Synergic effect of combination of glycyrol and fluconazole against experimental cutaneous candidiasis due to Candida albicans

Zheong-Imm Rhew,한용문 대한약학회 2016 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.39 No.10

In this study, we investigated the anti-fungal activity of glycyrol, a coumarine isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhizae Radix), in a murine model of cutaneous candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. Compared to the infected sites, located on the mice’s back, of the untreated control mice, the infected sites treated with glycyrol had reduced CFU (colony forming unit) values up to 60 and 85.5 % at 20 and 40 lg/mouse of glycyrol, respectively (P\0.01). The antifungal activity of glycyrol was synergistically increased when glycyrol (10 lg/mouse) was combined with fluconazole (10 lg/mouse), demonstrating that the combination therapy is approximately 4 times more effective than fluconazole alone at 20 lg/mouse (P\0.01). Additionally, the combination activity was 1.65 times greater than the antifungal activity of fluconazole alone at 40 lg/mouse (P\0.05). In seeking glycyrol’s antifungal mechanism, we determined that glycyrol inhibited hyphal induction and cell wall adherence of C. albicans. Thus, it is very likely that, by damaging the cell wall, glycyrol helps fluconazole invade C. albicans more readily and attack fluconazole’s target in the fungus membrane. In summary, our data indicate that glycyrol may contribute to the development of a novel agent that possesses antifungal activity against cutaneous candidiasis.

Immobilization of Recombinant Proteins onto the Gold Surface for Cell Biosensor

Shun Zheong,Tae Jung Park,Sang Yup Lee 한국생물공학회 2007 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2007 No.4

Reinforcing the Structural Stability of Old Nationally Important Trees with FRP Wraps

Yi, Zheong Jun,Kang, Junsuk Hindawi Limited 2018 International journal of polymer science Vol.2018 No.-

<P>This study evaluated the structural effects of applying fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wraps around their trunks to support old trees of national importance. High wind loads such as windstorms or hurricanes represent a major threat to tall trees, and researchers have assessed the structural behaviors of trees under wind loads using both analytical and experimental approaches. As yet, however, there is no widely accepted method to safely reinforce the structural stability of nationally and historically important tall trees subject to severe wind loads. Traditional reinforcing methodologies can actually damage supported areas as the supports are relatively stiff compared to the main trunk, introducing stressful interactions. FRP materials have high tensile strength, durability, and flexibility; hence, wrapping them around the surface of the tree trunk could enhance the overall stability of a tall tree subjected to high winds without sacrificing the tree’s visual aesthetics or damaging the bark. This study applied nonlinear finite element (FE) analyses to evaluate the complex structural behaviors of the wood and FRP wraps, both of which are anisotropic materials. The results revealed that FRP wraps offer a highly effective way to enhance the structural stability of tall trees with minimal cost.</P>

Aster yomena has anti-arthritic activity against septic arthritis induced by Candida albicans: its terpenoid constituent is the most effective and has synergy with indomethacin

Rhew Zheong-Imm,Lee Jong Hyun,Han Yongmoon 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2020 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.20 No.2

In recent, various pharmacological activities of Aster yomena have been determined, but its anti-arthritic activity remains unknown until now. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether A. yomena has anti-arthritic activity against septic arthritis caused by Candida albicans, a major etiological agent causing septic arthritis. In experiments, three types of A. yomena extracts such as 70% ethanol extract (EEAY) and its n-buthanol fraction (BuF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) were tested. The color tests and the GC–MS analysis revealed that BuF and EAF contained terpenoid and polyphenolic, respectively. Results from the anti-inflammatory tests showed that BuF-activity at 50 μg/ml was closely equivalent to EEAYor EAF-activity at 500 μg/ml, indicating that BuF was 10 times more potent than EAF and EEAY. In the mouse model of the arthritis, the footpad swelling of BuF (100 μg/mouse/time)-, and EEAY(1000 μg/mouse/time)-, and indomethacin (IMC; 30 μg/mouse/time)-treated mice groups decreased at a similar rate until the end of the observation. At Day 9, the highest peak of arthritic induction, there were app. 15.4%, 27.8%, and 48.2%—reductions of footpad swelling, corresponding to IMC-, BuF-, or EEAY-treatment, respectively. In terms of dosage comparison, the BuF effectiveness was assessed to be 10 folds more efficient than EEAY effectiveness. When compared to IMC potency, the BuF potency was almost twice more effective than the IMC. EAF’s anti-arthritic activity was alternatively determined because of its killing of test mice. The determination was done if EAF contains chlorogenic acid (CRA), which is known to have such anti-arthritic activity (Lee et al. in Int Immunopharmacol 8:1681–1685, 2008). The HPLC analysis revealed EAF contained CRA, a polyphenolic. This indicates CRA in EAF could be involved in the activity. BuF, the most effective extract, had synergy with IMC, a clinically available anti-inflammatory agent. The BuF synergism was exhibited at 12.5 time lower dose of EEAY in a similar pattern as EEAY was. In conclusion, for the first time, we provide insights into the potential of A. yomena against the septic arthritis. The terpenoid constituent is the most effective for the anti-arthritic activity and for synergy with IMC.

철학 : 중국전통 " 국가" 관념 급기 현대연변

정가동 ( Jia Dong Zheong ) 한국중국학회 2001 國際中國學硏究 Vol.4 No.-

망 중립성(Network Neutrality) 갈등의 대안인 비즈니스모델 연구

송민정(Song, Min-Zheong) 사이버커뮤니케이션학회 2013 사이버 커뮤니케이션 학보 Vol.30 No.1

이 연구의 목적은 당사자들의 이해가 상충된 망 중립성 이슈에 대해 대안이 되는 비즈니스모델(Business Model)을 모색하는 것이다. 연구자는 먼저 망 중립성 관련 선행연구들을 간단히 검토하였고, 대안이 되는 비즈니스모델 모색으로 논점을 옮겨 비즈니스모델 개념을 살펴보고, 이론적 배경인 아이젠만?파커?반알스튄(Eisenmann, Parker & Van Alstyne, 2006)의 양면시장 플랫폼 전략 6가지 요소들에 대해 언급하였다. 산업조직론(Theory of Industrial Organization) 영역에서 활발히 연구되어왔던 양면시장에는 판매자와 구매자만 있는 단면시장과 달리, 이 둘을 대리하는 중개인인 플랫폼이 존재한다. 이 플랫폼의 비즈니스모델은 판매자와 구매자로부터 거래비용이나 참가비 등을 징수하여 이윤을 창출하는 구조를 갖는다. 플랫폼은 양측의 비즈니스 거래를 활성화해야 수익을 창출할 수 있고, 선 순환구조를 가진 생태계를 이끌 수 있다. 연구자는 양면시장 플랫폼이 고려해야 할 6가지 전략 요소 중심으로 이해당사자들 간의 비즈니스모델 활동들을 탐색해, 망 중립성 이해관계를 희석시킬 수 있는 대안을 제시하였다. 첫 번째는 기존의 ISP (Internet Service Provider)와 OS 및 기기를 가지고 망을 우회하는 비(非)ISP인 플랫폼 간에 나타나는 비즈니스모델 사례이며, 다른 하나는 기존의 ISP와 비ISP 이면서 OTT, mVoIP를 단독 제공하는 ICP(Internet Content Provider) 간에 나타나는 비즈니스모델 사례이다. 후자는 기존 ISP들의 비즈니스 활동에도 포함되어 있어, 그 갈등이 날이 갈수록 더욱 고조되고 있다. 첫 번째 분석 결과, OS와 기기에서 글로벌 플랫폼 경쟁력을 가진 구글(Google)과 애플(Apple)의 우선적 전략 요소는 ‘교차네트워크 효과’이며, 부가적으로 ‘소비자의 가격민감도’나 ‘공급자의 품질민감도’를 고려하였다. 한편, OS, 기기 후발사업자인 MS (Microsoft)와 삼성전자는 ISP의 유료TV에 대해 ‘동일 면 네트워크 효과’와 ‘소비자의 브랜드가치’를 우선적으로 고려하여, 자연스럽게 ISP와 협력 모드를 먼저 조성하기 시작했다. 이러한 제휴는 망 중립성과 관련해 구글, 애플을 간접적으로 압박할 것이다. 두 번째 분석 결과에서는 기존 ISP도 자체적으로 OTT동영상과 mVoIP 서비스를 추진 중인 상황이기 때문에, ISP와 ICP 간에 일어나는 비즈니스모델 사례가 많지 않았음을 알게 된다. 이 논문에서 사례로 제시된 비즈니스모델로는 ISP와 ICP 간의 합작회사 설립을 통한 신규 비즈니스 출시와 마케팅 프로모션 등이 있다. 이들의 비즈니스모델 활동들에서는 ‘공급자의 품질 민감도’가 가장 주된 전략 요소로 고려되었다. 이는 망 트래픽(Traffic)이 폭증하면서 ICP가 점차 네트워크 품질에 대해 민감해지고 있음을 시사한다. 그 외에 ‘소비자의 가격 민감도’와 플랫폼의 ‘생산비용’ ‘동일 면 네트워크 효과’가 추가적인 전략적 고려요소로 나타났다. The purpose of this paper is to give business models as alternatives to Network Neutrality conflict between Internet Service Provider (ISP) and non-ISP. For this, it reviewed previous economic analysis about the Network Neutrality and also introduced main studies on the model of two-sided markets. Then, it looked at the six strategic factors of platform pursuing two-sided network effects (Eisenmann, Parker & Van Alstyne, 2006). Platforms provide infrastructure and rules that facilitate the two groups’ transactions and can take profits. In the traditional value chain, value moves from left (cost) to right (revenue), but in two-sided markets, cost and revenue are both to the left and the right, because the platform has a distinct group of users on each side. The platform incurs costs in serving both groups and can collect revenue from each, although one side is often subsidized. That means, the platform’s value to any given user largely depends on the number of users on the network’s other side. Value grows as the platform matches demand from both sides. This paper analyzed reciprocal business model activities between ISPs and non-ISPs as alternatives to resolve the Network Neutrality conflict. The one business model activities in platform area occur between the traditional ISPs and the new comers as non-ISPs like Google, Apple, Microsoft (MS), Samsung Electronics. The other business model activities in supplier group area occur between the traditional ISPs and the Internet Content Providers (ICPs) as non-ISPs such as Over-the-top (OTT) video and mobile Voice over Internet Protocol (mVoIP) providers. In the former analysis, it was concluded that first movers’ (Google and Apple) primary strategic consideration factor is ‘cross-side network effect,’ while fast followers’ (MS and Samsung) preferential factor is ‘same-side network effect.’ In the latter analysis, it was concluded that the main strategic factor of business model activities between the ISPs and ICPs is ‘suppliers’ quality sensitivity’ and additional factors are ‘users’ price sensitivity,’ ‘sunk (usually production) cost of platform’ and ‘same-side network effect.’

Candida albicans 기인성 뇌감염에 대한 로즈마리 정유의 항진균효과

한용문(Yongmoon Han),유정임(Zheong Imm Rhew) 대한약학회 2018 약학회지 Vol.62 No.3

Recently, the number of cases of fungal brain infections has been rising caused by Candida albicans. In this present study, we determined effect of rosemary essential oil (REO) against fungal brain infection due to C. albicans. In experiments, REO extract contained of α-pinene, β-pinene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and verbenone as main essential oils as analyzed by GC-MS. The REO inhibited C. albicans growth under in-vitro condition. This antifungal activity was dose dependent. Thus, REO was then assessed in the animal model of brain infection. BALB/c mice were pre-treated intraperitoneally with anti-CD4 mAb. Forty-eight hours later, the mice were infected intravenously with C. albicans (Day 1) and these animals received REO every other day for 3 times (Day 1, 3, & 5). At Day 12, their brains were harvested and CFU (colony forming units) values in the brains were measured. Results showed that REO treatment reduced CFU values up to approx. 65% when compared to CFU values of control mice (P < 0.01). Similarly, the REO treatment improved whirling motion in mice, which served as an indicator for the presence of a brain infection. Amphotericin B, a positive control, had similar activity as REO. Therefore, our observations indicate that REO appears to be effective against fungal brain infections caused by C. albicans.

전신성 캔디다증에 대한 RK1 인삼배당체의 면역보조 효능

한용문(Yongmoon Han),유정임(Zheong-Imm Rhew) 대한약학회 2017 약학회지 Vol.61 No.4

We have previously shown that the antibody, specific for β-1,2 mannotriose on the Candida albicans cell wall (CACW), is protective against disseminated candidiasis and vaginal infection. Nevertheless, the isolation of such epitope requires tremendous amount of time, which is very costly. This led us to find a simple way to obtain an immuoadjuvant capa-ble of inducing protective antibodies. Thus, in the present study, for the discovery of such adjuvant, we examined gin-senoside RK1 against Candida albicans-caused infections. Our data displayed that a formulae of CACW (C. albicans cell wall) combined with RK1 [CACW/RK1] enhanced production of anti-C. albicans antibody in mice. Analyses by IgG-isotyping showed that the formulae suppressed IgG1 (Th2-immune polarized) but enhanced IgG2a (Th1-immune polarized), thus resulting in a Th1 immunity. This effectiveness of RK1 was assessed in the murine model of disseminated candidiasis caused by C. albicans. The assessment indicated that the formulae with RK1 enhanced resistance of mice against the can-didiasis, whereas [CACW] alone was not protective. Overall, RK1 has immunoregulatory activity that provokes the pro-duction of protective antibody in mice through enhancing Th1 immunity.

Chlorogenic Acid와 Fluconazole 병용에 의한 항진균작용의 상승효과

한용문,유정임,Han, Yongmoon,Rhew, Zheong-Imm 대한약학회 2016 약학회지 Vol.60 No.4

In this present study, we determined the ability of chlorogenic acid (CRA), a polyphenolic compound, to potentiate the antifungal activity of fluconazole (FCZ) against Candida albicans. The determination was investigated by a microdilution susceptibility method and in a murine model of cutaneous candidiasis due to C. albicans. Results showed that CRA had a dose-dependent antifungal activity; and when combined with FCZ, the antifungal activity was synergistic as determined by the microdilition susceptibility method. For example, a combination of CRA at $25{\mu}g/ml$ plus FCZ at $0.1{\mu}g/ml$ was approximately 3 times more effective than antifungal activity of FCZ alone at the same dose (P<0.01). This potentiation by CRA was almost equivalent to antifungal activity by FCZ alone at $0.5{\mu}g/ml$, displaying that the CRA potentiates FCZ's antifungal activity by almost 5 times (P<0.01). Moreover, this combination demonstrated synergic activity against the cutaneous disease as well, resulting in approximately 3 times more greater antifungal activity than FCZ alone at $0.1{\mu}g/mouse$ (P<0.01). This suggests that the combination therapy can reduce side effects caused by FCZ in clinical situations. In summary, CRA has a synergistic antifungal activity, which can be produced by combining CRA with FCZ. Therefore, our data strongly indicate that CRA can be a potential candidate as an antifungal agent for combination therapy.

구두발표 O-13 : Scanning Probe Microscope 을 이용한 강유전체 domain 관찰 및 제어

(Jae Wan Hong),(Sang Il Park),(Zheong Gu Khim) 한국분석과학회 1998 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-