A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan

Watanabe, Makoto,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Matsumura, Hideyuki,Kohno, Yoshihisa,Koike, Takayoshi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4

Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.

A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan

Makoto Watanabe,Masahiro Yamaguchi,Hideyuki Matsumura,Yoshihisa Kohno,Takayoshi Koike,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4

Ozone (O_3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric O_3 in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species,risk assessments of O_3 impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of O_3 on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of O_3 impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). O_3 sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, O_3 exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of O_3 impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high O_3 exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to O_3 and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the O_3 sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high O_3 exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of O_3 on forest tree species in East Asia.

Creative Evolution and Individual Awakening

Watanabe, Hisayoshi 선문대학교 통일사상연구원 1998 통일사상 연구논총 Vol.4 No.-

이 논문은 3장으로 구성되었다. 제1장은 아리스토텔레스로부터 출발한 서구의 실체개념의 문제를 분석해 볼 것이다. 아리스토텔레스의 실체와 질의 존재론에서 단지 추상적 개념들로서의 보편적 질은 개별적 실체들을 진정으로 상호 관련시키는 구체적인 힘이 없기 때문에 실체의 단절의 문제는 그러한 존재론에서는 단지 추상적 개념에 불과한 보편적 질의 문제에 의한 것일 수 있음을 보여줄 것이다. 보다 중요하게 단지 추상적 개념으로 취급된 보편적 질들의 문제 그것은 또한 아리스토텔레스의 그의 질료 형상론의 모순된 적용에서 비롯된 것, 즉 하나님을 순수형상으로만 보는 정적인 관점에 의한 것일 수 있음을 보여줄 것이다. 제2장은 통일사상에 의한 해결책을 보여 줄 것이다. 아리스토텔레스의 정적 순수형상인 하나님과 달리 통일사상에서의 하나님은 형상과 질료에 각각 상당하는 성상과 형상의 이성성상의 동적 상호성을 가지고 있는 동적인 하나님이다. 이러한 하나님은 단지 추상개념에 불과한 존재와는 달리 개별적 실체들의 보편적 질들을 유지시키며, 그 보편적 질이개별적 실체들은 진정으로 상호관련시킬 수 있을 정도로 역동적으로 만든다. 통일사상에 의한 이 해결은 "원상론", "존재론" 그리고 "인식론"의 장으로부터 자연스럽게 이루어진다. 구체적으로 그것은 "원상론"에서의 성상과 형상으로서의 신론으로 부터, "존재론"에서 하나님과 피조세계와의 닮읍의 법칙으로 부터, 그리고 "인식론"에서의 조합론으로 부터 결론지어 진다. 이 세가지가 여기에 통일사상의 해결책인 "존재론적 조합론"이라 부르는 것으로 구성되어 결합된다. 그러나, 통일사상의 출현에 앞서서 그 문제에 대한 가치있는 해결들을 시도한 것으로 알려진 몇몇의 학파들이 있었다. 그들 가운데에서 헤겔주의와 대숭불교를 이 논문의 제3장에서 통일사상의 시각으로 검토할 것이다. 헤겔주의와 대숭불교는 각각 서구과 동양에서 출현하였고, 이미 그들은 그 문제를 처리하는 방법들에 있어서 몇가지 현저한 유사점을 가지고 있다. 헤겔은 절대정신 안의 존재와 비존재 사이의 변증법적 운동을 시사한 반면, 비슷한 성질인 대숭불교는 sunyata 그 자체안의 충만과 공허 사이의 동적 상호성을 제안한다. 두 제안들은 자연히 아리스토텔레스적인 순수형상으로서의 神에 관한 이론과는 의견이 다르며, 성상과 형상의 하나님의 동적인 이성성상의 이론과는 어느 정도 유사하다. 이것은 야기된 문제가 얼마나 보편적이며 또한 인간의 관심과 해결하는 방법이 얼마나 일반적인가를 보여 준다. 그러나 헤겔주의와 대승불교는 제3장에서 살펴 보겠지만, 몇가지 어려운 문제들이 있다. 그러므로 결론에서는 통일사상이 우리가 다루는 문제에 대한 최선의 해결책을 제시해주고 있음을 언급할 것이다. Certainly, for a materialistic biologist to raise the picture of Darwin as the greatest man in history is like a Euclidean geometer raising Euclid's picture as the greatest man in history. One must remember there are non-Euclidean geometries equally applicable to the same reality.

Present Status of Research on Design and Processing of Functionally Graded Materials

Watanabe, Ryuzo,Nishida, Toshihiko,Hirai, Toshio 대한금속재료학회 2003 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.9 No.6

Recent activities in the research of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are reviewed with an emphasis on the fabrication techniques for graded microstructure and functions. The research activities have focused on the processing of graded structures that satisfy the designed functions. Several examples of practical applications of FGMs are described in the present paper to demonstrate the fabrication approaches typical to this kind of material. The remainder of the paper is devoted to summarizing a recently finished national project supported by the Ministry of Education of Japan. Research and developments with respect to FGMs in various fields including physics, chemistry, medical science, and biology are briefly reviewed.

Viscoelastic and Dielectric Relaxation of Reptating Type-A Chains Affected by Reversible Head-to-Head Association and Dissociation

Watanabe, Hiroshi,Matsumiya, Yumi,Kwon, Youngdon American Chemical Society 2018 Macromolecules Vol.51 No.16

<P>For entangled linear polymer having type A dipoles and undergoing head-to-head association and dissociation reaction, viscoelastic and dielectric behavior is theoretically analyzed on the basis of the reptation dynamics combined with the reaction kinetics. Specifically, for the dissociated unimer and associated dimer (indexed with <I>j</I> = 1 and 2, respectively), the normalized complex modulus <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>*(ω) and the normalized complex dielectric permittivity ε̃<SUB><I>j</I></SUB>*(ω) are analytically calculated via eigenfunction expansion of the orientational anisotropy and orientational memory defined in terms of the bond vectors <B>u</B> of entanglement segments. The reaction activates mutual conformational transfer between the unimer and dimer. Multiple coupling occurs for the anisotropy decay modes of the unimer and dimer due to this transfer, and the viscoelastic <I>g</I><SUB>1</SUB>* and <I>g</I><SUB>2</SUB>* of the unimer and dimer, respectively, exhibit considerably retarded and accelerated relaxation compared to the pure reptation case. In contrast, the memory decay modes of the unimer and dimer are only pairwisely coupled, so that the reaction-induced acceleration and retardation for the dielectric ε̃<SUB>1</SUB>* and ε̃<SUB>2</SUB>* are much weaker than those seen for the viscoelastic <I>g</I><SUB>1</SUB>* and <I>g</I><SUB>2</SUB>*. The orientational anisotropy is the tensorial, second-moment average of <B>u</B> associated with no cancellation in the conformational transfer, whereas the orientational memory is the vectorial, first-moment average accompanied by partial cancellation, which results in the difference between <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* and ε̃<SUB><I>j</I></SUB>*. This difference between <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* and ε̃<SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* is noted also for the associating/dissociating Rouse chains. Nevertheless, the reaction-induced retardation of the viscoelastic relaxation is stronger for the reptating unimer than for the Rouse unimer, whereas the reaction-induced acceleration is similar, in magnitude, for the reptating dimer and Rouse dimer. These features of <I>g</I><SUB><I>j</I></SUB>* of the unimer and dimer are discussed in relation to the motional coherence along the chain backbone being present and absent in the reptation and Rouse dynamics.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Signal Transduction of the Cytokine Receptor

Watanabe, Sumiko The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 1998 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.2 No.2

Cytokines regulate proliferation, differentiation and functions of haemotopoietic cells. Each cytokine possesses a variety of activities on various target cells (pleiotropy) and various cytokines have similar and overlapping activities on the same target cells (redundancy). The nature of these cytokine activities predicts unique feature of cytokine receptors, namely, cytokine has multiple receptors, different cytokines share a common receptor, and different cytokine receptors are linked to common signaling pathways. cDNA cloning of genes for cytokine receptors revealed distinct sets of receptor family with different structural features. The cytokine receptor superfamily consists of a largest family, and contains more than twenty cytokine receptor subunits. This receptor has common structural features in both extracellular and intracellular regions without tyrosine kinase domain. Another striking feature of the receptor is to share common subunit of multiple cytokines, which partly explains the redundancy of activities of some cytokines. Recent studies revealed detailed signaling events of the cytokine receptor, the primary activation of JAK and subsequent phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of receptor, and various cellular proteins. Many SH2 containing adapter proteins play an important role in cytokine signals, and this system has similarities with tyrosine kinase receptor signal transduction. STAT may mainly account for cytokine specific functions as suggested by knockout mice studies. It is of importance to note that cytokine activates multiple signaling pathways and the balance and combination of related signaling events may determine the specificity of functions of cytokines.

Determination of Intestinal Disappearance of Lysine and Methionine Derived from Ruminally Protected Lysine and Methionine in Holstein Heifers

Watanabe, K.,Sato, H.,Kobayashi, T.,Katoh, K.,Obara, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.4

In order to estimate the availability of ruminally-protected Lys (RPLys) and Met (RPMet), quantitative changes of free Lys and Met in the total abomasal outflow and feces were determined in three Holstein heifers with a T-shaped duodenal cannula. RPLys was prepared by coating Lys with fat and RPMet with a pH-sensitive polymer. RPLys and RPMet containing 30 g of each amino acid were supplied together to heifers, and total abomasal outflow was collected hourly from the T-shaped duodenal cannula for a 48 h period. Collected abomasal outflows were fractionated into liquid and solid phases to measure free Lys and Met concentration. At 2 wk after total abomasal outflow sampling, heifers were supplied RPLys and RPMet together again, and total feces were collected every 12 h for a 3 d period t estimate excreted RPLys and RPMet in feces. The amounts of Lys and Met recovered from the liquid fractions of abomasal outflow were estimated to be $23.9{\pm}8.3%$ and $68.6{\pm}3.6%$ (p=0.008) of RPLys and RPMet ingested, respectively. Final intestinal disappearances of Lys and Met were estimated to be $49.5{\pm}2.6%$ and $78.2%{\pm}6.5%$ (p=0.015) of ingested RPLys and RPMet, respectively.

아시아의 천연가스 및 LNG시장과 일본의 역할

Watanabe H 한국에너지협의회 1995 에너지協議會報 Vol.36 No.-

Holism as the Reconcilling Principle of Science and Religion

Watanabe, Hisayoshi 선문대학교 통일사상연구원 1997 통일사상 연구논총 Vol.3 No.-

What I have called 'religious paradigm'must by now be clear, I hope. It is paradigm set against the materialistic paradigm of conventional science, centered on the concept of 'life' as an unrefutable heart of reality. It is 'religious' without being specially religious, but then it may be called deeply religious since 'fife' reaches into realms too deep to fathom. Religion, then, should be given a new concept, as science should be rid of its old concept. Obstacles to the harmonization of scientific and religious views of the world, then, reside mainly in our being entrapped in their old concepts, in the lack of imagination, in not reviewing our first assumptions.

Preliminary Analysis on Decommissioning Strategies for Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station From Waste Management Perspective

Watanabe, Naoko,Yanagihara, Satoshi Korean Radioactive Waste Society 2021 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.19 No.3

In this study, basic strategies for the decommissioning and site remediation of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) were investigated. Six scenarios were formulated based on two of the three decommissioning strategies of nuclear power plants defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): immediate dismantling and deferred dismantling. A multicriteria decision analysis was performed to analyze the preferences of the options from the viewpoints of the timeframe to complete decommissioning, the resulting waste, the site usability, and the availability of the radioactive waste disposal route. The same six scenarios were applied to both the FDNPS and the nuclear power plants that ceased operation after a normal plant life cycle for comparison. For the FDNPS, the decommissioning project involved fuel debris retrieval, dismantling, and site remediation. The analysis results suggest that the balance between the amount of waste and the time to achieve the end state may be one of the most critical factors to consider when planning the decommissioning and site remediation of the FDNPS.