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Waqas WAKIL,Muhammad ASHFAQ,권용정,M. U. GHAZANFAR 한국곤충학회 2009 Entomological Research Vol.39 No.1
A study was carried out at the University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan to integrate different control measures against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on chickpea, to minimize the use of hazardous insecticides and develop an eco-friendly management program. Cultural (weeding), mechanical (hand picking), biological (release of Trichogramma chilonis), microbial (spraying of Bacillus thruingiensis) and chemical (Steward) control practices were applied three times at 10 day intervals individually and also in various combinations. The application of Steward proved most effective when applied alone, with 0.41 larvae/plant, pod infestation of 9.31% and the highest grain yield (1203.66 g/plot); however, the integration of weeding, hand picking and Steward proved to be the most effective in reducing the larval population (0.12 larvae/plant) with minimum pod infestation (5.45%) on variety CM-2000, which resulted in the maximum grain yield (1260.33 g/plot). The cost–enefit ratio in the treatment where Steward was applied alone was 1:2.20, and it was 1:3.53 where weeding and hand picking practices were integrated.
Effects of Alum and Ferric chloride as a Blend on Poultry Litter Characteristics
( Waqas Qasim ),( Byeong Eun Moon ),( Malinee Phonsuwan ),( Jin Seok Jo ),( Min Ho Lee ),( Mohammad Nafees ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2016 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.21 No.2
Aluminum sulfate, Ferric chloride, Ferrous sulfate and Sodium bisulfate used on poultry litter in the past individually at different concentration to reduce environmental pollution and increase chicken productivity. Poultry litter is also rich in nutrients which can be used as a fertilizer to crops. In this study we evaluate the effects of Alum and Ferric chloride as a blend on poultry litter characteristics. There were total five treatments Control, T1, T2, T3 and T4. Five Boxes (70 × 40 × 43 cm) were used for this experiment, in each box 1 kg fresh chicken manure and 4 kg sawdust were mixed thoroughly. NH3 and CO₂ emission, pH, EC, Moisture content, Total and Water Soluble nutrients of poultry litter were determined after applying blend of Alum and ferric chloride to T1, T2, T3 and T4 at concentration of (5%+5%), (2.5%+5%), (5%+2.5%), and (2.5%+2.5%) of litter respectively. All the parameters except from nutrients were checked on weekly basis up to six weeks. Nutrients were checked after 1 and 42 days of applying chemicals. NH3, CO₂ emission in control treatment were recorded high from other treatments throughout the experiment but reduced with time due to reduction in moisture content. In other treatments NH3 were 0 ppm at first 2 weeks then the emission starts slowly between 3rd and 6<sup>th</sup> weeks. At end of 6<sup>th</sup> week lowest NH3 and CO₂ emission was recorded at T1. pH and EC showed the inverse relationship, in control treatment high pH and low EC values were found, and in other treatments low pH and high EC values were found. After 42 days Nitrogen were reduces significantly from control treatment, the high N content were found in T1. Water Soluble Phosphorus were much lower in treated poultry litters than untreated both after 1 day and 42 days. These data give us an indication that use of Alum and Ferric chloride as a blend can be more useful amendments for reducing NH3, CO₂, pH and Moisture content which help in poultry productivity, controlling pollution and poultry litter as a fertilizer.
Buffer-Based Adaptive Bitrate Algorithm for Streaming over HTTP
( Waqas Ur Rahman ),( Kwangsue Chung ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2015 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.9 No.11
Video streaming services make up a large proportion of Internet traffic on both fixed and mobile access throughout the world. Adaptive streaming allows for dynamical adaptation of the bitrate with varying network conditions, to guarantee the best user experience. Adaptive bitrate algorithms face a significant challenge in correctly estimating the throughput as it varies widely over time. In this paper, we first evaluate the throughput estimation techniques and show that the method that we have used offers stable response to throughput fluctuations while maintaining a stable playback buffer. Then, we propose an adaptive bitrate scheme that intelligently selects the video bitrates based on the estimated throughput and buffer occupancy. We show that the proposed scheme improves viewing experience by achieving a high video rate without taking unnecessary risks and by minimizing the frequency of changes in the video quality. Furthermore, we show that it offers a stable response to short-term fluctuations and responds swiftly to large fluctuations. We evaluate our algorithm for both constant bitrate (CBR) and variable bitrate (VBR) video content by taking into account the segment sizes and show that it significantly improves the quality of video streaming.
Evaluation of Humic Acid Application Methods for Yield and Yield Components of Mungbean
Waqas, Muhammad,Ahmad, Bashir,Arif, Muhammad,Munsif, Fazal,Latif Khan, Abdul,Amin, Muhammad,Kang, Sang-Mo,Kim, Yoon-Ha,Lee, In-Jung 'Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.' 2014 American journal of plant sciences Vol.5 No.15
Waqas Wakil,M. Usman GHAZANFAR,Shahbaz Talib Sahi,권용정,M. Abdul Qayyum 한국곤충학회 2011 Entomological Research Vol.41 No.3
The efficacy of one new modified and two old meridic diets on Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for rearing six successive generations was studied. Duration of larval development for insects fed on the modified diet was considerably shortened as most of them went through only five stadia before pupation, while the per cent pupation and per cent eclosion were relatively higher than on other diets. The lowest pupal mortality (6.33 ± 0.13%) was recorded in the F1 generation reared on the modified diet, whereas the highest pupal mortality (19.49 ± 0.15%) was observed in insects reared on a natural diet in the F6 generation. Blending of chickpea Cicer arietinum L. and red kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris L. flours with tomato paste proved highly favorable for adult reproduction. These results suggest that the vitality of the tomato fruitworm did not decline obviously after rearing on a modified diet for several generations.