The Grammaticalization Approach to English “Fear”-derived Lexemes

( Sun Hee Yae ) 한국외국어대학교 언어연구소 2012 언어와 언어학 Vol.0 No.56

The aim of this paper is to address English ``fear``-derived lexemes of emotion language from the perspective of grammaticalization. The ``fear``-derived lexemes that concern us are adverbs such as awfully, dreadfully, fearfully, frightfully, hideously, horribly, panically, terribly, and adjectives such as afraid, awesome, dreadful, fearful, frightful, hideous, horrible, panic, scary, terrible, terrific, tremendous. The ``fear``-derived lexemes evolve into RL (Respect Lexeme), EM (Epistemic Modality), and DM (Discourse Marker). In the stage of RL, the ``fear``-derived lexemes are contentful. The stage of EM includes the emphatic marker (intensifier) and the evidential marker. The ``fear``-lexemes also function as the DM such as the exclamative marker, the politeness marker, the mitigator, and the pragmatic hedger. The grammatical development of ``fear``-derived lexemes in English verifies that English ``fear``-expressions provide theoretical implications of human emotion into linguistic conceptualization.

The ACC-based LCA in Adjuncts

Sun-Hee Yae(예선희) 신영어영문학회 2006 신영어영문학 Vol.35 No.-

How can we determine the word order of the language? Chomsky (1994) proposes that Asymmetric C-Command (ACC) relation among nonterminals can determine the linear ordering, and that PF convergence requires linearization of terminals. In contrast, Cho (2002) argues that Merge and Move of the syntactic computation can decide the linear ordering, and that the word order determined at syntactic computation can be pronounced at PF. Adjunct structures apparently cause some problems in the ACC-based linear ordering. However, The analysis based on SIMPL and pair Merge of Chomsky (2001b) support the ACC-based linear ordering rather than Cho’s argument.

On the increase of speaker-orientation from modality to mood of "fear"-predicates in English

( Sun Hee Yae ) 경희대학교 언어연구소 2014 언어연구 Vol.31 No.1

The aim of this paper is to address the increase of speaker-orientation from modality to mood in ‘fear’-predicates of English. ‘Fear’-predicates concerned here are I am afraid~(I’m afraid~) and I fear~, judging from the degree of grammaticalization and the token frequency of corpus data regarding the modal verbs in the subordinate clause. Thefirst person subject ‘I’ in the construction of I am afraid~ (I’m afraid~) and I fear~ signals the speaker-orientation. Modality in this paper is defined in terms of factuality to the proposition, following Narrog (2012, ch. 2). Mood is delineated as a grammatical term for modality. Based on Narrog’s (2010: 394) model, mood forms the upward stage of the grammaticalization of modality. ‘Fear’-predicates in the main clause combined with modal verbs in the subordinate clause constitute composite mood along the line of increased speaker-orientation such as imperative, admonitive, commissive, etc. It is argued that the path from modality to mood is metaphorically mapped across the domains.

A Phase-bound Analysis of Allege-type verbs in English

Sun-hee Yae 현대문법학회 2003 현대문법연구 Vol.33 No.-

Allege-class verbs superficially take V-NP-to infinitive complements like Exceptional Case Marking (henceforth, ECM)-, want-, and persuade-type verbs, featuring curious patterns which cannot be included in any of these three verb types. What is curious is that the allege-type verbs allow, as ECM verbs do, the expletive there, pronouns it/him, wh-traces and NP-traces for their infinitival subjects while, unlike ECM-verbs, excluding lexical NPs. The purpose of this article is to highlight the behavioral characteristics of the post-verb NP position of allege-type verbs in light of Chomsky s (1998, 1999) recent phase-bound derivation theory and compare their behaviors, which may be characterized as bizarre, with those of French/Italian ECM verbs.

Grammaticalization and Corpus-based Study of Substitutive Complex Prepositions instead of and on behalf of

( Yae Sun-hee ) 대한영어영문학회 2008 영어영문학연구 Vol.34 No.4

This paper illustrates the corpus-based analysis of substitutive complex prepositions instead of and on behalf of from the perspective of grammaticalization. The derivative path of instead of and on behalf of starts with location denoting nouns stead and half and they have developed into substitutive prepositions encoding replacing of one entity X for another Y. But instead of has undergone more complex course in the process of grammaticalization than on behalf of. Instead of is older in age and shorter in form than on behalf of. This developmental difference between the two prepositions is reflected in the corpus-based analysis of token frequency and collocational pattern. The comparison of solution numbers and syntactic environments will be the evidence that instead of is more general and less formal than on behalf of with the two prepositions constituting layering. (Chungang University)

Infinitival Subjects and Phase-based Feature-checking

Sun-Hee Yae 한국생성문법학회 2003 생성문법연구 Vol.13 No.4

Studies since Postal (1974) have called attention to the infinitival subject in English. Two noteworthy opposite views have materialized with regard to whether object moves overtly or covertly: Lasnik's (l999a,b) overt object movement and Chomsky's (1993, 1995a) covert object movement. The phase-based theory will provide the clue to settle the troublesome matters involving overt/covert object movement in infinitive constructions. I will account for the feature/case-checking and movement of the infinitival subjects of believe-, want-, and persuade-type verbs from the perspective of Chomsky's (1998, 1999) phase-based approach. The completeness of to-infinitive T is responsible for the structural differences of these infinitives. Post verb NPs are analyzed differently on the basis of the completeness of to-T. Tcomp can be divided into three kinds depending on whether it takes PRO or NP or both for its infinitival subject and whether it takes the complementizer for or not.

우리말 ‘격조사+다가’ 구문의 문법화

예선희(Sun hee Yae) 현대문법학회 2015 현대문법연구 Vol.86 No.-

척도초점사 even의 문법화에 대하여-주관화, 상호주관화, 서법성을 중심으로

예선희 ( Sun Hee Yae ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2010 현대영어영문학 Vol.54 No.4

There has been a lot of research on the focus particle even on the perspective of quantification, truth-conditional value, implicature, etc. This paper attempts to translate the findings in terms of grammaticalization. This paper addresses grammaticalization of even from a lexical adverb meaning ``uniformly, smoothly,`` to a scalar focus particle and modal particle, invoking the mechanisms of grammaticalization such as subjectification, intersubjectification, modality, mirativity, etc. It is argued on the basis of subjectification that even decodes the speaker`s evaluation and belief of the endpoint on a scale. Intersubjectification accounts for the fact that the endpoint on a scale depends on the mutual belief of the speaker and the addressee in the discourse world. Even also designates the attitude of the speaker such as counterexpectation, surprise, unexpected information toward the proposition as a modal particle.

접속어 lest-구문의 양태와 문법화에 대한 연구

예선희 ( Sun Hee Yae ) 한국외국어대학교 외국어교육연구소 2014 외국어교육연구 Vol.28 No.1

본 논문의 목적은 접속어 lest-구문의 양태와 문법화를 분석하는 것이다. OED에 따르면, 접속어 lest는 고대영어의 복합전치사 þy læs þe가 음운탈락과 합체현상을 겪으면서 중세영어시기에 접속어 lest라는 형태로 문법화되었다. 접속어 lest의 의미변화는 의미의 일반화 현상이라기 보다는 의미의 전문화 현상으로 평행가설과는 반대의 경향을 보인다. COCA와 BNC코퍼스의 자료를 보면, 접속어 lest-구문은 종속절에서 다른 양태동사보다도 should를 압도적으로 선호하는 경향이 있다. 본 논문은 접속어 lest와 양태동사 should의 결합을 문법화의 틀에서 의미지속성으로 규명한다. The aim of this paper is to address grammaticalization and modality of the conjunctive lest-construction. According to OED (Oxford English Dictionary), lest was grammaticalized in Middle English from the complex prepositional phrase þy læs þe in Old English through phonological processes and coalescence. The meaning development of the conjunctive lest opposes the parallel reduction hypothesis as a phenomenon of specificity rather than generalization. We will argue that the conjunctive lest designates modality to the factuality of the proposition. The corpus search of COCA (The Corpus of Contemporary American English) and BNC (The British National Corpus) attest that the conjunctive lest overwhelmingly selects should among other modal verbs in its subordinate clause. Persistence will illuminate theoretical and analytical basis of the combination of the conjunctive lest and the modal verb should from the perspective of grammaticalization. (Chung-Ang University)

국내 4년제 대학의 ESP 교육에 대한 기초연구

예선희(Yae, Sun-Hee) 신영어영문학회 2016 신영어영문학 Vol.64 No.-

The aim of this paper is to address current conditions of ESP (English for Special Purposes) in 4-year colleges of Korea and to make use of the data to establish ESP courses at Chung-Ang University in 2016. This paper does not deal with the present states of general English education that are carried out in the College of General Education at Chung-Ang University, which will be a separate topic for future study. The term ESP encompasses EAP and EOP. Based on the choice between EAP and EOP, the goals of ESP course will have different composites. To cope with demands from students in the high level, the goal of general English education enables students to be equipped with high-level English skills combined with professional expertise as global citizens. ESP in general English education functions as a bridge to cross over to a in-depth major-related and professional area. To be successful, ESP education requires: first, the main body to manage ESP courses; second, the lecturer to educated students; third, the textbook to teach with; fourth, evaluation tools.