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Yangha Kim,Eun-Ha Choi,Miae Doo,Joo-Yeon Kim,Chul-Jin Kim,Chong-Tai Kim,In-Hwan Kim 한국영양학회 2010 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.4 No.4
Catecholamines are among the first molecules that displayed a kind of response to prolonged or repeated stress. It is well established that long-term stress leads to the induction of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) in adrenal medulla. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ginseng on TH and DBH mRNA expression. Repeated (2 h daily, 14 days) immobilization stress resulted in a significant increase of TH and DBH mRNA levels in rat adrenal medulla. However, ginseng treatment reversed the stress-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression in the immobilization-stressed rats. Nicotine as a ligand of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in adrenal medulla stimulates catecholamine secretion and activates TH and DBH gene expression. Nicotine treatment increased mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 3.3- and 3.1-fold in PC12 cells. The ginseng total saponin exhibited a significant reversal in the nicotine-induced increase of TH and DBH mRNA expression, decreasing the mRNA levels of TH and DBH by 57.2% and 48.9%, respectively in PC12 cells. In conclusion, immobilization stress induced catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes gene expression, while ginseng appeared to restore homeostasis via suppression of TH and DBH gene expression. In part, the regulatory activity in the TH and DBH gene expression of ginseng may account for the anti-stress action produced by ginseng.
Production of stearidonic acid-rich triacylglycerol via a two-step enzymatic esterification
Kim, Nam Ho,Kim, Heejin,Choi, Nakyung,Kim, Yangha,Kim, Byung Hee,Kim, In-Hwan Elsevier 2019 Food chemistry Vol.270 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The aim of this study was to synthesize stearidonic acid (SDA)-rich triacylglycerol (TAG) via a two-step lipase-catalyzed esterification under vacuum. SDA-rich fatty acid, which was prepared from echium oil via <I>Candida rugosa</I> lipase-catalyzed selective esterification, was used as the substrate. Two different immobilized lipases, Novozym 435 from <I>Candida antarctica</I> and Lipozyme TL IM from <I>Thermomyces lanuginosus</I>, were employed for the synthesis of SDA-rich TAG. In the first step, Novozym 435-catalyzed esterification of the SDA-rich fatty acid with glycerol was carried out for 2 h. In the second step, Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed esterification of the reaction mixture from the first step was performed for an additional 10 h. The optimal reaction conditions for the second step were a temperature of 65 °C, an enzyme loading of 20%, and a vacuum of 0.7 kPa. Consequently, the maximum TAG conversion of ca. 86.4 wt% was obtained after 12 h via a two-step lipase-catalyzed esterification.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Stearidonic acid-rich triacylglycerol was successfully synthesized. </LI> <LI> A two-step enzymatic esterification was carried out under vacuum. </LI> <LI> Novozym 435 from <I>Candida antarctica</I> was used for the first step reaction. </LI> <LI> Lipozyme TL IM from <I>Thermomyces lanuginosus</I> was used for the second step. </LI> </UL> </P>
Anti-obesity efficacy of nanoemulsion oleoresin capsicum in obese rats fed a high-fat diet
Kim, Joo-Yeon,Lee, Mak-Soon,Jung, Sunyoon,Joo, Hyunjin,Kim, Chong-Tai,Kim, In-Hwan,Seo, Sangjin,Oh, Soojung,Kim, Yangha Dove Medical Press 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.9 No.-
<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>This study determined the effects of oleoresin capsicum (OC) and nanoemulsion OC (NOC) on obesity in obese rats fed a high-fat diet.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>The rats were randomly separated into three groups: a high-fat (HF) diet group, HF + OC diet group, and HF + NOC diet group. All groups were fed the diet and water ad libitum for 14 weeks.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>NOC reduced the body weight and adipose tissue mass, whereas OC did not. OC and NOC reduced mRNA levels of adipogenic genes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (<I>PPAR</I>)-γ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and fatty acid-binding protein in white adipose tissue. The mRNA levels of genes related to β-oxidation or thermogenesis including <I>PPAR</I>-<I>α</I>, palmitoyltransferase-1α, and uncoupling protein-2 were increased by the OC and NOC relative to the HF group. Both OC and NOC clearly stimulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. In particular, <I>PPAR</I>-<I>α</I>, palmitoyltransferase-1α, uncoupling protein-2 expression, and AMPK activity were significantly increased in the NOC group compared to in the OC group. NOC decreased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity whereas OC did not.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>From these results, NOC could be suggested as a potential anti-obesity agent in obese rats fed a HF diet. The effects of the NOC on obesity were associated with changes of multiple gene expression, activation of AMPK, and inhibition of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in white adipose tissue.</P>
Synthesis of α-linolenic acid-rich triacylglycerol using a newly prepared immobilized lipase
Kim, Heejin,Choi, Nakyung,Oh, Se-Wook,Kim, Yangha,Hee Kim, Byung,Kim, In-Hwan Elsevier 2017 Food chemistry Vol.237 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>An α-linolenic acid (ALA)-rich triacylglycerol (TAG) was synthesized from an ALA-rich fatty acid (FA) from perilla oil and glycerol, using a newly prepared immobilized lipase under vacuum. The ALA-rich FA (purity >90wt%) used as the substrate was prepared by urea complexation from perilla oil FAs. Liquid Lipozyme TL 100L lipase from <I>Thermomyces lanuginosus</I> was used for immobilization. Nine different hydrophilic and hydrophobic carriers for immobilization were tested, and Duolite A568, which is a hydrophilic resin, was selected as the best carrier. This immobilized lipase was used to synthesize TAG by direct esterification under vacuum. The parameters investigated were temperature, enzyme loading, and vacuum level. The optimum reaction conditions were a temperature of 60°C, an enzyme loading of 15% (based on the total weight of the substrate), and a vacuum of 0.7kPa, respectively. The maximum conversion to TAG of ca. 88wt% was obtained in 12h under the optimum conditions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> α-Linolenic acid-rich triacylglycerol was successfully synthesized. </LI> <LI> A newly immobilized lipase was employed as the biocatalyst. </LI> <LI> Enzyme employed for immobilization was liquid Lipozyme TL 100L. </LI> <LI> Duolite A568 was used as carrier. </LI> </UL> </P>
Oh, Soojung,Lee, Mak-Soon,Jung, Sunyoon,Kim, Seunghae,Park, Hyeyoung,Park, Seonyoung,Kim, Seog-Young,Kim, Chong-Tai,Jo, Young-Hee,Kim, In-Hwan,Kim, Yangha Elsevier 2017 Journal of Functional Foods Vol.29 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Mitochondrial dysfunction and dyslipidemia are associated with obesity-linked metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ginger extract on muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism in high-fat diet-fed rats. Supplementation with ginger extract reduced final body weight and epididymal adipose tissue mass without affecting energy intake (<I>p</I> <0.05). Ginger extract increased mitochondrial size and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content as well as key genes expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1) and transcription factor A (Tfam) in skeletal muscle (<I>p</I> <0.05). In addition, ginger extract elevated serum HDL-C along with up-regulating ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) mRNA in liver (<I>p</I> <0.05). These results suggest that ginger extract may have a beneficial effect against obesity-related metabolic disorders with elevating muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and serum HDL-C level.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Effect of ginger extract was investigated in high-fat diet-fed rats. </LI> <LI> Treatment with ginger extract increased muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. </LI> <LI> Treatment with ginger extract elevated serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. </LI> <LI> Taken together, ginger extract might have beneficial effect against obesity-related metabolic disorders. </LI> </UL> </P>
Effect of Thyroid Hormone on Lipogenesis in Rat White and Brown Adipocytes Culture System
Yangha Kim Moon 한국식품영양과학회 1998 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.3 No.4
Thyroid hormone (T₃) stimulates hepatic lipogenesis by increasing expression of genes, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. S14 protein, which is thought to be involved in lipid metabolism, appears to respond in parallel. Effects of T₃ on lipogenesis in white and brown adipose tissue are less clear, and may be complicated by indirect effects of the hormone. We developed an adipocytes system where the indirect effects of thyroid hormone are abolished and direct effects of T₃ on lipogenesis could be tested. Fat accumulation was measured by Oil-Red O staining. Insulin clearly enhanced fat accumulation by 2-fold. Isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) appeared to inhibit insulin-stimulated fat accumulation. Dexamethasone increased insulin-stimulated fat accumulation about 1.3-fold. Confluent adipocytes were cultured in serum-free medium or medium containing 10% fetal calf serum or 10% fetal calf serum stripped of thyroid hormone and lipogenesis, assessed by the incorporation of ³H₂O, was measured. Medium without serum or supplemented with T₃-depleted serum did not amplify the stimulatory effect or T₃ on lipogenesis compared to medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Dexamethasone alone led to a decrease in lipogenesis of about 50% in white adipocytes and 25% in brown adipocytes. However, dexamethasone amplified the lipogenic response to T₃ by about 30% in white adipocytes and 60% in brown adipocytes. T₃ (1 μM) stimulated lipogenesis and acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase mRNA levels up to 2-fold in both types of adipocytes. It seems that these adipocyte systems are a useful model to study the effects of hormones on lipogenic gene expression as well as lipogenesis.