「オノマトペ+とくる」形の意味的特徴について

Ito Takao 한국외국어대학교 일본연구소 2013 日本硏究 Vol.0 No.58

かつてオノマトペといえば「幼稚」や「非母語話者には習得が難しい」というイメージを持たれがちであったが、近年では日本語学や日本語教育学の領域においても、数多くの研究成果が発表されている。だが既に4500語以上あると言われる日本語のオノマトペがさらに増殖し、多義化し、多用されている現状を鑑みると、最新の現状をふまえた研究や、オノマトペを有効に取り入れた教材の開発等、さらなる活性化が望まれる。 日本語のオノマトペの文法における振る舞いは実に自由であり、副詞としてのみならず、時には動詞となり、またある時は形容詞へと姿を変え、さらに他の名詞と結びついて新しい名詞を創造することもあり、焦点を絞らなければ、その実像を捉えることは困難である。そこで本稿では、オノマトペの後接成分に着目し、中でもこれまで看過されがちであった「とくる」の用例を中心に、その意味と用法における特徴について考察した。 日本語における「くる」の基本義は「いく」と共に物理的な空間移動のみを指す動詞であったが、そこから様々な意味が派生し、オノマトペのト格に後接する場合には、主に「心理的・生理的状態の発生」を意味するようになった。それは即ち、今後の日本語教育への応用を念頭に考える時、「とくる」を後接成分とするオノマトペが「話者が今、心に何を感じているか」を具体的に伝える有効な手段のひとつとなりうる可能性を示すものであり、それが本研究の主題設定の動機でもある。 考察の結果、「オノマトペ+とくる」形の意味と用法は、実に多様な特徴を示していた。そして、これらの語彙を、コーパスにおける用例の意味に従って、(1)直感, (2)怒り, (3)感動, (4)欲求, (5)心理的衝撃, (6)落胆, (7)体内の刺激・衝撃, (8)心理的・身体的刺激による震え, (9)味覚・嗅覚の刺激, (10)触覚の刺激, (11)消化器官, (12)重い衝撃, (13)心理的・物理的動揺, (14)調和・適合という14のグループに分類し、実際の用例を手がかりに、感覚の発生源、主体、対象、反応といった側面から、その実感を把握しようと試みた。 その結果「オノマトペ+とくる」形によって用いられたオノマトペは、時間的に瞬間的あるいは短時間の現象や、肯定的とは言えない感情・感覚に関係するもの、そして刺激や衝撃など、強い感覚を表すオノマトペに後接することが多いなど、いくつかの傾向性が明らかになった。

現代高校生の語彙表現と心象風景の一斷面 -「高校生川柳」における語彙と主題を中心に-

( Ito Takao ),( Oike Shin ) 고려대학교 일본학연구센터 2015 일본연구 Vol.23 No.-

本稿は「高校生川柳」を對象として、「語彙」と「主題」という觀点から、今を生きる日本の高校生の言語表現の特徵を分析し、彼らの胸の內に映じた心象風景の一端を描き出そうとした。その結果、まず語彙という觀点では「母」が最も多く用いられており、そのほか、家族と自分に觀する語彙、季節.天候に關する語彙、家族以外の身近な人ケに關する語彙、情意的語彙、言語表現に關する語彙など、多樣な語彙に樣ケな意味や心情を託し、巧みな比喩や諷刺, ユ-モアなどを用いて、自らの心の懊にある世界觀を見事に表現していた。また、主題という觀点では、勉强.受驗に關する內容が最も多くを占めたが、そのほかにも學校生活や家族との關係、日常生活から社會問題におよぶまで、多岐にわたる分野の事柄を題材としており、彼らの關心の幅廣さが表れていた。そして、作品全般を通して、樣ケな現實の課題に腦みながらも、夢を持って一步一布、懸命に生きる日本の高校生の樣子が、生き生きと描かれていた。 The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the vocabulary used by Japanese high school students in modern society, centering on “High School Students’ senryu,” and imagined scenery. With respect to vocabulary, the results of the analysis showed that the most commonly used word was “mother,” and other frequently used vocabulary included words that were related to one’s family and oneself, weather and seasons, people around oneself other than one’s family, as well as sentimental words and words related to linguistic expressions. Students used diverse vocabulary to convey various meanings and sentiments and even used figure of speech, satire, and humor to express their worldviews. The most common theme, on the other hand, was related to studying and college entrance. Other common themes were school life, family relationships, and social issues. A wide range of themes were touched upon, showing that the students had broad interests. In all of the works, it was revealed that the students were striving toward their dreams despite the various real challenges and issues they were dealing with.

現代川柳における語彙·技法·内容の一断面 -「サラリーマン川柳」に見る特徴と現代日本人の心象風景-

Ito Takao 한국일본어학회 2014 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.39

本研究では一般の人々を対象とした現代川柳のうち、認知度の高い「サラリーマン川柳」を資料として、語彙·技法·内容という観点から、その特徴について分析すると共に、内容から浮かび上がる現代日本人の心象風景の一断面について、観察を試みた。その結果、語彙·主題(内容)共に「妻」に関するものが最も多く、技法の面では言葉のリズム(韻)を重要視するとともに、字体の類似性を活用したり、語彙の類義性や対照性を利用するなど、多様な方法で独特の「穿ち」「軽み」「おかしみ」が表現されていた。また、内容面では「妻」とともに「仕事」「高齢者」が主題として好まれており、「妻」に関する句では、夫の立場から詠まれたものが多く、愚痴を言いつつも、円満に過ごしたいと願う姿が見て取れた。また「仕事」を主題とした句には上司に対する不満が多くを占めるとともに、雇用問題などの社会問題も取り上げられていた。そして「高齢者」に関する句では、自身の老化が懸念されつつも、高齢化社会の中で元気に活躍する高齢者たちの姿が表れていた。

『お葬式川柳』に見る語彙表現の特徵之心象風景の壹斷面

( Ito Takao ) 고려대학교 일본학연구센터 2016 일본연구 Vol.25 No.-

壹般的に、人□は葬儀や死について、多くを語るこ之は少なく、他者がその本心を知るこ之は容易ではない。しかし、川柳においては、そうした心情や葬儀を取り卷く樣□な心象風景が、驚くほど赤裸□に表現されている。そこで本硏究では、「葬式」を共通のテ□マ之する川柳の作品を對象に、語彙之主題之いう觀點から分析を加え、それらの表現を通じて描き出された心象風景の壹斷面を觀察する。川柳の作品集は、壹見する之多樣な內容が詠まれた、數多くの作品が幷んでいるだけのように思える。しかし、同じテ□マのも之に募集された作品について、壹定の觀點から分析していく之、多樣性之同時に樣□な共通點や傾向性が存在するこ之が確認でき、人□の共通意識之も言える心象風景の壹斷面を知る上で、貴重な資料であるこ之が分かる。したがって、本硏究では、川柳作品の語彙表現之主題に注目し、これを分類·類型化する作業を通じて、上のような目的を果たそう之試みるものである。 Most people are reluctant to talk about funerals or death, and therefore it is difficult to determine one’s real thoughts. But in senryu poetry, such thoughts or funeral scenes are astonishingly expressed in an explicit manner. This research thus plans to analyze the characteristics of vocabulary expression in senryu works written with funeral topics and, at the same time, highlight a part of the imagined scenery described through the semantic characteristics and expressions included in such vocabulary expression. At first glance, senryu verse seems to have a simple list of works on various topics. But when they are analyzed from the aspect of vocabulary and the contents of works collected with a common topic, it is clear that they have multiple common features and diverse tendencies, and it can also be seen that they communicate both imagined scenery and people’s common awareness. Therefore, this research plans to achieve the above goals through analyzing processes of categorization and typology by focusing on the vocabulary expression and contents of senryu poetry.

「コロナ川柳」に見る語彙表現とイメージの一断面

Ito Takao 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2022 日本 硏究 Vol.- No.57

The unprecedented situation of COVID-19 has resulted in widespread social transformation. In the Japanese language space, one can examine various modifications, such as the creation of new expressions centered on the media or social networking sites or the reinterpretation of existing vocabulary. This study aims to determine what specific expressions are used in this context for “corona senryu” and what connotations people associate with those expressions. In this study, the most frequent vocabularies were extracted by first analyzing 430 collected works to achieve the stated objective. Next, the image of each word was considered by observing the contents of the works, focusing on the works in which frequent words are used. First, expressions that have been widely recognized and utilized in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, including “COVID-19” and “COVID-19 pandemic”, as well as “san-mitsu” and “goto” were confirmed. Second, terminology closely associated with diseases and hygiene, such as “mask”, “virus”, “vaccine”, etc. were confirmed. Third, words that have long existed and have been routinely used, such as “grandchild”, “voice”, and “dream” were confirmed. Fourth, it was possible to confirm the vocabulary that has existed and been used in a specific scene, even though it is not at the level of everyday usage, focusing on information technology (IT) terms such as “remote” and “telework”. Regarding the image of the vocabulary, for instance in the case of “COVID-19”, both its aspect as a catastrophe and a case of being used as a positive image or personifying the coronavirus were confirmed. Additionally, we managed to confirm various cases that were difficult to grasp only with dictionary definitions such as “mask”, which previously carried a strong negative image such as “ill” or “suspicious person”, used as a positive image with positive words such as “beautiful” and “rejuvenated”.

Distribution of Citrus Huanglongbing Bacterium (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) in Shoots of Ponkan Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Seedlings and Its Leaf Symptom Expressions

Takao Ito,Shigeru Akita 한국원예학회 2006 한국원예학회 기타간행물 Vol.- No.-

「オタク川柳」に見る語彙表現と心 彙表現と心

伊藤貴雄(Ito Takao) 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2017 일본연구 Vol.27 No.-

オタクとはある趣味などに凝っていて、他の物事に無関心な若者をいう俗語とされ、80年代初頭から使われ始また用語である。以後おたくは社会的ステレオタイプの一つとして、ネガティブなイメージで語られることが多かったが、現在では日本のサブカルチャーを代表するキーワードとして広く知られるようになった。学術の領域においても、96年に東京大学でオタク学講座が開講されたのをはじめ、社会学や心理学、日本語教育学の分野でも研究対象となっている。オタクの言語表現の場は、電子掲示板やSNSなど、ネット上の空間である。そこでは、キーボード入力特有の誤変換の意図的な使用など、様々なネットスラングが多用される。誰でもアクセスできるという点ではオープンな場であるが、一般の人々には理解しづらい内容という点では閉鎖的な場とも言えよう。しかし、近年では、電子掲示板やSNSでの隠語が、他のサイトやメディア等でも使用される場合が見受けられる。その意味で、言語表現という領域においても、オタクは独特な文化を生み出すと同時に、現代日本語にも一定の影響を及ぼしている。ただし、電子掲示板の言説は膨大な量であり、前後の文脈を見なければ理解しづらいものも多い。そこで本研究では、形式が五七五に統一され、前後の文脈を知らずとも読み解くことが可能なオタク川柳を対象として分析し、オタク文化の表出としての語彙表現と、そこから浮かび上がる彼らの心象風景の一断面を分析し、その特徴を探ろうとした。その結果、一見すると、ただ多様な川柳の作品が並んでいるように思えるが、その語彙や主題には、一定の傾向性が見られることが明らかとなった。まず語彙表現という側面では、アニメやアイドル、インターネットなど、オタクの関心対象となる様々な分野の用語が使用されているほか、顔文字やインターネットスラングや、既存の語彙に異なる意味が託されて隠語として使われるなど、それぞれの分野に関する背景知識がなければ読み解くことが困難な事例も見られた。一方、主題という面では、オタクの日常生活や恋愛観、一般の人々の視線を気にする様子など、普段は明かされることの少ない赤裸々な姿や、心象風景の一断面が、従来の川柳の範疇に収まらない様々な表現方法で、生き生きと描き出されていた。 Otaku is a slang term for a young man who is deeply consumed by a hobby and has become indifferent to other things. It has been used since late 1980s. Since then, otaku has become a social stereotype and has been frequently mentioned negatively. Today however, otaku has become famous as a main keyword to represent Japanese subculture. As a field of academic study, otaku studies was established at Tokyo University in 1996. The field is also being studied in sociology, psychology, and Japanese language education. Primarily, the otaku people’s lingual expression stage is internet boards like ‘2 channel,’ Social network services, and other internet spaces. These spaces have various and specialized internet slang terms and are open to everyone. However, they are not spaces that everyone can understand. Recently, however, you can find cases where the words used in internet bulletin boards or SNS are used in other spaces or media. In this sense, otaku people are creating a unique culture in the area of language expression, as well as having a certain influence on modern Japanese language. However, the amount of words recorded on the internet is quite enormous, and often difficult to understand without context. Therefore, in this study, I will analyze otaku senryu, which is unified with 5-7-5 syllables and can be read without context. With this, I will try to analyze and characterize the vocabulary expressions of otaku culture as well as their imagery. As a result, at a first glance, it seems that senryu works are just being displayed, but there are some common tendencies in their vocabulary and titles. In the aspect of vocabulary expressions, subjects in which otaku people are interested, such as animation and idol girls, were used often. Likewise, emoticons and internet slang were observed in this space. Additionally, there was patter that already existed, but with new meanings that would be difficult to understand without prior knowledge. On the other hand, in the aspect of titles of the works, there were various ways of expression that cannot be captured by the existing senryu categories such as their everyday lives, their perspectives on love, and the way they pay attention to other people s eyes.

「オタク川柳」 に見る語彙表現と心象風景の一斷面

伊藤貴雄 ( Ito Takao ) 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 (구 고려대학교 일본연구센터) 2017 일본연구 Vol.27 No.-

「オタク」とは「ある趣味などに凝っていて、他の物事に無關心な若者をいう俗語」とされ、80年代初頭から使われ始また用語である。以後「おたく」は「社會的ステレオタイプの一つ」として、ネガティブなイメ一ジで語られることが多かったが、現在では「日本のサブカルチャ一を代表するキ一ワ一ド」として廣く知られるようになった。 學術の領域においても、96年に東京大學で「オタク學講座」が開講されたのをはじめ、社會學や心理學、日本語敎育學の分野でも硏究對象となっている。 オタクの言語表現の場は、電子揭示板やSNSなど、ネット上の空間である。そこでは、キ一ボ一ド入力特有の誤變換の意圖的な使用など、樣?なネットスラングが多用される。誰でもアクセスできるという点ではオ一プンな場であるが、一般の人?には理解しづらい內容という点では閉鎖的な場とも言えよう。 しかし、近年では、電子揭示板やSNSでの隱語が、他のサイトやメディア等でも使用される場合が見受けられる。その意味で、言語表現という領域においても、オタクは獨特な文化を生み出すと同時に、現代日本語にも一定の影響を及ぼしている。 ただし、電子揭示板の言說は膨大な量であり、前後の文脈を見なければ理解しづらいものも多い。そこで本硏究では、形式が五·七·五に統一され、前後の文脈を知らずとも讀み解くことが可能な「オタク川柳」を對象として分析し、オタク文化の表出としての語彙表現と、そこから浮かび上がる彼らの心象風景の一斷面を分析し、その特徵を探ろうとした。 その結果、一見すると、ただ多樣な川柳の作品が幷んでいるように思えるが、その語彙や主題には、一定の傾向性が見られることが明らかとなった。まず語彙表現という側面では、アニメやアイドル、インタ一ネットなど、「オタク」の關心對象となる樣?な分野の用語が使用されているほか、顔文字やインタ一ネットスラングや、旣存の語彙に異なる意味が託されて隱語として使われるなど、それぞれの分野に關する背景知識がなければ讀み解くことが困難な事例も見られた。 一方、主題という面では、オタクの日常生活や戀愛觀、一般の人?の視線を氣にする樣子など、普段は明かされることの少ない赤裸?な姿や、心象風景の一斷面が、從來の川柳の範疇に收まらない樣?な表現方法で、生き生きと描き出されていた。 Otaku is a slang term for a young man who is deeply consumed by a hobby and has become indifferent to other things. It has been used since late 1980s. Since then, otaku has become a social stereotype and has been frequently mentioned negatively. Today however, otaku has become famous as a main keyword to represent Japanese subculture. As a field of academic study, otaku studies was established at Tokyo University in 1996. The field is also being studied in sociology, psychology, and Japanese language education. Primarily, the otaku people`s lingual expression stage is internet boards like `2 channel,` Social network services, and other internet spaces. These spaces have various and specialized internet slang terms and are open to everyone. However, they are not spaces that everyone can understand. Recently, however, you can find cases where the words used in internet bulletin boards or SNS are used in other spaces or media. In this sense, otaku people are creating a unique culture in the area of language expression, as well as having a certain influence on modern Japanese language. However, the amount of words recorded on the internet is quite enormous, and often difficult to understand without context. Therefore, in this study, I will analyze otaku senryu, which is unified with 5-7-5 syllables and can be read without context. With this, I will try to analyze and characterize the vocabulary expressions of otaku culture as well as their imagery. As a result, at a first glance, it seems that senryu works are just being displayed, but there are some common tendencies in their vocabulary and titles. In the aspect of vocabulary expressions, subjects in which otaku people are interested, such as animation and idol girls, were used often. Likewise, emoticons and internet slang were observed in this space. Additionally, there was patter that already existed, but with new meanings that would be difficult to understand without prior knowledge. On the other hand, in the aspect of titles of the works, there were various ways of expression that cannot be captured by the existing senryu categories such as their everyday lives, their perspectives on love, and the way they pay attention to other people`s eyes.

“홈리스 센류”를 통해서 본 어휘표현과 심상풍경의 한 단면

이토타카오 ( Ito Takao ) 한국일어일문학회 2019 日語日文學硏究 Vol.108 No.-

홈리스(노숙인)란, 말 그대로 ‘살 집이 없는 일, 또는 살집이 없는 사람. 특히 공원이나 지하도 등에서 생활하는 사람’을 의미한다. 일본의 후생노동성에 따르면, 2018년 1월 현재 일본의 홈리스 인구는 4977명으로, 2003년에 통계를 시작한 이후 가장 적은 것으로 나타났다고 한다. 그들이 홈리스가 된 이유는 천차만별이며, 그들이 평소에 무엇을 하면서 지내는지, 혹은 어떤 일에 관심을 갖고 무엇을 느끼고 있는지에 대해서 알 수 있는 기회는 지극히 드물다. 그 드문 방법 중의 하나가 바로 센류이다. 에도시대에 비롯된 센류는 옛날부터 대중이 참여하는 문화의 대표적인 존재로서 서민들이 자신의 희로애락을 있는 그대로 표현해왔다. 이번에 분석대상으로 선정한 “홈리스 센류”에는 실제로 노숙인들이 읊은 300개의 작품이 수록되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 그 작품들을 대상으로 거기에 나타난 어휘표현의 특징과 그들의 심상풍경의 한 단면을 부각시키기 위해 ‘어휘’와 ‘주제’라는 관점에서 분석하였다. 그 결과, 먼저 어휘표현의 측면에서는 ‘홈리스’를 비롯하여 ‘무료 급식’ ‘골판지’ ‘벤치’ 등, 일반적인 센류에서는 잘 등장하지 않으나 그들의 일상과 깊은 관련이 있는 어휘들이 많이 사용된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 주제의 측면에서는 ‘식량사정’이나 ‘잠자리’ 등, 어휘 사용의 경향과 유사한 내용이 다수를 차지한 한편, ‘연중행사’ 등 어휘 분석에서는 파악하지 못한 주제에 대해서도 많은 관심을 보인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 일반적인 센류에서도 볼 수 있는 주제라도 작품 내용을 자세히 살펴본 결과 일반인과 사뭇 다른 생활의 모습들이 담겨져 있는 것이 밝혀졌다. Homeless refers to “the state or a person who has no house to live, especially who lives in parks or underground areas.” According to Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, the number of homeless, as of January 2018 amounted to 4977, which was the lowest since it first recorded in 2003. There are various reasons for being homeless, and it is difficult to know their daily routine, their interest, and feelings. One opportunity to know this is Sen-ryu. Originated in the Edo period, Sen-ryu has been a representative public culture where people express their everyday feelings. The target of analysis, “Homeless Sen-ryu,” contains 300 works read by homeless people. This study analyzes on the perspective of “vocabulary” and “subject matter” to focus on the characteristics of words they use and their mental image. As a result, first in the vocabulary perspective, words closely related to their everyday lives such as “Homeless”, “Free meal”, and “Bench” appeared several times although they are hardly seen in a typical Sen-ryu. Also, in the subject matter perspective, words such as “Eating” or “Sleeping” frequently appeared as well as words such as “Annual events,” which were not anticipated in the analysis. Furthermore, although the subject matters were typically seen in a general Sen-ryu, a closer look showed some part of their lifestyles quite different from that of the general public.

「お葬式川柳」に見る語彙表現の 特徵と心象風景の一斷面

伊藤貴雄(Ito, Takao) 고려대학교 일본학연구센터 2016 일본연구 Vol.25 No.-

Most people are reluctant to talk about funerals or death, and therefore it is difficult to determine one’s real thoughts. But in senryu poetry, such thoughts or funeral scenes are astonishingly expressed in an explicit manner. This research thus plans to analyze the characteristics of vocabulary expression in senryu works written with funeral topics and, at the same time, highlight a part of the imagined scenery described through the semantic characteristics and expressions included in such vocabulary expression. At first glance, senryu verse seems to have a simple list of works on various topics. But when they are analyzed from the aspect of vocabulary and the contents of works collected with a common topic, it is clear that they have multiple common features and diverse tendencies, and it can also be seen that they communicate both imagined scenery and people’s common awareness. Therefore, this research plans to achieve the above goals through analyzing processes of categorization and typology by focusing on the vocabulary expression and contents of senryu poetry