http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Tran, Vu Long,Gé,not, Valé,rie,Audibert, Jean-Fré,dé,ric,Prokazov, Yury,Turbin, Evgeny,Zuschratter, Werner,Kim, Hyeong-Ju,Jung, Jaehun,Park, Soo Young,Pansu, Robert B. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY Vol.40 No.5
<P>We have observed the precipitation of a fluorescent dye in a microfluidic 3D hydrodynamic mixing set up. In addition to the short fluorescence lifetime of the DBDCS molecule and to the long lifetime of its crystal, nuclei with an intermediate lifetime are observed. We show that the precipitation is slowed down by the presence of a viscous skin at the interface between water and THF. From the analysis of the decays, we map the concentration of the three species over half a million pixels and show that nucleation and growth occur all along the device by a slow diffusion of the water into the THF inner flow.</P>
CHUN, YOUNG JIN,LE CORRE, VALÉ,RIE,BRETAGNOLLE, FRANÇ,OIS Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Molecular ecology Vol.20 No.7
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>The impact of natural selection on the adaptive divergence of invasive populations can be assessed by testing the null hypothesis that the extent of quantitative genetic differentiation (<I>Q</I><SUB>ST</SUB>) would be similar to that of neutral molecular differentiation (<I>F</I><SUB>ST</SUB>). Using eight microsatellite loci and a common garden approach, we compared <I>Q</I><SUB>ST</SUB> and <I>F</I><SUB>ST</SUB> among ten populations of an invasive species <I>Ambrosia artemisiifolia</I> (common ragweed) in France. In a common garden study with varying water and nutrient levels, we measured <I>Q</I><SUB>ST</SUB> for five traits (height, total biomass, reproductive allocation, above‐ to belowground biomass ratio, and days to flowering). Although low <I>F</I><SUB>ST</SUB> indicated weak genetic structure and strong gene flow among populations, we found significant diversifying selection (<I>Q</I><SUB>ST</SUB> > <I>F</I><SUB>ST</SUB>) for reproductive allocation that may be closely related to fitness. It suggests that abiotic conditions may have exerted selection pressure on <I>A.?artemisiifolia</I> populations to differentiate adaptively, such that populations at higher altitude or latitude evolved greater reproductive allocation. As previous studies indicate multiple introductions from various source populations of <I>A.?artemisiifolia</I> in North America, our results suggest that the admixture of introduced populations may have increased genetic diversity and additive genetic variance, and in turn, promoted the rapid evolution and adaptation of this invasive species.</P>
Oxadiazolone derivatives, new promising multi-target inhibitors against <i>M. tuberculosis</i>
Nguyen, Phuong Chi,Delorme, Vincent,Bé,narouche, Anaï,s,Guy, Alexandre,Landry, Valé,rie,Audebert, Sté,phane,Pophillat, Matthieu,Camoin, Luc,Crauste, Cé,line,Galano, Jean-Ma Elsevier 2018 Bioorganic chemistry Vol.81 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A set of 19 oxadiazolone (<B>OX</B>) derivatives have been investigated for their antimycobacterial activity against two pathogenic slow-growing mycobacteria, <I>Mycobacterium marinum</I> and <I>Mycobacterium bovis</I> BCG, and the avirulent <I>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</I> (<I>M. tb</I>) mc<SUP>2</SUP>6230. The encouraging minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values obtained prompted us to test them against virulent <I>M. tb</I> H37Rv growth either in broth medium or inside macrophages. The <B>OX</B> compounds displayed a diversity of action and were found to act either on extracellular <I>M. tb</I> growth only with moderated MIC<SUB>50</SUB>, or both intracellularly on infected macrophages as well as extracellularly on bacterial growth. Of interest, all <B>OX</B> derivatives exhibited very low toxicity towards host macrophages. Among the six potential <B>OXs</B> identified, <B>HPOX</B>, a selective inhibitor of extracellular <I>M. tb</I> growth, was selected and further used in a competitive labelling/enrichment assay against the activity-based probe Desthiobiotin-FP, in order to identify its putative target(s). This approach, combined with mass spectrometry, identified 18 potential candidates, all being serine or cysteine enzymes involved in <I>M. tb</I> lipid metabolism and/or in cell wall biosynthesis. Among them, Ag85A, CaeA, TesA, KasA and MetA have been reported as essential for <I>in vitro</I> growth of <I>M. tb</I> and/or its survival and persistence inside macrophages. Overall, our findings support the assumption that <B>OX</B> derivatives may represent a novel class of multi-target inhibitors leading to the arrest of <I>M. tb</I> growth through a cumulative inhibition of a large number of Ser- and Cys-containing enzymes involved in various important physiological processes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The OX analogs represent a novel class of multi-target inhibitors against <I>M. tb.</I> </LI> <LI> Some OX inhibit either extracellular, or both intra- and extracellular <I>M. tb</I> growth. </LI> <LI> These OXs are not toxic towards host macrophages. </LI> <LI> OX probes are attractive chemical tools to identify (Ser/Cys)-enzymes in living mycobacteria. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
International regulatory requirements for skin sensitization testing
Daniel, Amber B.,Strickland, Judy,Allen, David,Casati, Silvia,Zuang, Valé,rie,Barroso, Joã,o,Whelan, Maurice,Ré,gimbald-Krnel, M.J.,Kojima, Hajime,Nishikawa, Akiyoshi,Park, Hye-Kyung Elsevier 2018 Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology Vol.95 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Skin sensitization test data are required or considered by chemical regulation authorities around the world. These data are used to develop product hazard labeling for the protection of consumers or workers and to assess risks from exposure to skin-sensitizing chemicals. To identify opportunities for regulatory uses of non-animal replacements for skin sensitization tests, the needs and uses for skin sensitization test data must first be clarified. Thus, we reviewed skin sensitization testing requirements for seven countries or regions that are represented in the International Cooperation on Alternative Test Methods (ICATM). We noted the type of skin sensitization data required for each chemical sector and whether these data were used in a hazard classification, potency classification, or risk assessment context; the preferred tests; and whether alternative non-animal tests were acceptable. An understanding of national and regional regulatory requirements for skin sensitization testing will inform the development of ICATM's international strategy for the acceptance and implementation of non-animal alternatives to assess the health hazards and risks associated with potential skin sensitizers.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We reviewed regulatory requirements for skin sensitization testing, by chemical sector, of seven countries or regions. </LI> <LI> This review summarizes data needs for hazard classification, potency classification, and risk assessment. </LI> <LI> We identify preferred test methods and note whether non-animal alternative test methods are acceptable. </LI> <LI> This effort will inform an international strategy for implementing non-animal approaches for skin sensitization assessment. </LI> </UL> </P>