Identification and Partial Characterization of an Alanine Aminotransferase Gene CsAlaAT2 in Response to Shade in Tea (Camellia sinensis)

Wang Jinhe,Chen Wenzhen,Li Yuanda,Zhao Xiuxiu,Xiang Qinzheng,Li Min 한국식물학회 2021 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.64 No.1

Alanine contributes to the taste and nutritional quality of tea and is an important member of alanine metabolism catalyzed by alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, EC 2.6.1.2). However, the molecular mechanism underlying alanine metabolism in tea plants has not been fully elucidated. In this study, an increase in enzyme activity of AlaAT2 was detected in vitro, and the alanine aminotransferase activity was higher level in leaves than that in other tissues of tea plant, while the CsAlaAT2 transcription was high in leaves and root. Using phylogenetic analysis, an alanine aminotransferase gene CsAlaAT2 was identified as a member of group C, which was located in the mitochondrion. Additionally, the molecular mass of CsAlaAT2 protein was found to be approximately 53 kDa by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The CsAlaAT2 expression level and the alanine content in photosynthetic tissues increased in response to the shade treatment. Furthermore, the involvement of CsAlaAT2 in alanine biosynthesis was confirmed based on transient suppression assays in tea leaves, and the alanine content and CsAlaAT2 transcript level decreased when CsAlaAT2 expression was suppressed in tea leaves. Thus, this study suggests that CsAlaAT2 is essential for the alanine metabolism in tea plants grown and its response to shade.

Evaluation of Different Yeast Species for Improving In vitro Fermentation of Cereal Straws

Wang, Zuo,He, Zhixiong,Beauchemin, Karen A.,Tang, Shaoxun,Zhou, Chuanshe,Han, Xuefeng,Wang, Min,Kang, Jinhe,Odongo, Nicholas E.,Tan, Zhiliang Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.2

Information on the effects of different yeast species on ruminal fermentation is limited. This experiment was conducted in a $3{\times}4$ factorial arrangement to explore and compare the effects of addition of three different live yeast species (Candida utilis 1314, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1355, and Candida tropicalis 1254) at four doses (0, $0.25{\times}10^7$, $0.50{\times}10^7$, and $0.75{\times}10^7$ colony-forming unit [cfu]) on in vitro gas production kinetics, fiber degradation, methane production and ruminal fermentation characteristics of maize stover, and rice straw by mixed rumen microorganisms in dairy cows. The maximum gas production (Vf), dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber disappearance (IVNDFD), and methane production in C. utilis group were less (p<0.01) than other two live yeast supplemented groups. The inclusion of S. cerevisiae reduced (p<0.01) the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), isobutyrate, and isovalerate compared to the other two yeast groups. C. tropicalis addition generally enhanced (p<0.05) IVDMD and IVNDFD. The $NH_3$-N concentration and $CH_4$ production were increased (p<0.05) by the addition of S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis compared with the control. Supplementation of three yeast species decreased (p<0.05) or numerically decreased the ratio of acetate to propionate. The current results indicate that C. tropicalis is more preferred as yeast culture supplements, and its optimal dose should be $0.25{\times}10^7$ cfu/500 mg substrates in vitro.

Effects of Momordica charantia Saponins on In vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Population

Kang, Jinhe,Zeng, Bo,Tang, Shaoxun,Wang, Min,Han, Xuefeng,Zhou, Chuanshe,Yan, Qiongxian,He, Zhixiong,Liu, Jinfu,Tan, Zhiliang Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2016 Animal Bioscience Vol.29 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Momordica charantia saponin (MCS) on ruminal fermentation of maize stover and abundance of selected microbial populations in vitro. Five levels of MCS supplements (0, 0.01, 0.06, 0.30, 0.60 mg/mL) were tested. The pH, $NH_3-N$, and volatile fatty acid were measured at 6, 24, 48 h of in vitro mixed incubation fluids, whilst the selected microbial populations were determined at 6 and 24 h. The high dose of MCS increased the initial fractional rate of degradation at t-value = 0 ($FRD_0$) and the fractional rate of gas production (k), but decreased the theoretical maximum of gas production ($V_F$) and the half-life ($t_{0.5}$) compared with the control. The $NH_3-N$ concentration reached the lowest concentration with 0.01 mg MCS/mL at 6 h. The MSC inclusion increased (p<0.001) the molar proportion of butyrate, isovalerate at 24 h and 48 h, and the molar proportion of acetate at 24 h, but then decreased (p<0.05) them at 48 h. The molar proportion of valerate was increased (p<0.05) at 24 h. The acetate to propionate ratio (A/P; linear, p<0.01) was increased at 24 h, but reached the least value at the level of 0.30 mg/mL MCS. The MCS inclusion decreased (p<0.05) the molar proportion of propionate at 24 h and then increased it at 48 h. The concentration of total volatile fatty acid was decreased (p<0.001) at 24 h, but reached the greatest concentration at the level of 0.01 mg/mL and the least concentration at the level of 0.60 mg/mL. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus albus was increased at 6 h and 24 h, and the relative abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes was the lowest (p<0.05) at 0.60 mg/mL at 6 h and 24 h. The relative abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and fungus reached the greatest value (p<0.05) at low doses of MCS inclusion and the least value (p<0.05) at 0.60 mg/mL at 24 h. The present results demonstrates that a high level of MCS quickly inhibits in vitro fermentation of maize stover, while MCS at low doses has the ability to modulate the ruminal fermentation pattern by regulating the number of functional rumen microbes including cellulolytic bacteria and fungi populations, and may have potential as a feed additive applied in the diets of ruminants.

Fluoride Self-Assembled Monolayer based In₂O₃ Thin-Film Transistors

Xiao-lin Wang(왕소림),Fei Shan(선비),Han-Lin Zhao(조한림),Suchang Yoo(유수창),Tukhtaev Anvar,Isamaddinov Shukhra,Erdiev Jonibek Elmur,Yonghwan Kim(김용환),Jinhee Lee(이진희),Jaeyun Lee(이재윤),Sung-jin Kim(김성진) 대한전기학회 2022 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.7

ASTROD I, Test of Relativity, Solar-System Measurement and G-Wave Detection

Wei-Tou Ni,Albrecht Rudiger,Etienne Samain,Stephan Schiller,Diana Shaul,Sachie Shiomi,Timothy Sumner,Chien-Jen Tang,Jinhe Tao,Pierre Touboul,Haitao Wang,Andreas Wicht,Ji Wu,Xue-Jun Wu,Yaoheng Xiong,Ch 한국물리학회 2004 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.45 No.1

ASTROD-I is a mission concept under study to realize the general concept of ASTROD (Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices). This mission concept has one spacecraft carrying a payload of a telescope, ve lasers, and a clock together with ground stations (ODSN: Optical Deep Space Network) to test the optical scheme of interferometric and pulse ranging and yet give important scientic results. The scientic goals include a better measurement of the relativistic parameters, a better sensitivity in using optical Doppler tracking method for detecting gravitational waves, and measurement of many solar system parameters more precisely. The weight of this spacecraft is estimated to be about 300-350 kg with a payload of about 100-120 kg. The spacecraft is to be launched with initial period about 290 days and to pass by Venus twice to receive gravity-assistance for achieving shorter periods. With good orbit design, after about 370 days from launch, the spacecraft will arrive at the other side of the Sun for the determination of relativistic parameters.

Single Crystalline β-Ag₂Te Nanowire as a New Topological Insulator

Lee, Sunghun,In, Juneho,Yoo, Youngdong,Jo, Younghun,Park, Yun Chang,Kim, Hyung-jun,Koo, Hyun Cheol,Kim, Jinhee,Kim, Bongsoo,Wang, Kang L. American Chemical Society 2012 NANO LETTERS Vol.12 No.8

<P>A recent theoretical study suggested that Ag<SUB>2</SUB>Te is a topological insulator with a highly anisotropic Dirac cone. Novel physics in the topological insulators with an anisotropic Dirac cone is anticipated due to the violation of rotational invariance. From magnetoresistance (MR) measurements of Ag<SUB>2</SUB>Te nanowires (NWs), we have observed Aharanov–Bohm (AB) oscillation, which is attributed to the quantum interference of electron phase around the perimeter of the NW. Angle and temperature dependences of the AB oscillation indicate the existence of conducting surface states in the NWs, confirming that Ag<SUB>2</SUB>Te is a topological insulator. For Ag<SUB>2</SUB>Te nanoplates (NPLs), we have observed high carrier mobility exceeding 22 000 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/(V s) and pronounced Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillation. From the SdH oscillation, we have obtained Fermi state parameters of the Ag<SUB>2</SUB>Te NPLs, which can provide valuable information on Ag<SUB>2</SUB>Te. Understanding the basic physics of the topological insulator with an anisotropic Dirac cone could lead to new applications in nanoelectronics and spintronics.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2012/nalefd.2012.12.issue-8/nl301763r/production/images/medium/nl-2012-01763r_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl301763r'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>