피아노 내부 현 연주 특수기법에 대한 고찰 및 교수방안 연구

이연경 ( Lee¸ Younkyung ) 한국피아노교수법학회 2015 음악교수법연구 Vol.15 No.-

‘내부 현 연주기법’(inside the piano techniques)은 피아노 내부의 현을 손가락 끝, 손톱, 손바닥 및 기구 등으로 직접 연주하는 주법으로 현대음악에 대한 이해를 도모하기 위해 피아노 레퍼토리 학습에 포함되어야 한다. 그러나 내부 현 주법에 대한 피아노교사들의 이해 부족으로 거의 지도되지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 내부 현 주법의 연주방법과 교수방법에 대한 피아노교사들의 이해를 도모하기 위해 문헌조사를 토대로 다음 내용을 고찰하였다: 내부 현 연주기법의 출현 및 발달과정, 내부 현 연주기법의 유형, 주법별 연주방식의 원리 및 음향적 특성, 연습시 고려사항과 연주상의 유의점, 이와 더불어 본 연구는 내부 현 주법의 교수용 악곡을 수집 조사 분석하여 중급 수준의 학생 지도에 적합한 악곡목록을 제시하였으며 목록 중에서 음악적 내용과 교육적 가치가 높은 곡을 주법별로 한 곡 선정하여 악곡의 특징을 분석하고 교수방안을 구안하여 제시하였다. The inside the piano techniques refer to unconventional performing methods, which mainly involve playing directly on the strings of the piano with the fingertips, fingernails, the palms of the hands or additional objects to create a variety of timbres. Works using the inside the piano techniques should be included in piano repertoire study to promote an understanding of contemporary music. However, these techniques have been neglected in piano instruction due to the lack of understanding of piano teachers on inside the piano techniques. The purpose of the study was to provide pedagogical guidelines for performing and teaching inside the piano techniques. Based on the review of the related literature, the study examined the development and classification of inside the piano techniques and presented the detailed instructions explaining how to execute and practice each technique. The inside the piano techniques reviewed in the study were as follows: plucking the strings, glissandi on the strings, tapping or striking the strings, muting the strings, and use of foreign objects inside the piano to play strings. The study investigated, reviewed, and analyzed the 20th century piano literature to present a list of instructional compositions appropriate for introducing inside the piano techniques to the intermediate-grade student. In addition, One intermediate-level piano piece for each inside the piano technique was selected to discuss musical features and to suggest effective teaching strategies and performance considerations. It is hoped that a list of instructional repertoire, performance considerations, and teaching strategies offered in this study will help piano teachers make a repertoire selection and gain the knowledge, ability, and confidence to perform and teach inside the piano works.

Roads Untraveled: Redefining "democracy" through the 2016 protest movement in Korea

Lee, Younkyung Korea Consensus Institute(KCI) 2017 Analyses & alternatives Vol.1 No.1

This study takes a close examination of the Saturday protest movement in Korea and explores how the politics by social movements challenges the extant theorization of democratization. The paper begins with a brief description of the presidential scandal, the eruption of massive protests, and its impact on formal politics. By situating the Korean case in a comparative theoretical discussion, it engages with important debates in the latest scholarship of democracy that complicate given assumptions and conceptualization. The paper closes with theoretical suggestions of how the Korean drama of protest movements contributes to altering the imagination of democratic politics, both conceptually and substantively.

Roads Untraveled: Redefining “democracy” through the 2016 protest movement in Korea

Younkyung Lee 사단법인 코리아컨센서스연구원 2017 분석과 대안 Vol.1 No.1

This study takes a close examination of the Saturday protest movement in Korea and explores how the politics by social movements challenges the extant theorization of democratization. The paper begins with a brief description of the presidential scandal, the eruption of massive protests, and its impact on formal politics. By situating the Korean case in a comparative theoretical discussion, it engages with important debates in the latest scholarship of democracy that complicate given assumptions and conceptualization. The paper closes with theoretical suggestions of how the Korean drama of protest movements contributes to altering the imagination of democratic politics, both conceptually and substantively.

The Effects of Heated Humidified Gases on Body Temperature and Shivering in Patients under General Anesthesia

Younkyung Lee,Hyunli Kim 보안공학연구지원센터 2013 International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Techn Vol.5 No.4

한국피아노교수법학회논문집 : 피아노 악곡을 활용한 신체 표현 음악지도

이연경 ( Younkyung Lee ),진정아 ( Jeong-ah Jin ) 한국피아노교수법학회 2010 음악교수법연구 Vol.6 No.-

음악 수업에서 신체 표현 활동은 기본 박과 음가에 대한 감각 및 리듬 협응 능력을 계발하고 음악적 개념에 대한 이해력을 촉진시키는데 효과적인 교수 방법으로 제안되고 있다. 본 연구는 음악 개념의 이해를 도모하고 학생들에게 친숙한 악곡을 소재로 민속 춤곡의 요소를 도입하여 전개될 수 있는 신체 표현 교수 방법을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서 제시되는 신체 활동은 음악과 동작을 민속 춤곡과 연계시킨 필리스 웨이커트(Phyllis Weikart)의 리듬 동작 이론에 근거하여 구안되었다. 웨이커트의 민속 춤곡 기반 신체 표현 활동에는 음악 학습 소재로 짧은 기악곡이나 친숙한 노래 등이 사용된다. 본 연구는 이러한 신체 표현 활동에 필요한 악곡을 제공하기 위하여 시대별, 작곡가별로 광범위하게 피아노 소곡과 학생들에게 친숙한 명곡들을 중심으로 교재 악곡을 수집 조사하였으며 악곡 분석에 근거하여 신체 표현을 통한 음악 개념 지도에 효과적인 곡들을 선정하여 목록으로 제시하였다. 본 연구는 악곡을 소재로 악곡에 사용된 주요 음악적 개념과 특징적 요소를 동작으로 구안하여 표기하는 방법을 상세히 소개하였으며, 한정된 지면 관계상 세 곡을 중심으로 실제 지도를 위한 예시를 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 제안되는 교수 전략은 기존의 단편적인 신체 표현 지도 방법에서 벗어나 실제 음악 작품을 소재로 곡 전체를 신체 표현으로 경험할 수 있는 이점이 있으며, 악곡의 음악적 특징에 민감한 반응을 유도하면서 음악적 이해력과 표현력 및 연주력을 강화시키는데 효과가 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한 본 연구의 교수 아이디어는 악곡을 활용하여 민속 춤곡 형태로 동작을 구안하여 신체 표현 학습을 계획할 수 있는 교사들의 교수 기술 향상에도 도움이 될 것이다. The body movement in music instruction has been regarded as an effective way to develop an awareness of basic steady beat, rhythmic coordination, and timing and to promote an understanding of musical concepts. The purpose of this study is to suggest teaching ideas on body movement through the use of beginning folk dance movements. The movement activities suggested in the study is based on the music teaching method through movement and dance, which was proposed by Phyllis Weikart, a specialist in music and movement education. Weikart developed the rhythm program focusing on folk dance-based movement activity using instrumental music and familiar songs. Selection of musical composition is important in planing Weikart``s movement activities. The study devised body motion by considering the characteristics of musical elements for selected musical examples and by applying Weikart``s rhythm motion theory. The study presented the instructional model to illustrate the ways of creating body movement using short musical pieces. Because of the limited pages for the paper, the study provided the sample lessons for three pieces. In order to provide teaching literature necessary for the movement activities proposed in this study, the study surveyed and collected considerable amount of easy piano pieces and familiar instrumental music. Then, the study examined and analyzed the content of collected works to select musical pieces which can be used effectively in teaching bodily movement and promoting a conceptual understanding of musical elements of students in elementary music classroom. It is expected that the instructional strategies developed in this present study foster the musical expression through body movement and musical rhythms and reinforce the musical concepts which affect the student’s performance and understanding of musical basics. It is hoped that the teaching ideas suggested in the study will help the teachers to develop the ability to create choreograph movements for musical pieces in their classroom.

Transcript-specific selective translation by specialized ribosomes bearing genome-encoded heterogeneous rRNAs in V. vulnificus CMCP6

Choi Younkyung,주민주,송우석,Lee Minho,Hyeon Hana,김현리,Yeom Ji-Hyun,Lee Kangseok,Shin Eunkyoung 한국미생물학회 2022 The journal of microbiology Vol.60 No.12

Ribosomes composed of genome-encoded heterogeneous rRNAs are implicated in the rapid adaptation of bacterial cells to environmental changes. A previous study showed that ribosomes bearing the most heterogeneous rRNAs expressed from the rrnI operon (I-ribosomes) are implicated in the preferential translation of a subset of mRNAs, including hspA and tpiA, in Vibrio vulnificus CMCP6. In this study, we show that HspA nascent peptides were predominantly bound to I-ribosomes. Specifically, I-ribosomes were enriched more than two-fold in ribosomes that were pulled down by immunoprecipitation of HspA peptides compared with the proportion of I-ribosomes in crude ribosomes and ribosomes pulled down by immunoprecipitation of RNA polymerase subunit ß peptides in the wild-type (WT) and rrnI-completed strains. Other methods that utilized the incorporation of an affinity tag in 23S rRNA or chimeric rRNA tethering 16S and 23S rRNAs, which generated specialized functional ribosomes in Escherichia coli, did not result in functional I-ribosomes in V. vulnificus CMCP6. This study provides direct evidence of the preferential translation of hspA mRNA by I-ribosomes.

로버트 스타러의 교육용 피아노 작품 연구

이연경 ( Lee Younkyung ) 한국피아노교수법학회 2016 음악교수법연구 Vol.17 No.2

로버트 스타러(Robert Starer)는 미국의 대표적인 현대음악 작곡가 중의 하나로 20세기 음악어법을 경험하기에 효과적인 교육용 피아노 작품을 많이 작곡하였다. 본 연구는 스타러 피아노 음악에 친숙하지 않은 국내 피아노 교사들에게 스타러의 교육용 악곡에 대한 문헌적 정보를 제공하여 레퍼토리 지도과정에 스타러 악곡이 활발히 도입될 수 있는 기반을 마련하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 작곡가의 생애와 스타러의 작곡양식에 영향을 주게 된 음악적 배경 및 스타러 악곡의 교육적 가치에 대해 살펴보았으며 초급ㆍ중급 수준의 교육용 작품을 수집 조사하여 각 작품의 양식적 특징과 교수법적 요소 등에 대해 고찰하였다. 이와 함께 본 연구는 스타러의 악곡 중에서 북미지역 피아노 교사들에 의해 가장 많이 지도되고 있는 작품집인 <색상 스케치>(Sketches in Color) 1권을 선정하여 각 악곡의 음악적 특징과 도입된 작곡기법 등을 상세히 검토 분석하고 이를 토대로 연주상의 유의점과 지도관점을 제안하였다. 스타러의 교육용 피아노 악곡은 다양한 20세기 음악어법을 사용하며 음악적 흥미를 유발하는 표제적 내용을 담고 있어 20세기 레퍼토리 교재곡으로 활용가치가 높을 것으로 기대된다. Robert Starer who is one of the representative American contemporary composers, composed a wealth of instructional piano compositions valuable for introducing the 20th century compositional techniques. The purpose of this study was to provide a informative guide to pedagogical piano works by Starer to promote Korean piano teachers’s understanding of piano music by Starer. This study examined Starer’s biography and musical background and addressed the educational values of pedagogical piano works by Starer for developing students. The study investigated solo piano literature for elementary and intermediate level students and discussed the 20^th century compositional techniques, stylistic elements, and musical features for each piece. ‘Sketches in Color’ Set 1 which has been the most popular composer’s album, was selected to give detailed analysis regarding compositional techniques, performance considerations, and teaching suggestions. The instructional piano works by Starer would be a valuable contemporary literature for young students since these compositions employ various 20^th century musical styles and interesting programmatic contents.

한국피아노교수법학회논문집 : 미학 이론 기반 초등학교 음악감상 수업방안

이연경 ( Younkyung Lee ),정주희 ( Ju Hee Jeong ) 한국피아노교수법학회 2011 음악교수법연구 Vol.7 No.-

음악교육의 궁극적 목표는 심미적 감수성의 계발로 음악예술의 미적 특성을 경험할 수 있는 음악수업을 계획하기 위해서는 심미적 음악교육의 본질과 가치에 대한 명확한 이해가 요구된다. 감상 수업에서 학생들의 심미적 감수성과 미적 통찰력을 신장시키며 음악작품의 표현 형식과 미적 특성에 근거한 음악적 활동을 제공하기 위해서는 음악예술의 심미적 속성을 다루는 미학 이론이 고려되어야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 관련문헌 검토를 토대로 관련주의, 형식주의, 표현주의를 포함하는 음악예술 미학 이론과 심미적 음악교육과 관련된 여러 미학적 논제들을 고찰하였으며 초등학교 감상 수업을 위한 미학 이론 기반의 지도안을 미적감지-미적활동-가치화로 구성된 3단계 학습과정으로 구안하여 제시하였다. 또한 본 연구는 2007년 개정 초등학교 음악교과서에 수록된 감상곡들을 미학 이론에 따라 분류하여 일선교사들에게 어떤 미학적 관점에 근거하여 각 곡이 지도되어야 하며 곡에 내재된 미적 내용이 무엇인지 제안하고자 하였다. The major goal of elementary music education is to develop student’s musical sensitivity and aesthetic insights by providing students with meaningful aesthetic experiences. The ultimate purpose of school music teaching is to enrich a quality of life of students by helping students discover, understand, and enjoy music as a valuable aesthetic objective and as a means of self-expression. Music listening has been regarded as the most effective learning activity to experience an aesthetic value of music in classrooms. Elementary school music curriculum revised in the year of 2007 addresses the importance of listening study with a variety of musical pieces and instructional strategies. It is important for music educators to offer opportunities that promote a potentially aesthetic experience and the proper attitude of the students. Teachers need to gain a through knowledge of an aesthetic philosophy of music education to design lesson plans which encourage an aesthetic experience of students in music listening classes. Therefore, the study was conducted to illustrate instructional plans for elementary music listening class based on the aesthetic theories by employing three compositions selected from the elementary music textbooks. First, through the review of the related literature, this study discussed the following topics: aesthetic music education, aesthetic viewpoints on music teaching, the importance of listening study in school music curriculum, effective teaching technique for music listening, the fundamental nature of music in human experience, and three major aesthetic theories including referentialism, formalism, and expressionism to understand the aesthetic values in music. Second, the study examined learning contents and teaching approaches for listening study in the elementary music curriculum revised in 2007. Musical works included in the elementary music textbooks were examined according to the musical intention of the composer and expressive property inherent in each composition, and then classified into three aesthetic theories. Last, the study made a final musical selection for instructional plans in consideration of aesthetic quality. Each instructional plan of this study were presented in the following three learning stages: stage one for awakening an aesthetic response and awareness; stage two for introducing various aesthetic activities; and stage three for internalizing the aesthetic value and the meaning of music.

비관습적 특이 기보법에 의한 교육용 피아노작품

이연경 ( Lee Younkyung ) 한국피아노교수법학회 2017 음악교수법연구 Vol.18 No.2

20세기 이후 작곡된 피아노음악에서는 전통적 음악어법이나 기보방식으로는 표현하기 어려운 새로운 음악적 실험들이 폭넓게 시도되었다. 독창적이며 혁신적인 음악적 기법들을 표시하기 위하여 그래픽 방식의 비관습적 특이 기보법이 고안되었다. 본 연구는 비관습적 특이 기보법에 대한 피아노 교사들의 이해를 도모하기 위하여 문헌조사를 토대로 현대 교육용 피아노작품에 사용된 특이 기보법에 대해 고찰하였다. 현대 피아노음악의 다양한 특이 기보법을 20세기 작곡기법의 유형으로 분류하여 대표적인 교육용작품들을 예시하면서 특이 기보 악보의 독보방법 및 작품 연주에 수반되는 주법상의 문제, 해석적 관점, 지도상의 유의점 등에 대해 제안하였다. 이와 함께 일선 피아노 레퍼토리 지도과정에 특이 기보 악곡이 활발히 도입될 수 있도록 특이 기보법의 교육용작품을 광범위하게 수집ㆍ조사ㆍ분석하여 그 중 교수법적 가치가 높은 악곡들을 최종 선정하여 문헌목록을 제공하였다. There has been much attempt to explore various musical experimentations in the piano music composed after the 20^th century. Composers seek to express new sounds and musical ideas not communicable through traditional musical language and conventional notational form. Thus, new notational systems and devices were devised to represent innovative compositional techniques of contemporary piano music. This study investigated and analyzed a considerable amount of contemporary instructional piano literature employing innovative compositional techniques and unconventional unusual notation to promote an understanding of unusual graphic notation for piano teachers. This study examined unconventional notational systems found in instructional piano works according to the types of 20th century compositional technique. Each unconventional notation was described with regard to reading practices, performance considerations, interpretative viewpoints, and teaching suggestions by presenting musical illustrations of representative repertoire. This paper provided a list of suggested works of artistic merit and pedagogical values for students to teach nontraditional forms of notation and innovative performance techniques. It is hoped that pedagogical repertoire presented in this paper will assist piano teachers to make a repertoire selection and introduce compositions with some non-traditional notation into their repertoire teaching in more positive manner.

Comparison of Marbling Fleck Characteristics and Objective Tenderness Parameters with Different Marbling Coarseness within Longissimus thoracis Muscle of High-marbled Hanwoo Steer

Boin Lee,Sungho Yoon,Younkyung Lee,Eunmi Oh,Yun Kyung Yun,Byoung Do Kim,Keigo Kuchida,Hee Kyung Oh,Jeehwan Choe,Young Min Choi 한국축산식품학회 2018 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.38 No.3

It is important to understand how marbling traits and tenderness differ among beef steaks from the carcass grading site and other regions within the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle, as these characteristics are closely associated with consumer acceptability and willingness to purchase. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the marbling fleck traits and objective tenderness parameters in the groups classified by the coarseness index (CI) of marbling fleck (high and low groups) at the carcass grading site (13th thoracic vertebra; 13T) and three different locations (13T, 9T, and 6T) within the LT muscle from well-marbled (marbling score 7 to 9) Hanwoo steer. Image analysis showed that the longitudinal locations had a significant effect on marbling fleck traits. The total area of large marbling fleck divided by the total marbling area (coarseness) was higher at the central region (13T to 12T) compared to the front thoracic region (6T to 5T) in the high CI group (0.23 vs. 0.17, p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed in the total number of marbling fleck within the LT muscle in the high or low CI groups (p>0.05). Location effect on objective tenderness parameters within the LT muscle was somewhat limited, although the high CI group had a lower Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) value than did the low group (p<0.05). Taken together, the degree of coarseness of marbling fleck decreased from the carcass grading site to the front thoracic site, whereas the objective tenderness parameters, including WBS and hardness, of the grading site did not differ from the other regions within the LT muscle.