북한의 대미 사회-정치 인식 변화: 1960-1991년의 『조선중앙년감』을 중심으로

WARD ROBERT PETER CHISHOLM 한국세계문화사학회 2019 세계 역사와 문화 연구 Vol.0 No.53

North Korean official perception of the US society and politics is very important given what an significant role anti-Americanism plays in North Korean state identity. Yet it has largely remained neglected as a topic of research both in South Korea and elsewhere. Up to now, most research on North Korean official discourse on the United States has focused on other issues like the social reproduction of anti-Americanism inside North Korea, the portrayal of the United States as an actor on the Korean peninsula, and the view of the United States as an imperial. The North Korean view of US society and politics within its broader ideology of anti-Americanism has remained largely unstudied. This article seeks to fill this gap in the literature by focusing on how US society and politics are depicted in a particular official North Korean source: The Korean Central Yearbook. This source is published yearly by the state's wire agency, which makes longitudinal, qualitative analysis easier to do systematically. The period under analysis here is 1960-91, and this period was chosen because this is when Kim Il-sung, having faced Soviet and Chinese intervention in North Korean internal affairs, sought to distance the country from its erstwhile backers. North Korean discourse in this period with respect to US politics and society are quite consistent, with little change noticeable change in how ruling US elites are depicted. Conversely, in North Korean discourse, perceptions of US society become less positive, with less hope put in revolutionary/progressive forces, and more emphasis on the 'diseased and rotten' nature of US society as the period goes on. The latter may speak to loss of hope in 'progressive' social forces in the United States on the part of the North Korean elite. 반미주의를 국가 정체성의 기본적 요소로 삼은 북한에게 있어 미국 정치 및 사회에 대한 인식은 중요하다. 그렇지만 지금까지 국내외에서 진행된 연구에서는 반미주의의 사회적 재생산, 역사적 배경, 주한미군 그리고 소위 미제국주의 등 북한 공식 담론의 다른 요소에 초점을 맞추었다. 북한 공식 담론에 있어서 반미주의를 구성하고 재생산하는 대미 인식에서의 미국 사회 및 정치에 대한 인식을 다루지 않고 있다. 본 연구는 기존 연구에서 거의 다루어지지 않아 온 북한 담론의 미국 사회 및 정치에 대한 담론에 대한 분석을 중심으로 한다. 담론의 실체 및 변화를 주기적으로 파악하는 데에는 북한 관영통신사인 조선중앙통신에서 매년 출간하는『조선중앙년감』을 기초자료로 활용한다. 1960년대에 접어드는 시점, 즉 북한이 독자적 외교노선을 취하게 될 때로부터 1990년까지의 북한 대미 정치-사회 인식을 주된 분석 대상으로 삼아, 김일성 시대의 대미 인식 변화를 밝히고자 한다. 이 시기 동안, 북한 담론에서의 미국 정치에 대한 논의는 일정한 일관성을 지니며 미국 지도층에 대한 비난의 논조 및 내용에서의 변화는 관찰되지 않는다. 반면에 미국 사회에 대한 인식은 시기별로 변화가 보이는데, 이는 미국 사회의 진보세력에 대한 북한의 희망이 감퇴되어 가는 현상 및 북한의 사상 변화로 해석된다.

Capitalism from Below with North Korean Characteristics: The State, Capitalist Class Formation, and Foreign Investment in Comparative Perspective

Peter Ward,,Andrei Lankov,김지영 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2019 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.43 No.3

Post-socialist transformation has been studied extensively in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and other states in Asia. This article will examine the North Korean experience and suggests how North Korea’s post-socialist experience can be positioned within the broader picture of post-socialism. In this article we focus on the following three areas: the state sector, capitalist class formation and capital accumulation, and the role of foreign investment. We rely on a reading of North Korean laws and North Korean official publications, previous survey work involving firms dealing with North Korea in the past and present, as well as official North Korean census data to offer as full a picture as is possible.

EMBEDDED AND AUTONOMOUS MARKETS IN NORTH KOREA'S FISHING INDUSTRY: RESOURCE SCARCITY, MONITORING COSTS, AND EVOLVING INSTITUTIONS

Ward Peter,Lankov Andrei,김지영 동아시아연구원 2021 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.21 No.1

North Korea today is a most unusual post-socialist state. Market actors and market prices are integral to economic life, but private property remains illegal, and private enterprise outside the household is de jure non-existent. In such an institutional context, some market processes are more autonomous in relation to the state, while others are more embedded within state structures. In this article, we offer a theoretical account of the shape that North Korea's market economy has taken, developed from a set of fishing industry case studies. We note four broad categories of enterprises: closely embedded, loosely embedded, semi-autonomous, and autonomous. By relative autonomy/embeddedness we mean control over fixed assets, cash flow, and operational decisions such as wage and price setting. We postulate three major determinants of embeddedness/autonomy: (1) relative strategic resource scarcity between state and market actors, (2) monitoring costs, and (3) institutional evolution that reflects these realities, though to varying extents.

북한의 ‘국가경제발전 5개년(2016~20) 전략’ 평가 : 수립배경, 달성목표 및 실패요인 분석을 중심으로

피터 워드(Ward, Peter),한기범(Han, Kibum) 고려대학교세종캠퍼스 공공정책연구소 2021 Journal of North Korea Studies Vol.7 No.1

The present article examines North Korea’s Five-year Economic Strategy (2016-2020). Utilizing a large portion of the strategy document obtained by the authors, it considers the background to the strategy’s formation, providing new data about the state of the North Korean economy in the period prior. It also examines the actual goals of the strategy, assesses the rates of growth required to realize such targets given prior performance, and the concrete measures that the planning authorities offer to realize their objectives. We offer tentative evidence that the strategy’s taut goals that demanded massive rises in output created structural contradictions because of changes to the enterprise and farming management systems that were designed to loosen state control over industry.

Review : The Significance of Interstitial Cells in Neurogastroenterology

( Peter J Blair ),( Poong Lyul Rhee ),( Kenton M Sanders ),( Sean M Ward ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2014 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.20 No.3

Smooth muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract consist of a heterogeneous population of cells that include enteric neurons, several classes of interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin, a variety of immune cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Over the last number of years the complexity of the interactions between these cell types has begun to emerge. For example, interstitialcells, consisting of both interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive (PDGFRα+) cellsgenerate pacemaker activity throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and also transduce enteric motor nerve signals and mechanosensitivityto adjacent SMCs. ICC and PDGFRα+ cells are electrically coupled to SMCs possibly via gap junctions forminga multicellular functional syncytium termed the SIP syncytium. Cells that make up the SIP syncytium are highly specialized containingunique receptors, ion channels and intracellular signaling pathways that regulate the excitability of GI muscles. Theunique role of these cells in coordinating GI motility is evident by the altered motility patterns in animal models where interstitialcell networks are disrupted. Although considerable advances have been made in recent years on our understanding of the roles of these cells within the SIP syncytium, the full physiological functions of these cells and the consequences of the irdisruption in GI muscles have not been clearly defined. This review gives a synopsis of the history of interstitial cell discovery and highlights recent advances in structural, molecular expression and functional roles of these cells in the GI tract.

THE MEASUREMENT OF VISCOSITY OF LIQUIDS UNDER TENSION

Peter A. Kottke,Scott S. Bair,Ward O. Winer 한국트라이볼로지학회 2002 한국트라이볼로지학회 학술대회 Vol.2002 No.10

The North Korean Workers in Russia: Problematizing the “Forced Labor” Discourse

Andrei Lankov,Peter Ward,Jiyoung Kim 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2020 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.44 No.1

In recent years, North Korean workers overseas have begun to attract increasing attention of the international media, human rights activists, and academics. They are often depicted as being “modern-day slaves,” but the present article challenges this approach. It relies on a number of sources, including interviews with former workers (currently residing outside North Korea) and their Russian employers. In many regards, overseas North Korean workers face problematic circumstances. Nonetheless, workers compete for the op portunity to go overseas, since the overseas work, in spite of all hardships, is much preferable to all jobs they can re alistically have at home. Rather than seeing themselves as victims, more or less all our interviewees perceive themselves as active and entrepreneurial individuals who succeeded in securing work that, in spite of hard conditions, opens ave nues for upward social mobility. They faced constraints and difficulties, of which they are all too aware, but also had agency to act within these constraints. We offer a critical ex amination of the “forced labor” claim and the applicability of the International Labour Organization’s Forced Labour Convention to the issue.

Making Money in the State: North Korea's Pseudo-State Enterprises in the Early 2000s

Andrei Lankov,Peter Ward,유호열,김지영 동아시아연구원 2017 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.17 No.1

In the 1990s, a part of the North Korean economy underwent a process of marketization and defacto privatization. While largely spontaneous, this process was eerily reminiscent of developments in other post-Communist countries in Eastern Europe. One of the results was the emergence of a new entrepreneurial class, a nascent bourgeoisie. In order to overcome the obstacles that arose from the lack of any legal framework for their activities, they often chose to register their enterprises with state agencies, creating what we call Pseudo-state Enterprises (PSEs). Utilizing an agency theory approach, with particular emphasis on property rights and contracting problems, this article traces the origin of the PSE, their interaction with the state, how they are managed and the challenges they face. The article is based on refugee interviews with five North Koreans involved with the PSE-related activities in nine entities covering a range of different sectors.

Influence of Service Characteristics on High Priority Performance Indicators and Standards in the BreastScreen Australia Program

Roder, David Murray,Ward, Gail Heather,Farshid, Gelareh,Gill, Peter Grantley Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.14

Background: Data from BreastScreen Australia Screening and Assessment Services (SAS) for 2002-2010 were analysed to determine whether some SAS characteristics were more conducive that others to high screening performance, as indicated by high priority performance indicators and standards. Materials And Methods: Indicators investigated related to: numbers of benign open biopsies, screen-detected invasive cancers, and interval cancers, and wait times between screening and assessment. Multivariate Poisson regression was undertaken using as candidate predictors of performance, SAS size (screening volume), urban or rural location, year of screening, accreditation status, and percentages of clients from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, rural and remote areas, and socio-economically disadvantaged areas. Results: Performance standards for benign biopsies and invasive cancer detection were uniformly met irrespective of SAS location and size. The interval cancer standard was also met, except in 2003 when the 95% confidence interval of the rate still incorporated the national standard. Performance indicators improved over time for: benign open biopsy for second or subsequent screening rounds; rates of invasive breast cancer detection for second or subsequent screening rounds; and rates of small cancer detection. No differences were found over time in interval cancer rates. Interval cancer rates did not differ between non-metropolitan and metropolitan SAS, although state-wide SAS had lower rates. The standard for wait time between screening and assessment (being assessed ${\leq}28$ days) was mostly unmet and this applied in particular to SAS with high percentages of culturally and linguistically diverse women in their screening populations. Conclusions: Gains in performance were observed, and all performance standards were met irrespective of SAS characteristics, except wait times to assessment. Additional descriptive data should be collected on SAS characteristics, and their associations with favourable screening performance, as these may be important when deciding on SAS design

SPATIAL DECENTRALIZATION TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES

James E. Moore II,Peter Gordon,Harry Ward Richardson 주택산업연구원 1997 발간자료 Vol.1997 No.1