Prediction Model of Weld Width during High-Power Disk Laser Welding of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

Xiang-Dong Gao,Yan-Xi Zhang 한국정밀공학회 2014 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

Morphology of molten pool is significantly associated with welding quality. In this study, an active vision system was designed to form the shadow of a molten pool to get its morphology information during high-power disk laser welding of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel. The shadow was segmented from the recorded images, and four features of the shadow were defined to describe the morphology of a molten pool. The BP (Back propagation) and RBF (Radial based function) neural networks were established to model the relation between the four features and the solid weld width which is the foremost characteristic of weld quality. The effectiveness of two models were compared and analyzed at different welding speeds, and it was found that the BP model had the better results than RBF. The study focuses on predicting the solid weld width by observing the morphology of a molten pool, and provides a necessary foundation for online monitoring and control of weld width during laser welding.

중국의 통신가격에 대한 법규제

Dong-gao Wu,Xiang-lan Jin 서울대학교 법학연구소 2011 경제규제와 법 Vol.4 No.1

2000년에 중국 국무원(중앙정부)은 <통신조례>를 제정반포하였다. 본 조례는 비록 전국인민대표대회 및 그 상무위원회에서 제정한 법률은 아니지만 현재 중국 통신영역에서의 유일한 종합성적인 법규범이다. 본 조례는 특히 한개 장절의 편폭으로 통신가격에 관하여 규정하고 있으며 통신가격의 유형, 정부가 통신가격을 결정하는 기본원칙, 통신가격결책기관 및 그 절차 등을 명확히 하고 있다. 그후 2002년에 중국 중앙정부의 통신산업 주요 담당기관인 국가계획발전위원회(현재의 국가발전과 개혁위원회)와 정보산업부(현재의 공업과 정보화부)가 공동으로 <통신가격 비준등록 절차규정>을 제정하였다. 본 규정은 상술한 <통신조례> 중의 통신가격에 관한 규정의 내용을 세밀화하였으며 통신가격 공개,통신업계의 自主定價에 관한 감독 등의 제도를 확립하였다. 상술한 두개의 법규범을 바탕으로 중국은 초보적으로 통신가격에 관한 법제도를 설립하게 되었다. 통신가격의 결정방식에 관하여 상술한 법규범은 비록 政府定價, 政府指導價, 市場調節價등 방식을 규정하고 있지만政府定價방식을 아주 작은 범위에 한정하고 그 밖의 방식의적용범위를 확대하고 있는바 이는 사실상 통신가격 결정에 있어서의 경영업자의 자율적 공간의 확충으로 이해할 수 있다. 政府定價, 政府指導價방식의 통신가격 결정주체에 관하여 상술한 법규정에 의하면 <공업과 정보화부>는 응당 통신가격심의위원회를 설립하여야 한다. 당해 위원회는 통신가격제정 또는 조정에 관한 결책권을 행사한다. 문제는 상술한<규정>이 통신가격방안의 구체설계자로서의 통신가격심의위원회를 명확히 하고 있지만 당해 기구의 구성상황을 규정하지 않고 있으며 또한 비록 당해 기구의 운영방식을 규정하고 있다 하더라도 그 운영절차에 대해서는 구체적으로 규정하고 있지 않다. 따라서 구체적인 가격방안의 제출절차는 역시 불투명하다. 중국의 법규범은 상술한 두가지 유형의 통신가격에 관하여 중국정부가 주동적으로 가격을 결정하는 제도를 확립하였을 뿐만아니라 정부의 규제대상인 통신업자에게 가격조정신청권한을 부여하였으며 해당 권리의 실현 경로를 명확히하였다. 문제는 비록 대체적인 가격조정신청절차와 신청서의내용을 규정하고 있으나 관련된 많은 구체절차가 불명확하다는 것이다. 상술한 법규정에 의하면 정부는 등록, 처벌 및 가격조정명령 등 수단으로 통신업자의 자주적 가격결정행위에 대하여 감독권을 행사한다. 문제는 상술한 규정이 등록제도만 규정하였을뿐 통신업자가 어떠한 절차로 등록하는가에 대해서는 규정하지 않고 있다. Chinese State Council formulated ‘Telecommunications Regulations’ in 2000. Though this regulation was not the law which the National People’s Congress and the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress made, it is the only comprehensive legal norms right now. Its publication terminated the state which Chinese telecommunication didn’t have own law. SDPC and MII formulated ‘Examining and keeping Records Procedure Regulation of Telecommunication Fees’ in 2002. This regulation got into detail a bit and established telecommunication fees’ open system, supervision system for independent pricing of telecommunication business operators. Therefore, China has established a preliminary law system of telecommunication fees. The above regulations set three certain kinds of government pricing, government guidance pricing and market regulation pricing. Government pricing is limited to small range, but government guidance pricing and market regulation pricing’ applicable scope are enlarged. This actually enlarged independent space of communication business operators. According to the regulations, MIIT should found Review Committee of Communication Fees which decides whether to set or adjust fees. The problem is that the regulations although explicit the Review Committee of Communication Fees as designer of two kinds of communication fees scheme, its composition and operate procedure are not regulated. Consequently, proposing procedure of specific price scheme is very opaque. As for above two kinds of communication fees, Chinese government not only established government active pricing system, but also gave the application rights of adjusting pricing to communication business operators who are supervised by government and answered how to realize the rights. The problem is that application procedure and application content of adjusting pricing of communication business operators are regulated by and large, but a lot of specific procedures are not clear. In addition, according to the regulations, government supervises the independent pricing behavior of communication business operators by keeping records, punishing and requiring adjusting pricing, etc. The problem is that the regulations only stipulated keeping records system, and the communication business operators how to keep records is unknown.

Detection of Powdery Mildew of Bitter Gourd Based on NIR/Fluorescence Spectra

Gao Jia Yu,Wei Dong Zheng,Wang Xiang,Tang Jin Cheng,Xu Ji Tong,Zhao Ping,Ning Xiao Feng 한국농업기계학회 2023 바이오시스템공학 Vol.48 No.3

Purpose Powdery mildew as one of the common vegetable diseases has very rapid infection. Its outbreak will bring about disastrous consequences to vegetable output; thus, it is of key importance to do rapid identifi cation and prevention of powdery mildew. Methods In this test, 100 bitter gourd leaves were collected as research samples, and the data of near-infrared spectra, fl uorescence spectra, and chromatic values L*a*b* , and the classic K-S algorithm was adopted to divide the sample sets; then, the quantitative forecasting and qualitative discrimination models were established. First, Pearson’s correlation analysis was carried out to fi nd the feasibility of taking a * as the modeling parameter, through cross-validation; the quantitative forecasting model was optimized by the PLSR (partial least squares regression) method. The model is also optimized by extracting the spectral feature bands using the continuous projection SPA method. Results The optimization results showed that the MSC + SPA + PLSR quantitative forecasting model of near-infrared spectra could eff ectively improve model precision, which was signifi cantly higher than that of fl uorescence spectra. Classifi cation Leaner was used to establish the quantitative forecasting model. Compared with the model of near-infrared spectra, the SPA + SVM qualitative discrimination model of fl uorescence spectra could improve the identifi cation precision of powdery mildew of bitter gourd as high as 98% through training. Conclusion This study proposed diff erent combination methods based on quantitative forecasting and qualitative discrimination and could provide a method and reference to the identifi cation of powdery mildew of bitter gourd.

Identification of phenolic compounds for the quality control of Stachys sieboldii and Lycopus lucidus using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS

Gao DAN,Chong Woon CHO,Xiang Dong SU,Seo Young YANG,Young Ho KIM,Jong Seong KANG 한국분석과학회 2020 학술대회논문집 Vol.2020 No.6

Metastatic Axillary Lymph Node Ratio (LNR) is Prognostically Superior to pN Staging in Patients with Breast Cancer -- Results for 804 Chinese Patients from a Single Institution

Xiao, Xiang-Sheng,Tang, Hai-Lin,Xie, Xin-Hua,Li, Lai-Sheng,Kong, Ya-Nan,Wu, Min-Qing,Yang, Lu,Gao, Jie,Wei, Wei-Dong,Xie, Xiaoming Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.9

The number of axillary lymph nodes involved and retrieved are important prognostic factors in breast cancer. The purpose of our study was to investigate whether the lymph node ratio (LNR) is a better prognostic factor in predicting disease-free survival (DFS) for breast cancer patients as compared with pN staging. The analysis was based on 804 breast cancer patients who had underwent axillary lymph node dissection between 1999 and 2008 in Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. Optimal cutoff points of LNR were calculated using X-tile software and validated by bootstrapping. Patients were then divided into three groups (low-, intermediate-, and high-risk) according to the cutoff points. Predicting risk factors for relapse were performed according to Cox proportional hazards analysis. DFS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. The 5-year DFS rate decreased significantly with increasing LNRs and pN. Univariate analysis found that the pT, pN, LNR, molecule type, HER2, pTNM stage and radiotherapy well classified patients with significantly different prognosis. By multivariate analysis, only LNR classification was retained as an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, there was a significant prognostic difference among different LNR categories for pN2 category, but no apparent prognostic difference was seen between different pN categories in any LNR category. Therefore, LNR rather than pN staging is preferable in predicting DFS in node positive breast cancer patients, and routine clinical decision-making should take the LNR into consideration.

Diversity and Distribution of Bulb-associated fungi of Fritillaria Cirrhosae Bulbus Source Plants used in Traditional Chinese Medicine

( Qian Gao ),( Fawu Dong ),( Jianying Xiang ) 한국균학회 2020 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.48 No.3

Diversity and community composition of bulb-associated fungi of Fritillaria Cirrhosae Bulbus source plants, which are used in traditional chinese medicine, in the eastern Himalaya- Hengduan Mountains, southwestern China, were estimated based on the internal transcribed spacer rDNA sequence analysis, using host plant species, geographic area, and plant phenology as variables. A total of 1,486 fungal sequences assigned to 251 operational taxonomical units (OTUs) were obtained from the bulbs. Fungal OTUs comprised 96.41% Ascomycotina, 3.52% Basidiomycotina, and 0.07% Zygomycotina. Sordariomycetes, Hypocreales, and Nectriaceae were the most frequent fungal lineages at each taxonomic rank. Fusarium, Ilyonectria, Tetracladium, Leptodontidium, and Tomentella were the top OTU-rich genera. Fusarium sp. 03, Ilyonectria rufa, Fusarium sp. 08, Ilyonectria sp. 03, and Leptodontidium orchidicola 03 represented the most frequent OTUs. Fusarium spp. were the most frequent general taxa. The distribution of fungal community exhibited preferences for host plant species, geographic area, and plant phenology. These findings are the foundation of our research on culturing and active metabolites of bulb-associated fungi of Fritillaria Cirrhosae Bulbus source plants.

MicroRNA Expression Profile Analysis Reveals Diagnostic Biomarker for Human Prostate Cancer

Liu, Dong-Fu,Wu, Ji-Tao,Wang, Jian-Ming,Liu, Qing-Zuo,Gao, Zhen-Li,Liu, Yun-Xiang Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.7

Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent disease in older men of the western world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression via posttranscriptional inhibition of protein synthesis. To identify the diagnostic potential of miRNAs in prostate cancer, we downloaded the miRNA expression profile of prostate cancer from the GEO database and analysed the differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in prostate cancerous tissue compared to non-cancerous tissue. Then, the targets of these DE-miRNAs were extracted from the database and mapped to the STRING and KEGG databases for network construction and pathway enrichment analysis. We identified a total of 16 miRNAs that showed a significant differential expression in cancer samples. A total of 9 target genes corresponding to 3 DE-miRNAs were obtained. After network and pathway enrichment analysis, we finally demonstrated that miR-20 appears to play an important role in the regulation of prostate cancer onset. MiR-20 as single biomarker or in combination could be useful in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. We anticipate our study could provide the groundwork for further experiments.

中国の民事裁判における憲法適用事例に対する考察

오동호(Wu Dong Gao),김향란(Jin Xiang Lan,金香蘭) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2014 圓光法學 Vol.30 No.3

근년 중국에서는 민사재판에 있어서 헌법이 적용되는 사례가 나타나고 있다. 통계에 의하면 1987년부터 2002년까지 중국의 법원은 33건의 사건에 있어서 헌법을 적용하였다고 한다. 2002년에는 직원모집에 있어서의 신장제한에 대해 헌법상의 평등권이 침해되었다고 하여 소송을 제기한 이른바 "최초의 헌법상의 평등권 침해사건"이 발생했고 법원은 원고의 소송을 기각하였지만 적지 않은 사회적 파문을 일으켰다. 2008년에는 외박을 금지한 직장의 규정을 어기여 사고를 당한 경우 산재에 해당하는가 아닌가를 다툰 이른바 '최초의 헌법상의 자유권 침해 사건'이 발생했고 법원은 판결이유에서 헌법을 인용하였다. 같은 해에 프라이버시권 침해가 쟁점이 된 이른바 "최초의 인육수색(신상 털기) 사건"이 발생했고 이 판결에서도 법원은 역시 판결이유에서 헌법을 인용하고 있다. 본문에서는 두 가지 문제를 제기하였다. 하나는 중국의 민사재판실무에 있어서 무엇 때문에 그렇게 많은 "헌법을 적용하는 사례"가 존재하고 있는가? 그 배경은 무엇인가? 라고 하는 법사회학적인 시각의 문제이다. 다른 하나는 법원은 어떻게 헌법을 적용하였는가? 다시 말하면 단순이 헌법조문만으로 민사판결을 진행하는 이른바 "직접효력설"에 입각하고 있는 것인가? 아니면 민법의 "개괄 조항"에 대한 "합헌적인 해석"을 통하여 간접적으로 헌법을 적용하는 이른바 "간접효력설"에 입각하고 있는 것인가? 그리고 이에 맞추어 학설에서는 어떠한 이론적인 전개를 하고 있는가? 하는 실무적 이론적 검증의 문제이다. 본문에서는 중국의 민사사건 재판에 있어서의 헌법적용의 네 개의 전형적인 사례를 고찰하고 그 특징과 학회에서의 이론전개를 검토하였다. 그 결론으로 다음과 같은 점을 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 민사재판에 있어서 헌법을 적용한 배경에는 위헌심사제도의 구축이 어렵고 많은 논의가 헌법의 적용을 구체적인 재판에 있어서 실현하는 것에 집중하고 있는 이론적인 사정과 급속한 경제발전과 더불어 중국인의 권리이식의 고양과 "민법의 결함을 헌법조문에서 보완 한다"라는 실무상의 사정이 있다. 둘째, 전형적인 사례에 있어서 "직접적용"이론에 입각한 사례는 보이지 않는다. 이론상으로도 학설은 "불완전조문"이라는 재판규범의 논리, 사법의 한계론 및 헌법의 고도의 추상성, 흡수성 등을 이유로 부정적인 이론전개를 하고 있다. 셋째, 전형적인 사례에서 볼 경우, 법원은 기본적으로는 "간접적용"의 이론에 입각하고 있고 학설도 그러한 이론전개를 하고 있다. 넷째, "간접적용"설을 취할 경우, "재판에 있어서 헌법인용을 부정한 최고인민법원의 사법해석의 존재", "법원에 헌법해석권한이 없다"라고 하는 두개의 실무적인 "관문'이 존재한다. 다만 당해 사법해석에 관하여는 논쟁이 존재하고 있고 현실적으로는 "판결주문에서의 헌법인용을 금지한 것이지 판결이유에서는 헌법의 인용이 가능하다."라는 견해를 취하는 것은 일리가 있다. 그리고 법원의 헌법해석권한의 문제에 관해서도 헌법은 헌법해석권을 전국인민대표대회상무위원회에 부여하고 있지만 그것은 "최종해석권"을 부여한 것으로 이해하는 것도 가능하며 법원의 헌법해석권을 부정할 수는 없다고 생각된다. 따라서 '간접적용"설을 취하는 것에는 문제가 없다고 생각된다. 이 논점에 관해서 독일이나 일본에서는 많은 논의가 되고 있지만 중국과는 정치체제나 사법제도 등이 크게 다르다는 점에 주의하지 않으면 안된다. 다만 중국에 있어서도 사권의 사법적인 구제의식이 높아가고 있고 상술한 이론을 참고로 중국 독자적인 제삼자효력론을 구축하는 것에는 매우 깊은 의미가 있다고 생각된다. In recent years, application of Constitution appears in China's various types of civil trial. According to statistics, from 1987 to 2002, China's courts invoked Constitution in 33 cases. Reviewing the trial procedure in these cases, we need to pay attention to the following two questions. One is why so much cases of "application of Constitution in the trial of civil disputes" appear in China's trial practice? What's the difference between China's and Western "application of Constitution in civil dispute"? Which characteristics it reflects? The second question is how China's courts apply Constitution in the trial? Is just on Constitutional provisions ( rather than according to norms of civil law ) to settle a lawsuit? Or is indirect application of Constitution through "Constitutional interpretation" of " general clauses of civil law"? This article discussed four typical cases of application of Constitution in civil trial, and analyzed their characteristics and academic theories. First, there is a profound of economic and social background in application of Constitution in civil trial ---- rapid economic development brought a uplift of people's awareness of rights and practice needs of " Constitution clauses making up for Civil law". Secondly, from the typical cases, courts did not directly apply Constitution, and denied the practice. Thirdly, from the typical cases, courts essentially adopted the method of indirect application of Constitution. Doctrine also supported this practice. Finally, if adopting indirect application doctrine, two practical problems need to be solved. This calls for a more detail discussion.

A facile macroporous resin-based method for separation of yellow and orange Monascus pigments

Suo Chen,Dong-Xiao Su,Meng-Xiang Gao,Jia-Lan Zhang,Ying-Bao Liu,Qing-Hua Wu,Hua-Lin Yang,Li Li 한국식품과학회 2021 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.30 No.4

The yellow Monascus pigments (YMPs) namedmonascin and ankaflavin and the orange Monascus pigments(OMPs) named rubropunctatin and monascorubrinare two groups of bioactive components in a mixture statein the Monascus fermented products. In order to separatethese two groups of bioactive pigments, a facile macroporousresin-based method was developed. The weak-polarresin CAD-40 was selected from the seven tested macroporousresins as it revealed better properties for theadsorption and desorption of the YMPs and OMPs. Then,CAD-40 resin was used for column-chromatographicseparation. After eluted by 4 bed volumes of ethanol, theyellow group (monascin and ankaflavin) and the orangegroup (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) were successfullyseparated and purified, with an increased content from49.3% and 44.2% in the crude pigment extract to 85.2%and 83.0% in the final products, respectively. This methodwould be helpful for the large-scale separation and purificationof Monascus pigment products with specificbioactivity.

Effect of current stability on surface formation of GMAW-based multi-layer single-pass additive deposition

Bo Ma,Xiang-Dong Gao,Lin Wang,Yan-Xi Zhang,Nanfeng Zhang,Deyong You 대한기계학회 2021 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.35 No.6

During multi-layer single-pass additive manufacture based on gas metal arc welding, the formation of product surface is highly affected by the robot welding process status. The thermal history of the manufacturing process was recorded by a thermocouple, and the arc current was collected by a current sensor to investigate the relationship between arc current stability and manufacture workpiece surface formation. The empirical mode decomposition energy entropy of different Z as , which are related to the current stability and utilization of arc power, were calculated. The 3D geometric dimension information of the workpiece was scanned by a laser vision sensing system. Experimental results show the current signal of the arc can be used to assess process stability, current stability caused the temperature of the basement, and surface formation changed. The energy entropy of arc current increased with the increase of Z as . The unstable arc can take away much of the heat generated by the arc heat source leading to the increase of deposition height and side surface roughness.