한국인 얼굴의 편평도 : 얼굴깊이를 이용한 연구 using Facial Depth

송우철,윤관현,고기석 대한해부학회 2003 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.36 No.6

Location of the Infraorbital and Mental Foramen with Reference to the Soft-Tissue Landmarks

Song, Wu-Chul,Kim, Sun-Heum,Paik, Doo-Jin,Han, Seung-Ho,Hu, Kyung-Seok,Kim, Hee-Jin,Koh, Ki-Seok American Society of Plastic Surgeons 2007 Plastic and reconstructive surgery Vol.120 No.5

BACKGROUND:: The purpose of the present study was to determine the locations of the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen based on soft-tissue landmarks to facilitate prediction of the locations of these structures during facial surgery. METHODS:: Fifty embalmed cadavers (100 sides) of Koreans were dissected to expose the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen. The distances between the bilateral infraorbital foramina and between the mental foramina and the distances between the alae of the nose and between the corners of the mouth (cheilions) were measured directly on the cadavers, and the vertical and horizontal distances between the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen and the ala of the nose and cheilions, respectively, were measured indirectly on photographs. RESULTS:: The distance between the bilateral infraorbital foramina (54.9 ± 3.4 mm) was greater than that between the bilateral mental foramina (47.2 ± 5.5 mm). The infraorbital foramen was located 1.6 ± 2.7 mm lateral and 14.1 ± 2.8 mm superior to the ala of the nose. The distance between the ala of the nose and the infraorbital foramen was 15.9 ± 2.8 mm, and the horizontal angle between these structures was 64.1 ± 9.9 degrees laterosuperiorly. The mental foramen was located 20.4 ± 3.9 mm inferior and 3.3 ± 2.9 mm medial to the cheilions. The distance between the cheilions and mental foramen was 20.9 ± 3.8 mm, and the vertical angle between these structures was 9.2 ± 8.1 degrees inferomedially. CONCLUSIONS:: This study provides data that will be useful in predicting the locations of the infraorbital foramen and mental foramen when used together with hard-tissue landmarks. These data may be particularly helpful for facial surgery in patients with missing teeth.

Female-to-Male Proportions of the Head and Face in Koreans

Song, Wu-Chul,Kim, Jung-Il,Kim, Soon-Heum,Shin, Dong-Hyeok,Hu, Kyung-Seok,Kim, Hee-Jin,Lee, Jeong-Yong,Koh, Ki-Seok Mutaz B. Habal, MD 2009 JOURNAL OF CRANIOFACIAL SURGERY - Vol.20 No.2

It is well known that the head and face are smaller in female subjects than in male subjects. However, almost all previous studies have quantified the size difference between female and male subjects as simple numerical values, which might not clarify the difference. The present study evaluated the female-to-male proportions of the head and face so as to clarify the sex-related differences. A total of 1939 female subjects and 1398 male subjects were divided into 3 age groups: young (20-39 y), middle-aged (40-59 y), and elderly (60-79 y). The dimensions were classified into 3 categories: 5 cephalic, 3 frontal facial, and 6 lateral facial. The female-to-male proportions of individual dimensions were compared in the 3 age groups using the following formula: female measurement value × 100/(mean of male measurement value). The female-to-male proportions of the cephalic dimension increased with age, with the female cephalic dimensions overall being about 96% of the male cephalic dimensions. The female-to-male proportions of the frontal facial dimension were constant across the age groups, with the female frontal facial dimensions overall being 95% of the male frontal facial dimensions. The female lateral facial dimension increased markedly from the young to middle-aged group and was constant or decreased slightly from the middle-aged to the elderly group. Overall, the female lateral facial dimensions were approximately 97% of the male lateral facial dimensions. The present study will suggest a new approach to elucidate those sex-related dimensional differences that are characteristic of female and male subjects.

[구연8]Horizontal angular asymmetry of the face in Koreans; with reference to the eye and mouth

Wu-Chul Song,Seung-Hwa Park,Byoung-Young Choi,Ki-Seok Koh 대한체질인류학회 2004 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.47 No.-

Topographic Relationship between the Zygomatic Arch and Coronoid Process of the Mandible

Wu-Chul Song(송우철),Yong-Woo Kim(김용우),Seung-Ho Han(한승호),Kyung-Seok Hu(허경석),Hee-Jin Kim(김희진),Ki-Seok Koh(고기석) 대한체질인류학회 2010 대한체질인류학회지 Vol.23 No.1

대부분의 해부학교과서나 그림책에는 광대활과 아래턱뼈 근육돌기가 수직으로 서로 겹쳐 있는 것처럼 그려져 있다. 광대활과 아래턱뼈 근육돌기의 국소해부학적 위치관계는 광대활골절의 복원과 같은 여러 상황에서 이 부위를 수술하는 성형외과 의사들에게 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이 연구에서는 광대활과 아래턱뼈 근육돌기의 국소해부학적 위치관계를 한국인 3차원모델을 이용하여 알아보고자 하였다. 광대활과 아래턱뼈 근육돌기의 국소해부학적 위치관계는 겹친 형태, 접한 형태, 분리된 형태의 세가지로 분류되었다. 가장 빈도가 높은 경우는 겹친 형태(37.7%)였으나 접한 형태나, 분리된 형태도 비교적 높은 빈도로 나와 세 가지 형태가 비슷한 정도로 봐도 무방하다. 오른쪽-왼쪽, 또는 성별에 따른 각 형태의 빈도차이는 없었다. 양쪽이 같은 형태를 나타나는 경우는 70.1%였다. 결론적으로 대부분의 교과서나 그림책에서 광대활과 아래턱뼈 근육돌기가 접하여 있거나 분리된 형태를 합하면 겹친 형태보다 더 많기 때문에 항상 겹쳐 있는 것으로 그려진 것은 오해의 소지가 있다고 생각한다. 이러한 국소해부학적 위치관계는 해부학을 교육하는 해부학자 뿐 아니라 이 부위를 수술하는 성형외과 등의 임상의사들도 알아야 할 것으로 생각한다. Illustrations in almost all textbooks and atlases of anatomy normally show that the zygomatic arch (ZA) and coronoid process (CP) of the mandible overlap vertically. Their topographic relationship is important for plastic surgeons in various situations, such as restorations of ZA fractures. The present study investigated the topographic relationship between the ZA and CP of the mandible in three-dimensional models of Korean human cadavers. The topographic relationship was classified into three types: overlapped, tangential, and separate. The overlapped type was the most common, but the three types showed similar incidences in three-dimensional models. There were no lateral or sex differences according to the three types. The incidence of both sides showing the same type was 70.1%. In conclusion, the predominance of illustrations in almost all textbooks and atlases showing the overlapped type is misleading, since the other two types - where the CP of the mandible does not overlap the ZA - are almost as common.

Microanatomy of incisive canal using three-dimensional reconstruction of microCT images

Wu-Chul SONG,Jeong-Yong LEE,Soon-Heum KIM,Mi-Sun HUR,Kyung-Seok HU,Hee-Jin KIM,Seung-Ho HAN,Ki-Seok KOH 대한체질인류학회 2008 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.51 No.-

Location of the infraorbital and mental foramina with reference to the soft-tissue landmarks

Wu-Chul Song,Sang-Hyun Kim,Ki-Seok Koh 대한체질인류학회 2006 대한체질인류학회 학술대회 연제 초록 Vol.49 No.-

해부학에서 세미나방식의 실습 활용

송우철(Wu-Chul Song),이법이(Beob-Yi Lee),고기석(Ki-Seok Koh) 대한체질인류학회 2009 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.22 No.4

최근에 의학전문대학원 도입 등 대내외적인 의과대학의 교육환경 변화로 의학교육 환경과 여건에 많은 변화가 요구되고 있다. 전반적인 추세는 기초의학이 줄어들고 대신 임상의학 및 사회의학 등의 시간이 늘어나고 있는 실정이다. 기초의학의 시작이자 본격적인 의학의 입문인 맨눈해부학 역시 다른 과목과의 통합, 또는 각 계통별 과목으로의 분산, 그로 인한 수업 및 실습시간의 단축 등의 변화가 이루어지고 있다. 건국대학교 의학전문대학원 해부학교실에서는 일반적인 해부학실습 이외에 ‘해부세미나’라는 방식을 도입하여 운영하고 있는데 주어진 주제를 가지고 각 조에서 미리 해부하여 실습진도에 맞추어 다른 학생들에게 발표하는 형식이다. 해부세미나를 약 4년에 걸쳐 시행하면서 해마다 학생들로부터 설문을 받았다. 먼저 해부세미나에 대한 학생들의 의견을 객관식 형태로 물어본 결과 ‘재미도 있었고 해부학공부에 도움도 되었다’는 답변이 가장 많았다. 해부 세미나를 진행하면서 느낀 본인 스스로의 태도에 대한 설문결과 ‘매우 적극적’ 또는 ‘적극적’이라는 답변이 90%에 달했다. 해부세미나를 하면서 좋았던 점으로는 1) 그 분야에 대해 깊게 공부할 수 있었음. 2) 조원들끼리 협동심 함양 등이 있었다. 부족했던 점으로는 1) 시간 부족, 2) 주제가 불공평, 3) 조원 간의 마찰 순으로 많은 답변이 있었다. 앞으로의 개선방향으로는 1) 준비에 여유시간 필요, 2) 구체적인 가이드라인 필요, 3) 다른 과목과 일정 고려 등의 응답을 받았다. 평가결과 해부세미나가 진행되면서 해마다 진보하고 있음을 실감할 수 있었으며 실습시간이 부족해지는 현실에서 조금이나마 학생들이 해부에 대해 깊이 관심을 갖게 된 점이 긍정적이었다. Recently, in most medical schools of Korea, the educational method of gross anatomy, the first subject in medical education, has changed in several directions such as integrated lecture or problem-based learning (PBL). Therefore, the time of the lecture was constrained to reduce. The name of the gross anatomy integrated with embryology changed to 'human body and development' in Konkuk university since 2006. In addition to the classical dissection practice, the 'dissection seminar' was introduced since 2006. It was a method of dissection practice that one group demonstrate the procedure of dissection and explains the structures of the predissected cadaver to other students about the assigned subject. The questionnaire about dissection seminar was performed after the anatomy course. The most common opinion about dissection seminar was 'interesting and helpful for studying anatomy'. The common answers about the attitude were 'very positive' and 'positive'. The affirmatives during dissection seminar were in depth study and improve in collaboration. The inconveniences or lacks were insufficient time to prepare, unfairness in difficulty between the subjects, and discord among group members. The propositions for development were requirement of sufficient preparation time, request of guideline, and consideration of other schedule. As a result of self-estimation about dissection seminar, the direction of the dissection seminar have been advancing with time, and students became more interested in studying anatomy. The most important thing for maintaining the dissection seminar is making proper plan such as avoidance of examination of another subject.

한국인 얼굴에서 얼굴 구조물의 위아래 위치

송우철(Wu-Chul Song),김성호(Sung Ho Kim),고기석(Ki-Seok Koh) 대한체질인류학회 2017 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.30 No.1

얼굴은 개인을 식별할 수 있는 가장 중요한 부분으로 인구집단이나 지역별로 큰 차이를 보인다. 이 연구에서는 얼굴 구조물이 있는 얼굴 중간부위가 전체 얼굴에서 얼마나 위 또는 아래에 위치하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구는 18세 이상 29세 이하 한국인 젊은 성인을 대상으로 하였고 남자는 218명, 여자는 333명이었다. 표준 머리 위치를 잡고 정면에서 사진을 촬영한 후 컴퓨터 프로그램을 이용하여 얼굴 각 부분을 계측하였다. 머리털점에서 턱밑점까지의 수직거리를 전체 얼굴높이로 계측하였고 이를 양쪽 동공이 지나는 부위와 입정중점을 기준으로 세 부분으로 나누어 위얼굴높이, 중간얼굴높이, 아래얼굴높이로 계측하였다. 전체 얼굴높이는 남자가 여자보다 약 6% 컸다. 중간 얼굴높이와 아래얼굴높이는 남자가 더 컸으나, 위얼굴높이는 여자보다 크지 않았다. 위얼굴높이에 대한 아래얼굴높이의 비율은 남자가 약 55.7%, 여자가 50.3%였다. 이 비율을 이용하여 60%가 넘는 경우는 높은얼굴형, 50%가 안되는 경우는 낮은얼굴형, 그 사이를 중간얼굴형으로 분류한 결과 남자는 중간얼굴형이 가장 많았고, 여자는 낮은얼굴형이 가장 많았다. 상대적으로 남자는 여자에 비해 높은얼굴형이었고 여자는 남자에 비해 낮은얼굴형이라 할 수 있다. 이 연구는 처음으로 얼굴 구조물이 얼굴 전체에서 얼마나 위아래에 위치하고 있는지 알아본 연구이며 한국인을 포함한 동아시아인의 얼굴 특징을 설명하는 데 기초자료로 사용할 수 있을 것이다. The face is the most important for individual identification, which showed racial and regional differences. The aim of the present study was to investigate that how much highly locate the facial structures in the face. In total, 551 Korean young adult volunteers with no deformity or surgical history of the face (218 males and 333 females) were selected. Subjects were photographed while sitting and assuming a standard head position, such that the porion and inferior orbital margin were in the same horizontal plane (Frankfurt plane), and they were gazing forward. The total face height was measured vertically from trichion to gnathion. And total face height was divided three heights such as upper, mid, and lower face height. Total face height of male was larger about 6% than female. The ratio of lower face height about upper face height was calculated, it showed 55.7% in male and 50.3 in female. The face was classified into three sets including high-set, mid-set, and low-set according the ratio. The male face showed relatively high-set face, while female face showed relatively low-set face. The present study is the first study to investigate about high- or low-set face, and the result is useful data to identify characteristics of the east Asian population including Korean.

Analysis on a decadal shift of precipitation over East Asia in the mid-1990s using a global downscaled precipitation dataset

Eun-Chul Chang,Sang-Wook Yeh,Song-You Hong,Jung-Eun Kim,Renguang Wu 한국기상학회 2012 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.4