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Hirao Akira,Tsunoda Yuji,Matsuo Akira,Sugiyama Kenji,Watanabe Takumi The Polymer Society of Korea 2006 Macromolecular Research Vol.14 No.3
Dendritic hyperbranched poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA)s, whose branched architectures resemble the 'dendron' part(s) of dendrimer, were synthesized by an iterative methodology consisting of two reactions in each iteration process: (a) a coupling reaction of u-functionalized, living, anionic PMMA having two tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethylphenyl(SMP) groups with benzyl bromide(BnBr)-chain-end-functionalized PMMA, and (b) a transformation reaction of the introduced SMP groups into BnBr functionalities. These two reactions, (a) and (b), were repeated three times to afford a series of dendron-like, hyperbranched (PMMA)s up to third generation. Three dendron-like, hyperbranched (PMMA)s different in branched architecture were also synthesized by the same iterative methodology using a low molecular weight, functionalized 1,1-diphenylalkyl anion prepared from sec-BuLi and 1,1-bis(3-tert-butyldime-thylsilyloxymethylphenyl)ethylene in the reaction step (b) in each iterative process. Furthermore, structurally similar, dendron-like, hyperbranched block copolymers could be successfully synthesized by the iterative methodology using $\alpha$-functionalized, living, anionic poly(2-(perfluorobutyl) ethyl methacrylate) (PRfMA) in addition to $\alpha$-functionalized, living PMMA. Accordingly, the resulting block copolymers were comprised of both PMMA and PRfMA segments with different sequential orders. After the block copolymers were cast into films and annealed, their surface structures were characterized by angle-dependent XPS and contact angle measurements. All three samples showed significant segregation and enrichment of PRfMA segments at the surfaces.
概念ベースのオーストリア「歴史・社会・政治科」の授業構成 - 市民性育成からみた概念の機能に注目して -
草原 和博(Kazuhiro Kusahara),川口 広,美(Hiromi Kawaguchi),金鍾成(Jongsung Kim),渡邉,巧(Takumi Watanabe) 한국사회과수업학회 2020 사회과수업연구 Vol.8 No.1
要旨:本稿は,オーストリアの「歴史・社会・政治科」の「概念ベース」の授業を分析し,政治的市民性の育成からみた概念の機能を明らかにすることを目的とする。分析の結果,以下3点の機能を導くことができた。第1に,科学者が提起する概念を活かして,国家・社会のしくみを自立的に批評する機会を与えること,第2に,個々人に由来する概念を活かして,人々の判断基準の多様性を経験させること,第3に,歴史的に構築された概念を活かして,判断基準を再定義し,継承していく責任を行使させること。このように概念ベースの授業は,民主主義社会の形成者に求められる多様な経験を与えることができる。すなわち,それは,社会科学教育の範疇に留まるものではなく,市民性教育の理念とも齟齬を来さないことが明らかとなった。オーストリアにおける概念ベースの授業は,論争問題を取り上げ,主張と主張,価値観と価値観,感情と感情が直接的にぶつかるようなハードな討論学習とは性格を異にする。むしろそれを回避し,現実社会の対象化を保証しつつ,概念による解釈や概念の定義をめぐるソフトな対話を引き出している点で,注目に値する。 This paper analyzes the “concept-based” lessons of “history, social studies and political education” in Austria and aims to clarify the function of concepts in terms of the citizenship education. The results of the analysis led to the following three functions First, the concepts raised by scientists should be used to give them the opportunity to critique the workings of the state and society independently; second, the concepts derived from the individual should be used to experience the diversity of people s perspectives of judgment; and third, the historically constructed concepts should be used to exercise the responsibility of redefining and reconstructing the social norm embedded in the community. Such concept-based teaching can provide the diverse experiences required for the democratic citizen. In other words, it is not limited to the category of social science education and does not conflict with the idea of citizenship education. Concept-based teaching in Austria takes on controversial issues and is different in character from “hard deliberation”, where claims and arguments, values and values, and feelings and emotions directly collide. Rather, it is noteworthy in that it avoids it and draws out a “soft dialogue” around the interpretation by concepts and definition of concepts, while guaranteeing the objectification of the real world.
X-Ray Scattering Studies on Molecular Structures of Star and Dendritic Polymers
Jin, Sang-Woo,Jin, Kyeong-Sik,Yoon, Jin-Hwan,Heo, Kyu-Young,Kim, Je-Han,Kim, Kwang-Woo,Ree, Moon-Hor,Higashihara, Tomoya,Watanabe, Takumi,Hirao, Akira The Polymer Society of Korea 2008 Macromolecular Research Vol.16 No.8
We studied the molecular shapes and structural characteristics of a 33-armed, star polystyrene (PS-33A) and two $3^{rd}$-generation, dendrimer-like, star-branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s with different architectures (pMMA-G3a and PMMA-3Gb) and 32 end-branches under good solvent and theta ($\Theta$) solvent conditions by using synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The SAXS analyses were used to determine the structural details of the star PS and dendrimer-like, star-branched PMMA polymers. PS-33A had a fuzzy-spherical shape, whereas PMMA-G3a and PMMA-G3b had fuzzy-ellipsoidal shapes of similar size, despite their different chemical architectures. The star PS polymer's arms were more extended than those of linear polystyrene. Furthermore, the branches of the dendrimer-like, star-branched polymers were more extended than those of the star PS polymer, despite having almost the same number of branches as PS-33A. The differences between the internal chain structures of these materials was attributed to their different chemical architectures.