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김주권(Zu-Kweon Kim),전용욱(Yong-Wook Jun),김두갑(Deu-Kab Kim) 한국무역연구원 2010 貿易 硏究 Vol.6 No.1
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) can be classified into 3 generations. The first generation includes MNEs from North America, Europe and Japan. The MNEs from North America and Europe advent after the second industrial revolution of the late 19th century, and MNEs from Japan joined the first generation after the early 1970s (Chandler, 1990; Kindleberger, 1969). The first generationMNEs expanded their businesses globally based on the exploitation of their intangible assets such as higher technologies, brand and management know-how. The second generation MNEs are from Asian Tiger economies based onthe industrialization during the 1960s and 1970s (Lall, 1983; Kumar & Mcleod, 1981). The major motive of globalization of the second generationMNEs was to reduce production costs, and their global expansions were stimulated by their governments (push factor) to overcome domestic market saturation. The third generation MNEs are newly introduced MNEs from emerging markets from the 1990s (Yeung, 1994). Even though these third generation MNEs did not have more technological advances, brand and management know-how than those of the first and second generation MNEs, their corporate governance based on government supportsand family orientations could be major impetus to become competitive global players. Based on the case study of Samsung Electronics Company’s globalization strategy, we conclude that some of the major reasons for the success of Samsung Electronics Company could be the development of a strong network between productionsin emerging economies, and sales in developed economies. Also, we can assume that the globalization strategies of the third generation MNEs seem to implement Samsung Electronics Company’s strategies of the 1990s and 2000s simultaneously. As a result, the key point to make a successful story just like SEC’s is how much and rapidly the MNEs internalize the acquired technologies and management know-how from the outside.
Influence of Molecular Weight on Swelling and Elastic Modulus of Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers
Deuk Yong Lee(이득용),Cheolbyung Cheon(전철병),Siwon Son(손시원),Young-Zu Kim(김영주),Jin-Tae Kim(김진태),Ju-Woong Jang(장주웅),Seok-Soon Kim(김석순) 한국고분자학회 2015 폴리머 Vol.39 No.6
분자량이 다른 세종류 히알루론산(HA)에 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether(BDDE)가 가교된 hyaluronic acid(HA)를 첨가하여 하이드로겔을 제조하고 HA 분자량에 따른 팽윤도와 탄성계수의 효과를 조사하였다. 최종 투석 후 잔류 BDDE 양은 0.5 ppm 이하이었다. 비가교된 분자량이 큰 HA에서 최대 팽윤도가 관찰되었다. 팽윤도는 비가교 HA 양과 가교도에 각각 비례와 반비례하였다. 1.0 w/v% BDDE 가교 HA와 HA(1368 kDa)를 혼합한 monophasic 하이드로젤의 탄성계수는 152~325 ㎩이었다. 15% 가교 HA(687 kDa)과 85% HA(1368 kDa)로 구성된 biphasic 하이드로젤의 탄성계수는 178 Pa이었다. 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) suspended in three different HAs (697, 1058, 1368 kDa) were prepared to investigate the effect of HA molecular weight on swelling property and elastic modulus of the hydrogels. The amount of the residual BDDE after final dialysis was less than 0.5 ppm. The highest swelling ratio was observed for the uncrosslinked HA having the largest molecular weight. The expansion capacity of HA rose with increasing the amount of pure HA and was inversely proportional to the crosslinking degree due to an increased number of coiled HA chain interactions. Elastic modulus (G’) of monophasic fillers having different ratios of 1.0 w/v% BDDE crosslinked HAs to pure HA (1368 kDa) were within 152 and 325 ㎩. 178 Pa was observed for the biphasic fillers consisting of 15% crosslinked HA (697 kDa) nanoparticles suspended in 85% of uncrosslinked HA (1368 kDa).
Park, Hee-Dong,Kim, Hee-Jin,Oh, Yeong-Soo,Kim, In-Chull,Kim, Yong-Zu,Koh, Hyun-Chul,Shin, In-Chul,Lee, Yong-Hee,Lee, Chang-Ho The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2003 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.26 No.3
The anti-thrombotic effects of LB30057, a direct thrombin inhibitor, were evaluated with in vivo rat and dog thrombosis models. In rats, 1 mg/kg of LB30057 inhibited half of the clot formations in the inferior vena cava at 5 minutes after intravenous application. When measured at 2 hours after oral application, 100 mg/kg prevented approximately half of the clot formations in the inferior vena cava and 50 mg/kg prolonged the mean occlusion time from $15.6{\pm}1.3$ minutes to $47.2{\pm}8.3$ minutes in the carotid artery. In dogs, the formation of thrombus in the jugular vein was reduced to half at a dose range of 20-30 mg/kg at 6 hours after oral application. In addition, the LB30057 dosage required to reduce venous clot formation by approximately 80-90% in dogs was only about 10% of that required for the same reduction in rats. This is probably due to the variation in its time-dependent blood concentration profiles in each species; for example, the plasma half-life of LB71350 in dogs was longer than that in rats ($153.0{\pm}3.0$ vs. $129.7{\pm}12.7$ min at 30 mg/kg, i.v., respectively). AUG, $T_{max},{\;}G_{max}$, and BA in dogs were 59, 8.9, 9.17, and 13.3 times higher than those in rats at oral 30 mg/kg, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that LB30057 administered orally is effective in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis in rats and dogs. It therefore represents a good lead compound for investigations to discover a new, orally available, therapeutic agent for treating thrombotic diseases.
Viscoelasticity of Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers Prepared by Crosslinked HA Microspheres
Cheolbyong Chun(전철병),Yena Kim(김예나),Siwon Son(손시원),Deuk Yong Lee(이득용),Jin-Tae Kim(김진태),Mi-Kyung Kwon(권미경),Young-Zu Kim(김영주),Seok-Soon Kim(김석순) 한국고분자학회 2016 폴리머 Vol.40 No.4
디비닐 설폰 가교제로 가교한 히알루론산(HA) 구슬과 비가교된 HA의 부피비가 65/35~95/5로 다른 피부용 HA 필러를 제조하여 가교된 HA 구슬이 필러의 탄성계수와 입자감에 대한 효과를 조사하였다. 구슬 내 2~4±0.5 μm 내부기공을 가진 HA 구슬의 평균 입도는 60~100±4 μm이었다. HA 필러의 가교된 젤 입자 크기는 300±30 μm이었다. 가교된 HA 미세구슬의 부피비가 65에서 95%로 증가함에 따라 필러의 탄성계수는 211에서 700 Pa로 증가하였다. 29~30 게이지 주사바늘을 통과할 수 있는 175~420 Pa 탄성계수를 가진 필러의 가교된 구슬의 부피함량은 65~85%이었다. 실험결과, 모든 필러들은 가교된 HA 구슬의 부피비가 증가할수록 젤 입자 밀도 증가로 인하여 입자감도 증가하였다. 본 연구에서 injectability와 입자감이 우수한 피부용 필러를 성공적으로 제조하였다. Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers having different ratios (65/35~95/5) of crosslinked HA microspheres (CHMs) to pure HAs (PHs) are synthesized to investigate the effect of CHMs on the variation of elastic modulus (G") and particle texturing feel (PTF). The diameter of CHMs is in the range of 60 to 100±4 μm with a 3-D porous structure channeled with 2 to 4±0.5 μm pores. The fillers consist of gel particles of 300±30 μm size. G" increased from 211 to 700 Pa with raising the volume fraction of CHM from 65% to 95%. The fillers having the ratios of 65% to 85% exhibit the G" values in the range of 175 Pa to 430 Pa, which can be extruded through the 29~30-gage needle. Experimental results reveal that PTF rises with increasing the volume fraction of CHM due to high density of gel particles. Excellent gel injectability and PTF are successfully achieved.
Lee, Chang-Ho,Oh, Jeong-In,Park, Hee-Dong,Kim, Hee-Jin,Park, Tae-Kyo,Kim, Jae-Soon,Hong, Chang-Yong,Lee, Seok-Jong,Ahn, Kyo-Han,Kim, Yong-Zu The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 1999 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.22 No.2
LB50016 was characterized as a selective and potent$ 5-HT_{1A}$ receptor agonist and evaluate it anxiolytic and antidepressant activities. It shows high affinity for $ 5-HT_{1A}$receptor, moderate affinity for $\alpha$2 adrenergic and $ 5-HT_{2A}$receptors and no significant affinity for other receptors tested. Hypothermia and increased serum corticosterone level were observed in LB50016-treated rats, which are mediated mostly by post synaptic $ 5-HT_{1A}$ receptor activation. In the mouse forced swim model for depression, LB50016-elicited dose-dependent reductions in immobility time, showing $ED_{50}$ of approximately 3 mg/kg i.p., which was blocked by pretreatment of NAN-190, $ 5-HT_{1A}$antagonist. In face-to-face test for anxiolytic activity in mice, estimated $ED_{50}$ was 2 mg/kg, i.p.. In isolation-induced aggression test with mice, fifty-fold increases in latency to attack were observed at 30 min and last up to 4 h after LB50016 treatment (3 mg/kg, i.p.). Taken together, LB50016-induced pharmacological activities are mediated by activation of $ 5-HT_{1A}$receptors, offering an effective therapeutic candidate in the management of anxiety and depression in humans.
Kim, Jeong-Min,Lee, Mi-Kyoung,Kim, Yong-Zu Korean Chemical Society 2005 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.26 No.2
The nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is the essential catalytic enzyme for the viral replication and is an appealing target for the development of new therapeutic agents against HCV infection. A small amount of serum from a single patient with hepatitis C was used to get the genome of a Korean HCV isolate. Sequence analysis of NS5B 1701 nucleotides showed the genotype of a Korean isolate to be subtype 1b. The soluble recombinant HCV NS5B polymerase lacking the C-terminal 24 amino acids was expressed and purified to homogeneity. With the highly purified NS5B protein, we established in vitro systems for RdRp activity to identify potential polymerase inhibitors. The rhodanine family compounds were found to be potent and specific inhibitors of NS5B from high throughput screening (HTS) assay utilizing the scintillation proximity assay (SPA) system. The binding mode of an inhibitor was analyzed by measuring various kinetic parameters. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the inhibitor suggested it binds not to the active site of NS5B polymerase, but to an allosteric site of the enzyme. The activity of NS5B in in vitro polymerase reactions with homopolymeric RNA requires interaction with multiple substrates that include a template/primer and ribonucleotide triphosphate. Steady-state kinetic parameter, such as Km, was determined for the ribonucleotide triphosphate. One of compounds found interacts directly with the viral polymerase and inhibits RNA synthesis in a manner noncompetitively with respect to UTP. Furthermore, we also investigated the ability of the compound to inhibit NS5B-directed viral RNA replication using the Huh7 cell-based HCV replicon system. The investigation is potentially very useful for the utility of such compounds as anti-hepatitic agents.