승단의 화합실현과 지도자의 역할

손성우(Ven. Deokmun) 불교학연구회 2017 불교학연구 Vol.52 No.-

승단이 화합을 실현하며 운영되려면 어떠한 조건을 갖추어야 하며 특히 승단을 운영하는 지도자는 어떠한 조건을 갖추어야 하는가에 대한 고민을 사분율행사초와 사분율자지기에서 도선과 원조가 정리한 내용을 중심으로 살펴보았다 . 승단이 화합하며 그 역할을 다하기 위해서는 청정성을 유지하는 일이 중요하며 , 화합승가를 구현하기 위해서는 청정대중 및 도량이 중요하다 할 수 있다 . 이러한 조건 위에 화합승가를 유지하는 각종 갈마를 여법여율하게 진행할 수 있는 지도자의 역할이 대단히 중요하다 . 그 지도자의 자격이나 역할에 대해 살펴보고 , 범계 에 대한 예방을 위한 조치와 범계에 대한 거갈마 (擧羯磨) 와 갈마를 푸는 법 등을 살펴보았으며 , 공양물의 분배나 승제 (僧制) 로 시행된 비법갈마의 사례들을 통해 부처님 당시에 행해졌던 승가시스템과 현재 우리의 모습은 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다 . 화합승가를 구성하고 유지하는데 지도자역할을 할 수 있는 대표적인 소임자가 의지 사이다 . 의지사로서의 역할을 감당할 수 있고 승단구성원은 승단운영을 위한 각종 갈마에 대한 정확한 이해가 있어야만 청정화합승가의 유지를 위한 각종 갈마를 할 수 있다 . 그러나 조계종승가의 경우 교육의 부재로 이러한 시스템을 원만하게 운영할 수 없는 상 황에 있다고 볼 수 있다 . 청정승가를 유지하는데 필요한 여러 가지 제도에 대한 저술이 도선의 사분율행사초이며 그 정신을 계승한 것이 원조의 사분율자지기이다 . 이 저술은 송대 이후에 중국불교나 한국불교에서 거의 활용되지 못하였으나 중국의 경우 민국 때 홍일 (弘一) 율사가 四分律行事鈔資持記扶桑集釋 이라는 저술을 남겼고 이를 바탕으로 현재 대만불교의 계율도량이 설립･운영되고 있다 . 대만불교의 부흥은 우리에게도 참으로 부러운 일중의 하나인데 , 이러한 부러움을 만들어낸 기초가 바로 사분율행사초와 자지기를 통 해 마련되었다고 볼 수 있다 . 보다 폭넓고 깊이 있는 연구와 활용을 통해 한국불교도 화합승가의 모습을 이루어내고 감동과 공경으로 승가를 대하는 모습이 이루어졌으면 한다. This study examined what conditions should be in place in order to operate a Buddhist order in harmony and what conditions a leader of a Buddhist order should be equipped with, focusing on Sabunyulsahaengcho by Ven. Doseon and Sabunyuljajigi by Ven. Wonjo. For a Buddhist order to complete its role in harmony, maintaining the state of undefilement free from earthly desire and evil is important. Here, the pureness of members and of the bodhimanda is indispensable for realizing a harmonious Sangha. Based on this condition, the role of a leader who conducts kamma in accordance with Dharma and Vinaya is very important to maintain a harmonious Sangha. Therefore, this study looked into the qualification and role of a leader, considered useful measures to prevent breaking the precepts, and examined how to discipline those who break the precept by denying their conducting kamma ( 擧羯磨 ) and how to forgive them when they repent their misconduct by admitting their kamma ( 解羯磨 ). In addition, this paper also looked into the differences between the Sangha system in the time of Buddha and the present one through non-Dharma kamma in the distribution of offerings and monastic system( 僧制 ). Sabunyulsahaengcho of Ven. Doseon suggests various systematic help useful to maintain a clean Sangha and Sabunyuljajigi of Ven. Wonjo succeeded to the principle. These books have seldom been used in Chinese Buddhism and Korean Buddhism since the Song Dynasty. However, Ven. Hongil ( 弘一 ) of the Republic of China left a book, Sabunyulsahaengchojajigibusangjipsek ( 四分律行事鈔資持記扶桑 集釋 ), of which principle became the foundation of many Taiwanese temples of vinaya that were newly established and have been operated following it. The revitalization of Taiwan Buddhism deserves our envy and the basis of the revitalization was laid by Sabunyulsahaengcho and Jajigi. I hope that Korean Buddhism will realize a harmonious Sangha and will honor Sangha with appreciation and respect as the result of further research.

The gap between expectations and reality: integrating computers into mathematics classrooms

Bu¨ lent Gu¨ven 서울대학교 교육연구소 2009 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.10 No.4

As a result of dramatic changes in mathematics education around the world, in Turkey both elementary and secondary school mathematics curriculums have changed in the light of new demands since 2005. In order to perform the expected change in newly developed curriculum, computer should be integrated into learning and teaching process. Teachers' beliefs play a key role in this integration process. Negative beliefs against using computer in mathematics teaching may lead to failure of this process. With the help of this study, it is aimed to detect mathematics teachers' beliefs concerning Computer Assisted Mathematics Instruction (CAMI). Within the scope of this aim, the conducted questionnaire (The opinions of teachers about using computer in Mathematics Instruction) has been carried out on 91 mathematics teachers in the city of Trabzon. The acquired results have shown that mathematics teachers have developed negative opinions against CAMI. This state has revealed that there is a huge inconsistency between curriculum's positive expectations arising from computer usage and teachers' convictions.

Radiopacity of restorative composites by conventional radiograph and digital images with different resolutions

Raquel Venâncio Fernandes Dantas,Hugo Ramalho Sarmento,Rosângela Marques Duarte,Sônia Saeger Meireles Monte Raso,Ana Karina Maciel de Andrade,Maria Luiza dos Anjos Pontual 대한영상치의학회 2013 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.43 No.3

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate and compare the radiopacity of dentin, enamel, and 8 restorative composites on conventional radiograph and digital images with different resolutions. Materials and Methods: Specimens were fabricated from 8 materials and human molars were longitudinally sectioned 1.0 mm thick to include both enamel and dentin. The specimens and tooth sections were imaged by conventional radiograph using #4 sized intraoral film and digital images were taken in high speed and high resolution modes using a phosphor storage plate. Densitometric evaluation of the enamel, dentin, restorative materials, a lead sheet, and an aluminum step wedge was performed on the radiographic images. For the evaluation, the Al equivalent (mm) for each material was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p⁄0.05), considering the material factor and then the radiographic method factor, individually. Results: The high speed mode allowed the highest radiopacity, while the high resolution mode generated the lowest values. Furthermore, the high resolution mode was the most efficient method for radiographic differentiation between restorative composites and dentin. The conventional radiograph was the most effective in enabling differentiation between enamel and composites. The high speed mode was the least effective in enabling radiographic differentiation between the dental tissues and restorative composites. Conclusion: The high speed mode of digital imaging was not effective for differentiation between enamel and composites. This made it less effective than the high resolution mode and conventional radiographs. All of the composites evaluated showed radiopacity values that fit the ISO 4049 recommendations.

Hyperglycemia in pediatric age: could it be maturity onset diabetes of the young? Case reports and review of the literature

Mafalda Cascais,Ester Pereira,Alexandra Vieira,Margarida Venâncio,Lina Ramos,Pascoal Moleiro 대한소아내분비학회 2019 Annals of Pediatirc Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.24 No.4

Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) includes a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diabetes subtypes with MODY-2 being the second most prevalent form. We report 2 cases of MODY-2 identified during the investigation of asymptomatic hyperglycemia. A 12-year-old girl with a familiar history of diabetes (mother, maternal aunt, and maternal grandfather) was referred due to hypercholesterolemia, abnormal fasting glucose (114 mg/dL), and increased levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (6%) presenting with negative β-cell antibodies. A glucokinase (GCK) heterozygous missense mutation c.364C>T (p.Leu122Phe) in exon 4 was identified in the index patient and in the 3 family members. An obese 9-year-old boy was investigated for elevated fasting glycemic levels (99–126 mg/dL), HbA1c rise (6.6%–7.6%), and negative β-cell antibodies. The patient’s father, paternal aunt, and paternal grandfather had a history of diabetes during their childhood. A GCK heterozygous missense mutation c.698G>A (p.Cys233Tyr) in exon 7 was identified in the index patient. This variant was only described in another family strongly affected by both MODY and classic autoimmune mediated diabetes, contrary to our case. MODY-2 should be suspected in the presence of early onset of persistent mild fasting hyperglycemia and negative β-cell antibodies associated with a positive family history of diabetes. These cases illustrate the challenging aspects of MODY diagnosis due to possible phenotypic overlap with other types of diabetes. The diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion and GCK genetic screening should be performed in the presence of compatible features. An early diagnosis allows for appropriate management, genetic counselling, and the identification of affected family members.

Evaluation of renal injury caused by acute volume replacement with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or Ringer’s lactate solution in pigs

David A. Ferreira,Rita Cruz,Carlos Venâncio,Ana I. Faustino-Rocha,Aura Silva,João R. Mesquita,Ana L. Ortiz,Helena Vala 대한수의학회 2018 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.19 No.5

This work aimed to evaluate the effects on renal tissue integrity after hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 and Ringer’s lactate (RL) administration in pigs under general anesthesia after acute bleeding. A total of 30 mL/kg of blood were passively removed from the femoral artery in two groups of Large White pigs, under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil. After bleeding, Group 1 (n = 11) received RL solution (25 mL/kg) and Group 2 (n = 11) received HES 130/0.4 solution (20 mL/kg). Additionally, Group 3 (n = 6) was not submitted to bleeding or volume replacement. Pigs were euthanized and kidneys were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Minimal to moderate glomerular, tubular, and interstitial changes, as well as papillary necrosis, were observed in all experimental groups. Pre-apoptosis and apoptosis indicators were higher in pigs that received HES 130/0.4, indicating a higher renal insult. Both HES 130/0.4 and RL administration may cause renal injury, although renal injury may be more significant in pigs receiving HES 13/0.4. Results also suggest that total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil may cause renal injury, and this effect can be dose related.

B- to Plasma-Cell Terminal Differentiation Entails Oxidative Stress and Profound Reshaping of the Antioxidant Responses

Bertolotti, M.,Yim, S. H.,Garcia-Manteiga, J. M.,Masciarelli, S.,Kim, Y. J.,Kang, M. H.,Iuchi, Y.,Fujii, J.,Ven챕, R.,Rubartelli, A. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 2010 Antioxidants & redox signaling Vol.13 No.8

The creation of a body donation program at Federal University of Juiz de Fora in Brazil: academic importance, challenges and donor profile

André , Gustavo Fernandes de Oliveira,Augusto Ferreira Gonç , alves , Jú , lia Nunes Soares,Letí , cia Henriques Neto Salgado,Bruno Silveira Santana,Matheus Venâ,ncio Passos,Juliana Lopes de Oliveira 대한해부학회 2021 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.54 No.4

Dissection and human specimens study remain the gold standard method for teaching anatomy. Due to the increasing health science courses in Brazil, the traditional way of obtaining bodies for scientific purposes, the unclaimed ones, became insufficient. In addition, this source is no longer ethically appropriate according to anatomists. In order to maintain the teaching quality, the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) in Brazil, inspired by successful initiatives around the world, created a body donation program; Sempre Vivo. Besides the bureaucratic difficulty faced during its regulation, the implementation of a body donation program requires special attention regarding the religiosity, culture and uniqueness of the city s inhabitants. Informing people can demystify the process, avoid prejudice and increase the number of donors. In this way, an outreach project was designed to publicize Sempre Vivo and raise public awareness. In the first six years, Sempre Vivo reached the mark of 64 registered donors and seven bodies received. The donor’s profile corresponds to female (70.3%), 57 years of age, retired (50.8%), spiritist (53.1%) and with 12 years or more of formal education (90.6%). Considering that the UFJF has not received unclaimed bodies for ten years, the program was considered satisfactory up to this level and, in the future, it may be the exclusive source of anatomical specimens. The description of the creation and the publicizing of Sempre Vivo, the overcome challenges, as well as the donors’ profile, may encourage and facilitate the foundation of similar programs in Brazil and abroad.

An introductory review on the application of principal component analysis in the data exploration of the chemical analysis of food samples

Anderson Santos Souza,Marcos Almeida Bezerra,Uillian Mozart Ferreira Mata Cerqueira,Caiene Jesus Oliveira Rodrigues,Bianca Cotrim Santos,Cleber Galvão Novaes,Erica Raina Venâncio Almeida 한국식품과학회 2024 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.33 No.6

Principal component analysis (PCA) is currently one of the most used multivariate data analysis techniques for evaluating information from food analysis. In this review, a brief introduction to the theoretical principles that underlie PCA will be given, in addition to presenting the most commonly used computer programs. An example from the literature was discussed to illustrate the use of this chemometric tool and interpretation of graphs and parameters obtained. A list of recently published articles will also be presented, in order to show the applicability and potential of the technique in the food analysis field.

Language Socialization Practices of Seven Adolescents of Korean Heritage in the US

Lee.Gi-ven.Song Mi-jeong 한국사회언어학회 2012 사회언어학 Vol.20 No.1

Lee, Gi-venㆍSong, Mi-jeong. 2011. Language Socialization Practices of Seven Adolescents of Korean Heritage in the US. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 20(1). pp. 135-159. This study explores cultural and linguistic practices, identity negotiation, and power dynamics manifested in language socialization practices in a recreational setting of seven high school and college students of Korean heritage currently residing in the US. In conjunction with interviews, audio-tapings and observations of these students' weekly basketball games serve as the data sources. Analyses of data demonstrate that the basketball game offers a prime context for these students to speak Korean, practice Korean sociocultural values and rules, negotiate their identity, and establish their own position in the group. While they all speak English for the majority of time in their day-to-day interactions, the students mostly use Korean in the basketball setting, particularly when talking about Korea-related topics. In terms of negotiating their ethnic identity, the Korean-born students seem to negotiate their identity more strictly than the US-born students, who appear to negotiate their identity more ambiguously and flexibly. Also, the power and authority to control the interaction seems to depend upon the symbolic and material resources that the students own.

An Analysis of Myocardial Efficiency in Patients with Severe Asymptomatic Mitral Regurgitation

Rengin Çetin Güvenç,Emre Aruğaslan,Tolga Sinan Güvenç,Fatma Özpamuk Karadeniz,Hülya Kaşıkçıoğlu,Neşe Çam 한국심초음파학회 2020 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.28 No.4

BACKGROUND: It is difficult to determine left ventricular systolic performance in patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) since left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) could be preserved until the end stages of the disease. Myocardial efficiency (MEf) describes the amount of external work (EW) done by the left ventricle per unit of oxygen consumed (mVO2). In the present study, we aimed to investigate MEf in patients with asymptomatic severe MR using a novel echocardiographic method. METHODS: A total of 27 patients with severe asymptomatic MR and 26 healthy volunteers were included in this cross-sectional study. EW was measured using stroke volume and blood pressure, while mVO2 was estimated using double product and left ventricular mass. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups with regards to EF (66% ± 5% vs. 69% ± 7%), while MEf was significantly reduced in patients with severe MR (25% ± 11% vs. 44% ± 12%, p < 0.001). This difference was maintained even after adjustment for age, gender and body surface area (adjusted ̅ : 0.44, 95% CI: 0.39–0.49 for controls and adjusted ̅ : 0.24, 95% CI: 0.19–0.29 for patients with severe MR). Further analysis showed that this reduction was due to an increase in total mVO2 in the severe MR group. MEf of thepatients who were both on β-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers were higher than those who were not on any drugs, but this difference was not statistically significant (32% ± 15% vs. 23% ± 9%, p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS: MEf was significantly lower in patients with asymptomatic severe MR and preserved EF.