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The study on biotransformation of organophosphate flame retardants in aquatic ecosystem
Yeowool Choi(최여울),Junho Jeon(전준호),Sang Don Kim(김상돈) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5
Biotransformation is an important mechanism in predicting the transformed structure and toxicity of organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. The effects of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), an organophosphate flame retardant, were investigated in the study. TPHP has been widely used in manufacturing, and it is especially toxic to aquatic organisms. When TPHP was exposed to the aquatic environment, biotransformation products were identified according to the species of the aquatic food web (producer-consumer-decomposer). Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry was used for chemical analysis. And the toxicity of biotransformation products was predicted the toxicity using the ecological structure-activity relationship model. As a result, 29 biotransformation products of TPHP were identified in aquatic species (green algae, daphnid, fish, and microorganisms). Most of the biotransformation products were predicted to be less toxic than the parent compound, TPHP. But some biotransformation products, Hydroquinone, beta-lyase compound, and fatty acid combined products, were showed to be high toxicity.
미술의 권력장 및 공간의 위상구축에 있어서 장소변용에 관한 연구 -피에르 부르디외의 장이론을 중심으로-
진여울 ( Yeowool Jin ),최익서 ( Ikseo Choi ) 한국공간디자인학회 2019 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.14 No.6
(연구배경 및 목적) 예술은 일견 보아 삶에 필수적인 요소로 파악되지 않기도 하지만, 인간의 보편적 습성이자 전통적으로 내려오는 의식들을 잘 살펴보면 예술적인 것들로 점철되어 있다. 예술은 이렇듯 인간이 원망(願望)·보전하는 것들과 큰 관련을 가지면서 삶을 더욱 충만하게 만드는 데 기여한다. 그럼에도 예술은 여전히 일부가 즐기는 문화로만 존재한다. 본 연구는 그러한 예술 향유에 있어서의 불균등함을 가시적이지는 않으나 여전히 공고히 유지되는 계급의 문제와 그를 지탱해주는 제도들의 문제로도 파악한다. 따라서 예술의 생산과 소비가 이루어지는 미술장이라는 공간에서 장소들의 변용은 엄밀하게는 계급투쟁에 의한 결과로도 볼 수 있다. 따라서 미술의 생산과 소비가 교차하는 공간과 실천들의 고찰을 통해 미술이 균등하게 향유될 수 있는 미술장의 성찰을 촉구하고자 한다. (연구방법) 미술과 사회의 유기적인 이해를 위한 연구의 보충적 이론으로 예술 사회학자 피에르 부르디외의 장이론을 주로 차용하였다. 부르디외의 장이론은 이분적인 분리의 사고를 경계해가며 구조와 행위, 즉 이론과 실천의 가교 이론을 제공함으로써 양쪽 시각 모두를 유동적인 관계로서 함께 이해해 볼 수 있다. 또한 부르디외의 이론은 ‘상징자본’이라는 물질적인 자본 이외의 상징적인 자본의 존재를 인정함으로써 경제사회의 이해를 확장시키고 미술계과 같은 문화적 성격이 짙은 소우주적 사회 공간 역시 과학적으로 이해할 수 있는 기초를 마련하는데 유용하다. (결과) 장이론은 기본적 원칙으로 각 ‘문화생산장’의 자율성을 인정하지만, 사회적 공간에서의 계급과 각 문화생산장 내 참여자들의 인정 심급에 상동성이 존재하고 이에 의해 사회 안의 힘의 장소인 권력장이 장에 압력을 행사할 수 있는 구조이기 때문에 장에는 타율성 역시 존재할 수밖에 없음을 지적한다. 이에 사회공간과 문화생산장의 상동성이라는 이론적 기초 위에서 근대 이후 급격한 미술의 장소의 변용과정을 타율성과 자율성의 측면에서 현상학적으로 기술하고 분석했다. 이는 미술장을 사회·역사와 함께 읽는 시도로 공시적·통시적 시각으로 이해할 수 있게 하며, 미술장의 한계를 보다 명료하게 한다. (결론) 따라서 본 연구는 사회공간과 미술장의 장역학을 과학적으로 밝혀냄으로써 미술장의 자율성을 위협하는 여러 존재들을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 거듭되는 상징투쟁에도 사회공간과 미술장 내 계급을 공고히 하는 기제로 보전되어왔다. 이에 진정한 모든 자율성의 획득과 전략들을 살펴봄으로써 그것이 미술장의 해방과 관객의 해방을 가져다주는 언어들을 제공했기를 희구한다. (Background and Purpose) Art contributes to making life more fulfilling through a connection to things that humans desire and want to preserve. Yet, despite its role in encouraging life, from forms of appropriation to jouissance, art still exists as a culture that only some enjoy. This study identified the inequality of art jouissance as a class issue, which is a problem with the institutions supporting this inequality. Thus, the transformation of places in the field of art, where the production and consumption of art take place, can be considered a result of class struggle. Therefore, the researcher encourages a reflection on the field of art where art can be enjoyed uniformly through a consideration of the space and practices where the production and consumption of art intersect. (Method) The researcher mainly focused on Pierre Bourdieu and his concept of “field” as a reinforcing theory of research for an organic understanding of art and society. Bourdieu’s theory of “field” guards against the idea of a dichotomous separation. This provides a cross-linked theory of structure and action, or theory and practice, where both perspectives can be understood as fluid relationships. Bourdieu’s theory also expands the understanding of economic society by acknowledging the existence of a “symbolic capital.” In addition, the theory laid the foundation for the scientific understanding of the microcosmic social spaces with a rich cultural character, such as the art world. (Results) The field theory recognizes the autonomy of each field of cultural production. However, homology exists in the ranks of the social space and in the accreditation levels of participants in each field of cultural production. It is pointed out that heteronomy also exists in the field because the field of power, that is, the place of power in society, is a structure that can exert pressure on the field. Therefore, on the theoretical foundation called homology of the social space and the field of cultural production, the transformation process of places of fine art after modern times was analyzed from the perspective of heteronomy and autonomy. This study was an attempt to understand the field of art in society and history. At the same time, the understanding of the field of art as a synchronic-diachronic perspective led to the scientific discovery of the limitations of the field of art. (Conclusions) Therefore, this study identified multiple threats to the autonomy of the field. These threats have been preserved as a mechanism to solidify class in the social space and the field of art despite the repeated symbolic struggle. It is the hope of the researcher that looking at all of the real autonomy and strategies has provided languages that bring about the liberation of the field of art and of the audience.
Huh, Yeowool,Jung, Dahee,Seo, Taeyoon,Sun, Sukkyu,Kim, Su Hyun,Rhim, Hyewhon,Chung, Sooyoung,Kim, Chong-Hyun,Kwon, Youngwoo,Bikson, Marom,Chung, Yong-an,Kim, Jeansok J.,Cho, Jeiwon Elsevier 2018 Brain stimulation Vol.11 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Background</B></P> <P>The bursting pattern of thalamocortical (TC) pathway dampens nociception. Whether brain stimulation mimicking endogenous patterns can engage similar sensory gating processes in the cortex and reduce nociceptive behaviors remains uninvestigated.</P> <P><B>Objective</B></P> <P>We investigated the role of cortical parvalbumin expressing (PV) interneurons within the TC circuit in gating nociception and their selective response to TC burst patterns. We then tested if transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) patterned on endogenous nociceptive TC bursting modulate nociceptive behaviors.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>The switching of TC neurons between tonic (single spike) and burst (high frequency spikes) firing modes may be a critical component in modulating nociceptive signals. Deep brain electrical stimulation of TC neurons and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the differential influence of each firing mode on cortical PV interneuron activity. Optogenetic stimulation of cortical PV interneurons assessed a direct role in nociceptive modulation. A new TMS protocol mimicking thalamic burst firing patterns, contrasted with conventional continuous and intermittent theta burst protocols, tested if TMS patterned on endogenous TC activity reduces nociceptive behaviors in mice.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Immunohistochemical evidence confirmed that burst, but not tonic, deep brain stimulation of TC neurons increased the activity of PV interneurons in the cortex. Both optogenetic activation of PV interneurons and TMS protocol mimicking thalamic burst reduced nociceptive behaviors.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Our findings suggest that burst firing of TC neurons recruits PV interneurons in the cortex to reduce nociceptive behaviors and that neuromodulation mimicking thalamic burst firing may be useful for modulating nociception.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Electrical stimulation mimicking thalamic bursts activate cortical PV interneurons. </LI> <LI> Selective optical activation of PV interneurons reduces nociceptive behaviors. </LI> <LI> TMS mimicking ‘Thalamic burst’ reduces nociceptive behaviors in mice. </LI> </UL> </P>