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Negotiating Nuclear Arms Control with North Korea: Why and How?
( Toby Dalton ),( Youngjun Kim ) 한국국방연구원 2021 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.33 No.1
Pressure policies to induce North Korea’s unilateral denuclearization failed to achieve measurable progress toward that objective. The consolidation of nuclear and missile capabilities by North Korea points to the need for a new strategy to mitigate the potential for conflict: to pursue progress toward peace and denuclearization simultaneously. The most appropriate mechanism for implementing such a strategy is arms control, defined here as a progressive series of restrictions, limitations and constraints on arms (nuclear and conventional) and associated steps that reduce the risks of conflict and insulate relations against crises and escalation. Detractors of arms control for North Korea argue that it would convey status as a possessor of nuclear weapons, and that it would require accepting some level of mutual deterrence. States would need to consider such criticisms as they weigh the risks and costs of pursuing arms control compared to alternatives such as containment and deterrence. An arms control-oriented roadmap would integrate parallel progress on establishing a durable peace regime and capping and then reducing the threat posed by North Korea’s nuclear weapons. Monitoring and verifying compliance with this type of roadmap would require a hybrid approach drawing on both traditional safeguards-style methods and novel approaches designed to build confidence.
Toby Klinger 대한사고개발학회 1999 The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Vol.9 No.1
A traditional approach to teaching often does not impart to learners how to be actively involved in learning or how to critically think about their learning. Alternative approaches to teaching need to look at important constructivistic assumptions from the sociocultural perspective in psychology. Involving students in a social activity, such as service-learning, can help them to construct knowledge rather than simply be a receiver of information. Integrating service-learning into the learning of developmental and applied psychology courses are used to demonstrate how the process of 'thinking through content' is enhanced for students participating in service-learning.
New therapeutic directions to treat underactive bladder
Toby C. Chai,Tambudzai Kudze 대한비뇨의학회 2017 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.58 No.-
Underactive bladder (UAB) is a term used to describe a constellation of symptoms that is perceived by patients suggesting bladder hypocontractility. Urodynamic measurement that suggest decreased contractility of the bladder is termed detrusor underactivity (DUA). Regulatory approved specific management options with clinically proven ability to increase bladder contractility do not currently exist. While DUA specific treatments presumably will focus on methods to increase efficiency of bladder emptying capability relying on augmenting the motor pathway in the micturition reflex, other approaches include methods to augment the sensory (afferent) contribution to the micturition reflex which could result in increased detrusor contractility. Another method to induce more efficient bladder emptying could be to induce relaxation of the bladder outlet. Using cellular regenerative techniques, the detrusor smooth muscle can be targeted so the result is to increase detrusor smooth muscle function. In this review, we will cover areas of potential new therapies for DUA including: drug therapy, stem cells and regenerative therapies, neuromodulation, and urethral flow assist device. Paralleling development of new therapies, there also needs to be clinical studies performed that address how DUA relates to UAB.