S(N)-almost prime submodules

STEVEN,IRAWATI 장전수학회 2019 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.22 No.1

In this article, we focus on some notions of prime submod- ules over a commutative ring with identity. Suppose R is a commutative ring with identity and M is an R-module. A proper submodule N of M is called prime if rm is element of N implies r element of (N : M) or m element of N. In this article we give a generalized version of prime submodule in its localization which named as S(N)-almost prime submodule. This generalization was obtained by creating generalized version of almost prime submodule such that the submodule is not al- most prime but its localization is almost prime. Furthermore, some characterizations of S(N)-almost prime submodules and its relation to S(I)-almost prime ideals are given in this article.

Change and Continuity in the Political Attitudes of Canadian University Students, 1986-2011

Steven Holloway(Steven Holloway ),Youngwon Cho(Youngwon Cho) 한국캐나다학회 2013 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.19 No.2

While Political Science is taught at nearly every university in Canada, little is known about the political attitudes of the Canadian students actually taking courses in the discipline. Beyond anecdotal evidence based largely on personal impressions, there has been no other indicator to gauge our students’ political dispositions and preferences, especially over an extended period of time. We shed some light on this issue by presenting the findings of a survey of first-year students taking an introductory course in Political Science at [name withheld for blind review]. Spanning over 25 years from 1986 to 2011, the survey and its findings provide a useful window into the evolving pattern of political attitudes among our first-year students, which include, among others: ideological inclinations, both self-identified and more objectively measured; party preferences; views on Quebec separatism; support for Canada’s international activism; attitudes toward the US; and assessment of international economic openness.

Canada-Korea Relations in Historical Perspective

Steven Lee(Steven Lee) 한국캐나다학회 2003 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.9 No.-

Chondroid metaplasia of paraspinal connective tissue in the degenerative spine

Sjoerd Stevens,Sjoerd Stevens,Anouk Agten,Erika Wisanto,Melissa Lo Monaco,Jonas Verbrugghe,Annick Timmermans,Ivo Lambrichts,Frank Vandenabeele 대한해부학회 2019 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.52 No.2

A 51-year-old male was routinely biopsied during a paraspinal muscle study. The biopsy sample was taken from the right erector spinae muscle at the fourth lumbar vertebra. The patient had no history of (diagnosed) major back trauma. The obtained sample was histologically analyzed (hematoxylin and eosin, safranin O), and complementary magnetic resonance imaging was performed. The biopsied sample contained chondroid tissue. Based on its location, the biopsy sample was appointed as chondroid metaplasia. Although chondroid metaplasia is not uncommon in humans, this is the first report of chondroid metaplasia within the paraspinal connective tissue. We propose a novel mechanism to explain the paraspinal chrondrogenic changes, related to spinal degeneration.

Paul and Multicultural Education

Steven S. H. Chang 한국기독교교육정보학회 2013 Journal of Christian education information tech Vol.0 No.23

This article explores multicultural education, its aims and benefits, through a study of the biblical model of the apostle Paul. Through remarkable circumstances, Paul was well educated in both the Jewish and Greco-Roman modes, and thus, received an extraordinary multicultural education. The benefits of multicultural education may be readily observed in Paul’s letters, mission activity, and interaction with people of diverse backgrounds. Paul was able to reduce the pain of discrimination against Gentiles in the early church, to overcome ethnocentrism in himself and in others, and to function across cultures with the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes, thus becoming “all things to all men” in his mission and ministry. Challenged by the biblical model of the apostle Paul, Christians today ought to strive toward excellence in multicultural education as a critical part of the mission of the church.

Trends in State Funded Preschool in the United States : Findings from 10 Years of Policy Surveys

Steven Barnett,Megan Carolan 육아정책연구소 2013 International Journal of Child Care and Education Vol.7 No.1

An annual survey by the National Institute for Early Education Research has traced state pre-K policy change in the United States since 2001. Such programs are only one part of a system that also includes a large federal program (Head Start) and a large private sector. The last decade was one of large changes in enrollment, policies relating to access and quality, and expenditures. Not all of these chances were positive, and it appears that the Great Recession had substantial negative impacts. Major trends in state pre-K include large enrollment growth at age 4, while enrollment at age 3 changed little, universal adoption of comprehensive early learning standards and, modestly, in program quality standards. On the downside, state expenditure per child fell by more than $1,000 adjusting for inflation over 10 years. Some disadvantaged groups who might benefit most from high quality state pre-K have the least access, such as English language learners and Hispanic children. State policies show extreme variation, and the range increased over the decade. Some states moved to universal enrollment while others still have no program. State funding per child varies by almost $10,000 per pupil from highest to lowest. Surveys such as this are an important tool for understanding how policy varies over time and geopolitical boundaries as well as examining equity in access to quality.

A Generalization of Friedman's Permanent Income Hypothesis with a Large, Negative Income Shock

Steven Kou,Seyoung Park 한국재무학회 2020 한국재무학회 학술대회 Vol.2020 No.08

We generalize the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH) of Friedman (1957) with a large, negative income shock (LNIS). We quantify the required amount of pre- cautionary savings for consumption smoothing. We nd that with the LNIS, the precautionary savings could increase as wealth increases, consistent with the US data. We also provide a general equilibrium analysis with a focus on interest rate. The agent's demand for precautionary savings is suciently strong making her save at a high rate and thus lowering the equilibrium interest rate signicantly, which is particularly relevant to today's low-interest-rate environment. Finally, the LNIS signicantly improves our equilibrium model's ability to match the equity premium and risk-free rate of the century-long sample (1891-1994).

무알코올의 매력

STEVEN BERTONI 중앙일보에스 2023 Forbes Korea = 포브스 코리아 Vol.2023 No.3

CULTURES AND COUNTERFEITS ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL: CONSIDERATION OF COUNTERFEITS DIFFERS ACROSS CULTURES

Steven Chan,Nelson Amaral 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Research in the consumption of counterfeit products has examined market size, consumer perceptions, and buyer characteristics (Nia & Zaichkowsky, 2010; Wee, Tan, & Cheok, 1995). However, little is known about how different kinds of counterfeits are evaluated because the term counterfeit tends to be used as a catch all for “fakes”. By taking a more nuanced approach to defining counterfeits we investigate how consumer’s perceptions of counterfeit products can vary based on the details of the item and its production. Moreover, we demonstrate that perceptions and consumption of counterfeits is not universal across cultures. Drawing from cultural psychology research, we propose that differences in dialectical thinking styles can influence the evaluation of counterfeit products. Prior literature has demonstrated that East Asians are relatively more dialectical. While Caucasians (with European cultural background) adopt a relatively more polarized, less polarized, less dialectical belief system (Peng & Nisbett, 1999). This difference has important implications for our understanding of cultural differences in considering counterfeits. Consider, for example, a “ghost shift” Rolex watch (i.e. an unlicensed copy made in a licensed facility with authentic materials but on an unofficial third shift (Parloff, 2006); compare that with a replica made using slightly different materials in a different facility altogether. Both are classified as counterfeits but may be evaluated differently with respect to authenticity and, as a result, may differ in perceived value as well (e.g. likelihood to purchase). We investigate these issues through three experiments conducted with 406 American undergraduate students by asking them to evaluate a variety of counterfeit and ghost shift counterfeit products. The first study relies on culture (non-Asian vs. East Asian ethnicity) as a proxy for thinking style and investigates perceptions of counterfeit sunglasses and shoes. Our second study provides converging evidence for the role of thinking styles on evaluations of different types of counterfeit shoes and extends our research by moving beyond reductionist cultural explanations through a wholly non- Asian sample by measuring individual differences in dialectical reasoning (Dialectical Self Scale; Spencer-Rodgers, Boucher, Mori, Wang, & Peng, 2009). Our last study investigates counterfeit Rolex watches and, more importantly, manipulates participants’ tolerance for change and contradiction through an established priming task (Peng & Nisbett, 1999). All three experiments revealed consistent results: lower dialectical thinking (more representative of Europeans) resulted in a greater likelihood to purchase the third shift version over the replica version, while higher dialectical thinking (e.g. East-Asian) resulted in equivalent responses between the two types. In studies 2 and 3 perceived authenticity also differed for low dialectical thinkers, but not high dialectical thinkers.

A review of recent experience with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation using intravascular ultrasound

Steven D. Kao,Edward Wolfgang Lee 소화기인터벤션의학회 2018 Gastrointestinal Intervention Vol.7 No.1

Portal vein access has historically been the most technically challenging step in the creation of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPSs). The use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) for guidance of portal vein access during TIPS creation has garnered much interest in recent years. Recent literature has suggested potential improvements in procedural metrics that may result from use of IVUS for TIPS. This review aims to provide historical context, detail technical advances and describe recent clinical experience with the use of IVUS for TIPS creation.