A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan

Watanabe, Makoto,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Matsumura, Hideyuki,Kohno, Yoshihisa,Koike, Takayoshi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4

Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.

A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan

Makoto Watanabe,Masahiro Yamaguchi,Hideyuki Matsumura,Yoshihisa Kohno,Takayoshi Koike,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4

Ozone (O_3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric O_3 in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species,risk assessments of O_3 impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of O_3 on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of O_3 impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). O_3 sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, O_3 exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of O_3 impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high O_3 exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to O_3 and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the O_3 sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high O_3 exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of O_3 on forest tree species in East Asia.

Internal Flow of a Two-Bladed Helical Inducer at an Extremely Low Flow Rate

Watanabe, Satoshi,Inoue, Naoki,Ishizaka, Koichi,Furukawa, Akinori,Kim, Jun-Ho Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2010 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.3 No.2

The attachment of inducer upstream of main impeller is an effective method to improve the suction performance of turbopump. However, various types of cavitation instabilities are known to occur even at the designed flow rate as well as in the partial flow rate region. The cavitation surge occurring at partial flow rates is known to be strongly associated with the inlet back flow. In the present study, in order to understand the detailed structure of internal flow of inducer, we firstly carried out the experimental and numerical studies of non-cavitating flow, focusing on the flow field near the inlet throat section and inside the blade passage of a two bladed inducer at a partial flow rate. The steady flow simulation with cavitation model was also made to investigate the difference of flow field between in the cavitating and no-cavitating conditions.

Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Ideal Entry Point for Sacral Alar Iliac Screws

Watanabe Noriyuki,Takigawa Tomoyuki,Uotani Koji,Oda Yoshiaki,Misawa Haruo,Tanaka Masato,Ozaki Toshifumi 대한척추외과학회 2022 Asian Spine Journal Vol.16 No.6

Study Design: This is a virtual three-dimensional (3D) imaging study examining computed tomography (CT) data to investigate instrumentation placement.Purpose: In this study, we aim to clarify the ideal entry point and trajectory of the sacral alar iliac (SAI) screw in relationship to the dorsal foramen at S1 and the respective nerve root.Overview of Literature: To the best of our knowledge, there is yet no detailed 3D imaging study on the ideal entry point of the SAI screw. Despite the evidence suggesting that the dorsal foramen at S1 is a landmark on the sacrum, the S1 nerve root disruption is a general concern during the insertion of SAI screws. No other study has been published examining the nerve root location at the S1and SAI screw insertions.Methods: Preoperative CT data from 26 patients pertaining to adult spinal deformities were investigated in this study. We applied a 3D image processing method for a detailed investigation. Virtual cylinders were used to mimic SAI screws. These were placed to penetrate the sacral iliac joint without violating the other cortex. We then assessed the trajectory of the longest SAI screw and the ideal entry point of SAI using a color mapping method on the surface of the sacrum. We measured the location of the nerve root at S1 in relation to the foramen at S1 and the sacral surface.Results: As per the results of our color mapping, it was determined that areas that received high scores are located medially and caudally to the dorsal foramen of S1. The mean angle between a horizontal line and a line connecting the medial edge of the foramen and nerve root at S1 was 93.5°. The mean distances from the dorsal medial edge of the foramen and sacral surface to S1 nerve root were 21.8 mm and 13.9 mm, respectively.Conclusions: The ideal entry point of the SAI screw is located medially and caudally to the S1 dorsal foramen based on 3D digital mapping. It is also shown that this entry point spares the S1 nerve root from possible iatrogenic injuries.

Viscoelastic and Dielectric Relaxation of Reptating Type-A Chains Affected by Reversible Head-to-Head Association and Dissociation

Watanabe, Hiroshi,Matsumiya, Yumi,Kwon, Youngdon American Chemical Society 2018 Macromolecules Vol.51 No.16

<P>For entangled linear polymer having type A dipoles and undergoing head-to-head association and dissociation reaction, viscoelastic and dielectric behavior is theoretically analyzed on the basis of the reptation dynamics combined with the reaction kinetics. Specifically, for the dissociated unimer and associated dimer (indexed with <I>j</I> = 1 and 2, respectively), the normalized complex modulus <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>*(ω) and the normalized complex dielectric permittivity ε̃<SUB><I>j</I></SUB>*(ω) are analytically calculated via eigenfunction expansion of the orientational anisotropy and orientational memory defined in terms of the bond vectors <B>u</B> of entanglement segments. The reaction activates mutual conformational transfer between the unimer and dimer. Multiple coupling occurs for the anisotropy decay modes of the unimer and dimer due to this transfer, and the viscoelastic <I>g</I><SUB>1</SUB>* and <I>g</I><SUB>2</SUB>* of the unimer and dimer, respectively, exhibit considerably retarded and accelerated relaxation compared to the pure reptation case. In contrast, the memory decay modes of the unimer and dimer are only pairwisely coupled, so that the reaction-induced acceleration and retardation for the dielectric ε̃<SUB>1</SUB>* and ε̃<SUB>2</SUB>* are much weaker than those seen for the viscoelastic <I>g</I><SUB>1</SUB>* and <I>g</I><SUB>2</SUB>*. The orientational anisotropy is the tensorial, second-moment average of <B>u</B> associated with no cancellation in the conformational transfer, whereas the orientational memory is the vectorial, first-moment average accompanied by partial cancellation, which results in the difference between <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* and ε̃<SUB><I>j</I></SUB>*. This difference between <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* and ε̃<SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* is noted also for the associating/dissociating Rouse chains. Nevertheless, the reaction-induced retardation of the viscoelastic relaxation is stronger for the reptating unimer than for the Rouse unimer, whereas the reaction-induced acceleration is similar, in magnitude, for the reptating dimer and Rouse dimer. These features of <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* of the unimer and dimer are discussed in relation to the motional coherence along the chain backbone being present and absent in the reptation and Rouse dynamics.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

아시아의 천연가스 및 LNG시장과 일본의 역할

Watanabe H 한국에너지협의회 1995 에너지協議會報 Vol.36 No.-

Signal Transduction of the Cytokine Receptor

Watanabe, Sumiko The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 1998 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.2 No.2

Cytokines regulate proliferation, differentiation and functions of haemotopoietic cells. Each cytokine possesses a variety of activities on various target cells (pleiotropy) and various cytokines have similar and overlapping activities on the same target cells (redundancy). The nature of these cytokine activities predicts unique feature of cytokine receptors, namely, cytokine has multiple receptors, different cytokines share a common receptor, and different cytokine receptors are linked to common signaling pathways. cDNA cloning of genes for cytokine receptors revealed distinct sets of receptor family with different structural features. The cytokine receptor superfamily consists of a largest family, and contains more than twenty cytokine receptor subunits. This receptor has common structural features in both extracellular and intracellular regions without tyrosine kinase domain. Another striking feature of the receptor is to share common subunit of multiple cytokines, which partly explains the redundancy of activities of some cytokines. Recent studies revealed detailed signaling events of the cytokine receptor, the primary activation of JAK and subsequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of receptor, and various cellular proteins. Many SH2 containing adapter proteins play an important role in cytokine signals, and this system has similarities with tyrosine kinase receptor signal transduction. STAT may mainly account for cytokine specific functions as suggested by knockout mice studies. It is of importance to note that cytokine activates multiple signaling pathways and the balance and combination of related signaling events may determine the specificity of functions of cytokines.

Growth of ternary PbTiOx films in a combination of binary oxide atomic layer depositions

Watanabe, Takayuki,Hoffmann-Eifert, Susanne,Mi, Shaobo,Jia, Chunlin,Waser, Rainer,Hwang, Cheol Seong American Institute of Physics 2007 JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS - Vol.101 No.1

Choked Surge in a Cavitating Turbopump Inducer

Watanabe, Toshifumi,Kang, Dong-Hyuk,Cervone, Angelo,Kawata, Yutaka,Tsujimoto, Yoshinobu Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2008 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.1 No.1

During an experimental investigation on a 3-bladed and a 4-bladed axial inducer, a severe surge instability was observed in a range of cavitation number where the blade passage is choked and the inducer head is decreased from noncavitating value. The surge was stronger for the 4-bladed inducer as compared with a 3-bladed inducer with the same inlet and outlet blade angles. For the 4-bladed inducer, the head decreases suddenly as the cavitation number is decreased. The surge was observed after the sudden drop of head. This head drop was found to be associated with a rapid extension of tip cavity into the blade passage. The cause of surge is attributed to the decrease of the negative slope of the head-flow rate performance curve due to choke. Assuming that the difference between the 3 and 4-bladed inducers is caused by the difference of the blockage effects of the blade, a test was carried out by thickening the blades of the 3-bladed inducer. However, opposite to the expectations, the head drop became smoother and the instability disappeared on the thickened blade inducer. Examination of the pressure distribution on both inducers could not explain the difference. It was pointed out that two-dimensional cavitating flow analyses predict smaller breakdown cavitation number at higher flow rates, if the incidence angle is smaller than half of the blade angle. This causes the positive slope of the performance curve and suggests that the choked surge as observed in the present study might occur in more general cases.

On 6-Dimensional Nearly Kähler Manifolds

Watanabe, Yoshiyuki,Suh, Young Jin Canadian Mathematical Society 2010 Canadian mathematical bulletin Vol.53 No.3

<B>Abstract</B><P>In this paper we give a sufficient condition for a complete, simply connected, and strict nearly Kähler manifold of dimension 6 to be a homogeneous nearly Kähler manifold. This result was announced in a previous paper by the first author.</P>