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ЧЕТЫРЕ <ΚΑΒΚΑЗСКНХ ΠЛЕННИΚА> ΚΑΚ ОΠЫΤ ΜΕЖΚУЛЬΤУРНОГО ДИАЛОГА
Т.Κимура 서울대학교 러시아연구소 2001 러시아연구 Vol.11 No.2
Tsarist Russia's incursion into the Caucasus engendered a fundamental change in the Russian consciousness. Having found an "East" in the Caucasus, Russian intellectuals began to think of themselves as representatives of the "West." This was at a time when Romanticism formed the literary mainstream, and Orientalist modes of thought dominated the world of letters, contributing to the tendency to divide the world conceptually between the binary poles of East and West. The culture of Russia itself, however, had a dual structure. On the one hand the aristocracy, with its very few members, and on the other hand the peasantry, with its overwhelming numbers, embodied two different cultures. Deep down at its roots, however, the former shared the culture of the latter. The Russian cultural identity consequently gave rise to various conflicting mind-sets that survive to this day. Russian writers found the Caucasus such an attractive subject that they produced several literary works describing the nature and people of that land during the 19th century. In recent years, certain European and American scholars of Russian literature, influenced by Edward W. Said's critique of Orientalism, have approached those works almost exclusively in terms of whether or not they are Orientalist. Particularly harsh criticism has been directed at the two narrative poems, both titled <The Captive of the Caucasus,> written by A. s. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov. Pushkin's poem excrcised a significant influence on the Russian literature that followed, typified by L. N. Tolstoi's short story, which also took the same title. This group of literary works provide fertile ground for a comparative cultural study exploring the reception by 19th-century Russian writers of the Caucasus, this land with a culture different from their own. The Caucasus was a topic of widespread discussion among writers and journalists in 20th-century Russia, as well, during the recent intensification of the Chechen conflict in the mid-1990s. Given this context, the short story written by V. Makanin under the same title (although "captive" here is rendered by the word plennyi instead of plennik) stimulated intense debate in Russian critical circles. Thus the seeds sown by Pushkin provided, almost two centuries later, an occasion to illuminate the cultural and intellectual relationship that exists between Russia and the Caucasus. This study takes up that phenomenon for reevaluation, but not from the same perspective taken by the critics of Orientalism. The point of departure here is provided by the understanding that to subject the works in question to an exclusively Orientalist critique is to risk losing sight of fundamental differences between those works. The principal analytical tool applied in this study is the working concept of dialogism. The appropriateness of this research method is discussed and affirmed in the Introduction. Chapter 1, "The Formation of Russian Images of the Caucasus," maintains that the myth of the Caucasus was created less by the intelligentsia and literati of the time than it was by the ordinary Russian colonists who went and settled that alien land. This discussion also refers to the fact that upper-class Russians, who were educated in Western European culture, developed a discourse of attempted objectivity about the natures, folkways, and customs of the peoples of the Caucasus, and although they were unable to fully cast off their Orientalist prejudices, that discourse was itself drawn into this mythical world and read in a distorted form. That distorted reading has been passed down to the present day. Chapter 2, "Dialogism and Cultural Autism," shows the differences that arise between readings of V. Makanin's short story that use the analytical tool of dialogism, and readings that apply a typological method. Chapter 3, "The Negation of Negation in Russian Classical Authors," first takes up Tolstoi's short story and compares it with the narrative poems by Pushkin and Lermontov in terms of four points of difference: The protagonist's social position, his reasons for being taken captive, the events leading to his contact with young indigenous woman, and his attitude toward his homeland. The chapter also identifies fundamental differences between Pushkin's and Lermontov's narrative poems that have been overlooked up to this time. The chapter further points out that Pushkin's antagonism to the poems by Derzhavin and Zhukovskii was what motivated him to write his own narrative poem. Chapter 4, "The Keywords of Orientalism: Dikii and Vol'nyi," uses a concordance created by the author for these works by Pushkin, Lermontov, and Tolstoi to compare the extent to which Orientalism influenced these three literary figures. The analysis demonstrates a distinct correlation with the relatively larger presence of elements of dialogism, which is the working concept of this study overall. The term dikii as used in Pushkin's time (including by the poet himself) did not yet differentiate the two senses of barbaric and feral, which are distinguished by context in the Russian Language today. The possibility is raised, therefore, that the poet used this word without any clear awareness of that sense of something that has been left behind by civilization and failed to develop culturally. The conclusion emphasizes, not the binary approach taken, for example, by anti-Orientalism, but rather the dialectical approach that discerns an affirmative moment within the negative moment. This latter approach is of greater importance for comparative cultural and literary historical studies.
홍준표,매전고조,목촌강부 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1984 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.22 No.2
A mathematical model has been presented for solidification analysis of ESR ingots. A general finite differential equation was formulated for computer simulation by the use of this model. The effects of ingot size, temperature at slag-metal interface, melting rate, and effective thermal conductivity in liquid on solidification profiles were investigated. The model proposed in the present work was successfully applied in treating solidification analysis of ESR ingots.
X-ray Absorption and Photoemission Spectroscopy Study of Nd½A½Mn₁-yCryO₃ (A=Ca, Sr)
J.-S. Kang,J. H. Kim,S. W. Han,K. H. Kim,E. J. Choi,A. Sekiyama,S. Kasai,S. Suga,T. Kimura 한국자기학회 2003 Journal of Magnetics Vol.8 No.4
Valence states and electronic structures of Cr-doped Nd½A½MnO₃ (NAMO; A=Ca, Sr) manganites have been investigated using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy (PES). All the Cr-doped NAMO systems exhibit the clear metallic Fermi edges in the Mn e_g PES spectra near E_F. The spectral intensity at E_F is higher for Cr-doped Nd½Sr½MnO₃ (NSMO) than for Cr-doped Nd½Ca½MnO₃ (NCMO), reflecting the stronger metallic nature for NSMO than for NCMO. The measured Cr 2p XAS spectra are found to be very similar to that of Cr₂O₃, indicating that Cr ions in Cr-doped NAMO are in the trivalent Cr³+ states (t³_(2g)). The Cr 2p XAS data are consistent with the Cr 3d PES spectra located at ~1.3 eV below EF and having no emission near E_F.
Progress in R&D of coated conductor in M-PACC project
Izumi, T.,Ibi, A.,Nakaoka, K.,Taneda, T.,Yoshida, T.,Takagi, Y.,Nakamura, T.,Machi, T.,Katayama, K.,Sakai, N.,Yoshizumi, M.,Koizumi, T.,Kimura, K.,Kato, T.,Kiss, T.,Shiohara, Y. The Korea Institute of Applied Superconductivity a 2014 한국초전도저온공학회논문지 Vol.16 No.2
The five-year national project in Japan for R&D of coated conductors and applications, named as the Materials and Power Applications of Coated Conductors (M-PACC) project, was finished at the end of FY2013. The project consists of four sub-themes as cable, transformer, SMES and coated conductors. In the theme of coated conductors, the fabrication process had been developed to satisfy the requirements from the applications such as in-field $I_c$ performance, low AC loss in the long tapes etc. Through the project, the remarkable progress was achieved as follows; a high in-field minimum $I_c$ value over 54A/cm-width under 3T at 77K was realized in a 200m long EuBCO tape with artificial pinning centers of $BaHfO_3$ by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique on the IBAD template. On the other hand, the AC loss reduction was confirmed in the tapes fabricated by both PLD and the metal organic deposition (MOD) techniques by scribing 100m tapes into 10-filamments. Additionally, the mechanism of the delamination phenomenon was systematically investigated and the strength was improved by eliminating the origins of the weak points in the films. Through the development, all targeted goals were accomplished and the several results were appreciated as a world champion data.
T. Kin,K. Furutaka,S. Goko,H. Harada,A. Kimura,F. Kitatani,S. Nakamura,M. Ohta,M. Oshima,Y. Toh,J. Hori,M. Igashira,T. Katabuchi,M. Koizumi,M. Mizumoto,T. Kamiyama,K. Kino,Y. Kiyanagi 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.23
A ``4π germanium spectrometer'' was developed for measurements of neutron capture cross sections of minor actinides and long-lived fission products. It was installed on the Beam Line No. 04 of the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. The time-of-flight method is used to measure the cross sections. To obtain characteristics of the spectrometer, a measurement was done of prompt gamma rays emitted following neutron capture reactions of gold whose cross section was well studied. In the present paper, we show the procedure of analysis of the data obtained with the spectrometer and discuss the characteristics to measure neutron capture cross section.