive functions and developmentalpsychopathologies, Ozonoff, Pennington, , 1996

80. Architectureoftheprefrontalcortexandthecentralexecutive, Goldman-Rakic, , 1995

81. Prefrontalinjuryandbehaviorinchildrenofalcoholicparents, Tranel, Anderson, Benton, , 1994

82. 정서 및 행동장애아의 치료 및 이해.정서?, 오은영, , 2001

83. 주의력결핍 및 과잉활동장애의 평가.소아, 오경자, 주의력결핍 및 과잉활동장애의 평가.소아?, , 1990

84. Kims 전두엽-관리기능 신경심리검사 해설서, 김홍근, , 2001

85. 측두엽 간질 수술에 따른 실행기능의 변화, 유희정(Hee Jung Yoo), 이상암(Sang Am Lee), 송원영(Won Young Song), 김성윤(Sung Yun Kim), 강중구(Jung Ku Kang), 한국심리학회, "한국심리학회지:임상, , 2002

86. 장애학생의 기능평가와 특수교육 의사결정, 정대영, , 2003

87. InvestigationofModalitySpecificDistractibility in Children, Halperin, Bedi, Sharma, , 1994

88. 실행기능 관련 국내 연구의 최근 동향,정서?, 송찬원, 변찬석, "실행기능 관련 국내 연구의 최근 동향, , 2007

89. 읽기장애와 수학장애의 공존성에 관한 연구, 변찬석, 한국정서학습장애아교육학회, 읽기장애와 수학장애의 공존성에 관한 연구.정서?, , 1998

90. A capacity theory of writing: Working memory in composition, McCutchen, A capacity theory of writing:Working memory incomposition, , 1996

91. Frontallobecognitivedysfunctioninconductdisorderadolescents, Lueger, , 1990

92. 지능검사와 신경심리 검사는 무엇이 다른가?, 김홍근, 한국심리학회, , 2003

93. Criticalissuesin learningdisability: Whole language learning, Richeck, Lerner, , 1996

94. Nonverbal learning disabilities : the syndrome and the model, Rourke, Byron P, Guilford Press, , 1989

95. Workingmemoryandexecutivefunction:Evidence from neuroimaging, Carpenter, Reichle, Just, , 2000

96. The neurobiology and neuropsychology ofadultlearningdisorders, Bigler, , 1992

97. 고기능 자폐아동의 실행기능 결함과 마음이론, 한소희, , 2002

98. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : a clinical workbook, Barkley, Russell A., Guilford Press, , 1991

99. Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorderandthefrontallobesyndrome, Shue, , 1992

100. Diagnosing learning disorders : a neuropsychological framework, Pennington, Bruce Franklin, Guilford Press, Diagnosing learning disorders:A neuropsychologicalframework, , 1991

101. Neuropsychological aspects for evaluating learningdisabilities, Semrud, , 2005

102. Neuropsychologicalperformance in children withTouretteSyndrome, Bornstein, , 1990

103. 학습장애아의 인지적 특성에 대한 탐색과 의의, 이성환(Lee Sung Hwan), 변찬석(Byun Chan Suk), 한국특수교육문제연구소, "특수교육 저널, , 2006

104. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 실행능력.소아, 김지혜, 홍성도, 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 실행능력.소아?, , 1999

105. Deficits in strategy application followingfrontallobedamageinman, Shallice, , 1991

106. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아의 기질적 특성.소아, 김자성, 조수철, 김동현, 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아의 기질적 특성.소아?, , 1993

107. 주의력결핍과잉행동 장애 아동의 실행기능 분석, 이효신, 손양희, 한국정서.행동장애아교육학회(구.한국정서학습장애아교육학회), 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 실행기능 분석, , 2003

108. A New Framework for Understanding Cognition and Affect in Writing, John, , 2000

109. Assessment and development of executive function during childhood, Anderson, , 2002

110. A capacitytheorycomprehension:Individualdifferencesinworkingmemory, Carpenter, Just, , 1992

111. Are executive function tests dependent on working memory capacity?, Lehto, , 1996

112. Executive function deficits in the post-secondarystudentpopulation, Manganello, , 1995

113. TheTrailMakinfTestA andB:A technicalnoteonstructuralnonequivalence, Ross, Karl, , 1994

114. Theroleofworkingmemoryinskilledandlessskilledreaders comprehension, Berninger, Swanson, , 1995

115. 아동용 KIMS 전두엽 관리기능 신경심리검사 해설서, 김홍근, , 2005

116. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 신경심리적 특성, 김진구, , 2007

117. From on-line management problems to strategies inwrittencomposition, Fayol, , 1999

118. The neuralsystem thatbridgesrewardandcognitioninhumans:anfMFRIstudy, Pochon J.B, Levy R, FossatiP, , 2002

119. 자폐스펙트럼장애와 실행기능: 신경심리학적 접근, 이효신, 한국특수교육학회, 자폐스펙트럼 장애와 실행기능:신경심리학적 접근, , 2003

120. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 인지적 특성.소아, 신민섭, 오경자, 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 인지적 특성.소아?, , 1990

121. 학습장애의 개념 및 진단평가의 문제와 과제. 정서, 정대영, 학습장애의 개념 및 진단평가의 문제와 과제.정서, , 2002

122. Factor structure ofthe WISC-IIIfor students withLearningDisabilities, Swanson, , 1991

123. Neuropsychologicaldivergenceof high-level autism and severe dyslexia, Hamburger, Rumsey, , 1990

124. Reliabilityandvalidityofthewisconsincardsortingtestinstudiesofautism, Ozonoff, , 1995

125. Assessingchildren'scopyproductionsofthe Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure, Wader, , 1985

126. Disordersofwrittencommunication:AninstructionalpriorityforLD students, Wong, , 1986

127. Individual differences in children's working memory and writing skill, Swanson, Berninger, , 1996

128. Information processing deficits in children with learningdisabilities, Cermak, , 1983

129. Neuropsychologicalfunctioningnonmenentallyretardedautisticindividuals, Minshew, Goldstein, Muenz, Payton, , 1992

130. Wechsler 지능검사에서 관리기능과 비관리기능의 비교, 김홍근, 한국심리학회, , 2006

131. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 실행기능 분석.정서, 손양희, 이효신, , 2003

132. ADHD 아동의 한국판 K-ABC 수행 특성:Ⅰ.기술적분석.정서, 배대석, , 2006

133. Diagnosisandassessmantofattemtiondeficithyperactivitydisorderinchildren, Guevremont, Barkley, , 1990

134. Learning-disabledreadersworkingmemory asa function ofprocessing demands, Lee, Swanson, Ashbaker, , 1996

135. TheGo-NOGotestinattention deficitdisorderissensitiveto methylphenidate', Hoeppner, Sander, Zecker, , 1991

136. 자폐장애의 실행기능 결함에 관한 신경심리학적 연구, 박혜근, 이화여자대학교 대학원, 미간행석사학위 청구논문 이화여자대학교 대학원, , 1998

137. Areworking memory deficitsin readerswith learningdisabilitieshardtochange, Swanson, , 2000

138. Ecologicalvalidity ofasimplifiedversion oftheMultipleErrandsShopping Task, Knight, Henman, Caine, , 2006

139. A longitudinalstudyofexecutivefunctionandTheory ofmind developmentin autism, Ozonoff, McEvoy, , 1994

140. ADHD andmathdisabilities:CognitiveSimilaritiesandInstructionalInterventions, Amy, , 2007

141. Cognitivedeficits in children with attentiondeficitdisorderwithhyperactivity, Spreen, , 1988

142. Cognitiveprocessesin children'swriting:Developmentalandindividualdifferences, McCutchen, , 1995

143. Executivefunction in preschoolers:linkswith theory ofmind and verbal ability, Hughes, Executivefunction in preschoolers:Linkswith theory ofmind and verbalability, , 1998

144. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 신경심리학적 평가.소아, 박수현, 신민섭, 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 신경심리학적 평가.소아?, , 1997

145. Congnitivedeficitsin children with Attention DeficitDisorderwithHyperactivity, Douglas, , 1988

146. Developmentoftheconceptof'executivefunction'anditsrelationshiptothefrontallobes, Tranel, Benton, , 1994

147. Neuropsychologicalfindingsinhigh-functioningmenwithinfantileautismresidualstste, Hamburger, Rumsey, , 1988

148. 시지각 훈련이 읽기장애아의 단어 읽기 능력에 미치는 효과, 최진규, , 1994

149. 행동과학과 특수교육 연구의 희망적 전망과 해결 과제.정서, 정대영, , 2005

150. A selective and critical review ofneuropsychologicaldificits and the frontallobes, Wolfson, Reitan, , 1994

151. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : a handbook for diagnosis and treatment, Barkley, Russell A., Guilford Press, Attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder:A handbookfordiagnosisandtreatment, , 1990

152. CHC지능에 따른 정신지체아의 인지요인 특성과 읽기기능 분석, 박현옥, , 2005

153. Hyperactive children grown up : empirical findings and theoretical considerations, Weiss, Gabrielle, Guilford Press, , 1986

154. 뚜렛 장애와 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동의 실행기능 비교, 성형모, 박형배, 大韓神經精神醫學會, "신경정신의학, , 2000

155. Executive controlin the revising of students withlearning and writing difficulties, Graham, Executivecontrolin therevising ofstudentswith learningandwritingdifficulties, , 1997

156. Assessment and remediation of executive dysfunction in autism and asperger syndrome, Ozonoff, Assessment and remediation of executive dysfunction inautism andaspergersyndrome, , 1998

157. Association between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and learning disorders, Cantwell, Baker, , 1992

158. Causalmechanismsofautism:Unifyingperspectivesfrom aninformation-processing framework, Ozonoff, , 1997

159. A normative developmentalstudy ofexecutivefunction:A Window onprefrontalfunctionchildren, Pennington, Welsh, , 1988

160. AttentiondeficitdisorderandneuropsychologicalfunctioninginchildrenwithTourette'ssyndrome, Montague, , 1992

161. Comorbidity ofattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderwithpsychiatricdisorder:anoverview, Pliszka, , 1998

162. 정신분열병의 급성기 및 관해기에서의 신경인지 결손에 관한 연구, 박내권, 김철권, 최병무, 김호찬, 大韓神經精神醫學會, "신경정신의학, , 2001

163. 틱장애와 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동에 있어서의 실행기능비교, 성형모, , 1999

164. Effectsofmethyphenidateofadolescents with childhood history ofattention deficitdisorder:I, Borgstedt, Klorman, , 1987

165. Are tests of frontal lobe functions useful in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorders, Barkley, Grodzinsky, , 1994

166. How specificisadeficitofexecutivefunction-ing forattention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?, Sergeant, Oosterlaan, Guerts, , 2002

167. Relationshipoffingerfunctiontobeginningwriting:Applicationtodiagnosisofwritingdisabilities, Rutberg, Berninger, , 1992

168. 소아정신장애 아동의 신경심리와 정서장애의 신경병리 및 신경심리, 신민섭, "소아정신장애 아동의 신경심리와 정서장애의 신경병리 및 신경심리, , 2004

169. Learningdisabledandaveragereaders'workingmemoryandcomprehension:Doesmetacognitionplayarole?, Trahan, Swanson, , 1996

170. Theinfluenceofencoding and strategicknowledgeonchildren'schoicesamongserialrecallstrategies, McGilly, Siegler, , 1990

171. Assessing executivefunctionsin children:Biologicalpsychological,anddevelopmentconsiderations, Anderson, "Assessing executivefunctionsin children:Biologicalpsychological, , 1998

172. Executivefunctionandattentiondeficithyperactivity disorder:Implicationsoftwoconflictingviews, Thomas, , 2005

173. Frontallobe function in childhood and adolescence:Aheuristicforassessing attentionregulation, Dennis, , 1991

174. 음운인식훈련이 읽기장애아동의 음운인식과 읽기 능력에 미치는 효과, 이원령, 대구대학교 대학원, 미간행 박사학위 청구논문 대구대학교 대학원, , 2003

175. A normative-developmentalstudy ofexecutive function:A window on prefrontalfunction in children, Grossier, Pennington, Welsh, , 1991

176. 학습장애 학생의 작업기억 용량과 독해전략 교수법간의 상호작용 효과, 최병연, 고려대학교, 학습장애 학생의 작업기억 용량과 독해전략 교수법간의 상호작용 효과, , 1999

177. Memory forverbaland nonverbalstimulliin learningdisabilitysubgroup:Analysisbyselectivereminding, Fletcher, , 1985

178. Corpuscallosum morphologyinaffention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Morphometric analysis of MRI, Hynd, Eliopulos, , 1991

179. Childneuropsychology:Assessmentand interventions forneurodevelopmentaldisorders(pp193-200,228-231), Teeter, "Childneuropsychology:Assessmentand interventions forneurodevelopmentaldisorders(pp193-200, , 1997

180. Executivefunctiondeficitsin high-functioning autistic individuals:relationships to theory of mind', Ozonoff, Rogers, , 1991

181. The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children, Siegel, Ryan, Thedevelopmentofworkingmemory innormallyachieving and subtypes oflearning disabled children, , 1989

182. 과제유형과 피드백이 주의력결핍 과잉행동아동의 주의과정에미치는 효과, 정경미, , 1991

183. Thepositiveandnegativesymptomsofschizophreniareflectimpairmentsintheperceptionandinitiationofaction, Frith, , 1997

184. ADHD 경향이 높은 아동에 대한 행동억제훈련이 실행기능 개선에 미치는 효과, 김사리, , 2003

185. TestingcomponentsofKellogg'smulticomponentmodelofworkingmemoryinwriting:Theroleofthephonologicalloop, Marek, Levy, , 1999

186. Reciprocallimbic -corticalfunction andnegativemood:convergingPET findingsindepressionandnormalsadness, Liotti, Mayberg H.S, , 1999

187. 한글 독해 장애아동의 작업기억 단기기억, 읽기 속도, 통사지식에 관한 연구, 송종용(Jong Yong Song), 원호택(Ho Taek Won), 한국심리학회, "한글 독해장애 아동의 작업기억단기기억, , 1998

188. Whatareexecutivefunctionsandself-regulationand whatdo they have to do with language-learning disorders?, Singer, Bashir, , 1999

189. Executive functions in school?aged children: Potential efficacy of tasks in discriminating clinical groups, Willis, Weyandt, , 1994

190. Individualdifferencesin appearance-realitytasks:Theroleofinhibition ofattention and symbolicrepresentation, Carlson, Moses, , 2002

191. 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 실행기능의 특성과 Methylphenidate 치료 후의 변화, 염형욱, 서완석, 배대석, 이종범, 정성덕, 김진성, 박형배, 대한정신약물학회, , 2002

192. Validity of the executive function theory of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analytic review, Pennington, Willcutt, , 2005

193. Association between formal operational thought and executive function as measured by the Tower of Hanoi-Revised, Welsh, Emick, , 2005

194. Academic achievementand Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorderinchildrenwithleft-orright-hemispheredysfunction, Hynd, Cohen, Denclal, , 1995

195. Individualdifferences inexecutivefunctioningandtheoryofmind:Aninvestigationofinhibitorycontrolandplanningability, Moses, Claxton, Calson, , 2004

196. Intellectualability andachievementinPsychiatricallyhospitalizedchildrenwith conductanxiety,andaffectivedisorders, Plow, Hodges, "Intellectualability andachievementinPsychiatricallyhospitalizedchildrenwith conductanxiety, , 1990

197. Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: A review and research report, DuPaul, Grodzinsky, Barkley, , 1992

198. 학습장애 판별방법 및 절차에 관한 고찰: 학습장애 정의에 따른 관련 논문 분석을 중심으로, 김자경, 학습장애 판별 방법 및 절차에 관한 고찰:학습장애 정의에 따른 관련 논문 분석을 중심으로, , 2001

199. Structuralequation modeling ofrelationshipsamong developmentalskillsand writing skillsin primaryandintermediate-gradewriters, Abbot, Berninger, , 1993

200. 전산화 신경인지검사를 이용한 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의주의력결핍 특성에 관한 연구, 정선주, , 1997

201. 집단게임놀이가 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 실행기능충동성,자기 통제력에 미치는 효과, 송문화, "집단게임놀이가 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애아동의 실행기능충동성, , 2005

202. The working memory function of the pre-frontalcortices:Implications for the developmentaland individualdifferences incognition, Pennington, , 1994

203. Diagnostic utility of the number of Wisc-III subtests deviating from mean performance among students with learning disabilities, Worrell, Watkins, , 2000

204. 외상성 뇌손상 환자와 정신분열증 환자의 위스콘신 카두분류 검사상에 나타난 인지적 특성 비교, 박유경, 권혁철, , 2001

205. DifferentialrelationshipsbetweenRAN performance behaviour ratings, and executive function measures:Searchingforadoubledissociation, Keith, Ronald, "DifferentialrelationshipsbetweenRAN performance behaviour ratings, , 2004

206. long-term memorydevelopmentand learning disabilities:Storage and retrievallociofdisabled/non-disabled differences.In Ceci,S.J.(Ed.), Kingma, Howe, Brainerd, "long-term memorydevelopmentand learning disabilities:Storage and retrievallociofdisabled/non-disabled differences.In Ceci, , 1986

207. 과정 중심의 읽기 훈련이 읽기 학습장애아동의 독해력, 읽기 상위인지 및 읽기 태도에 미치는 효과, 이수자, 창원대학교, , 2006

208. 3, 4, 5세 유아의 마음이론 발달과 가장놀이, 언어의 표상능력, 실행 기능, 그리고 중앙통합 능력과의 관계, 신은수, 한국유아교육학회, "3, , 2005

209. Cognitiveaddition A shortlongitudinalstudy ofstrategy choice and speed ofprocessing differences in normaland mathematically disabled children, Geary, Samaranayake, , 1991