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Lee, B.C.,Kim, M.S.,Pae, M.,Yamamoto, Y.,Eberle, D.,Shimada, T.,Kamei, N.,Park, H.S.,Sasorith, S.,Woo, J.,You, J.,Mosher, W.,Brady, Hugh J.M.,Shoelson, Steven E.,Lee, J. Cell Press 2016 Cell metabolism Vol.23 No.4
<P>Obesity-induced inflammation mediated by immune cells in adipose tissue appears to participate in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. We show that natural killer (NK) cells in adipose tissue play an important role. High-fat diet (HFD) increases NK cell numbers and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, notably TNF alpha, in epididymal, but not subcutaneous, fat depots. When NK cells were depleted either with neutralizing antibodies or genetic ablation in E4bp4(+/-) mice, obesity-induced insulin resistance improved in parallel with decreases in both adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) numbers, and ATM and adipose tissue inflammation. Conversely, expansion of NK cells following IL-15 administration or reconstitution of NK cells into E4bp4(-/-) mice increased both ATM numbers and adipose tissue inflammation and exacerbated HFD-induced insulin resistance. These results indicate that adipose NK cells control ATMs as an upstream regulator potentially by producing proinflammatory mediators, including TNF alpha, and thereby contribute to the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance.</P>
Parkin loss leads to PARIS-dependent declines in mitochondrial mass and respiration
Stevens, Daniel A.,Lee, Yunjong,Kang, Ho Chul,Lee, Byoung Dae,Lee, Yun-Il,Bower, Aaron,Jiang, Haisong,Kang, Sung-Ung,Andrabi, Shaida A.,Dawson, Valina L.,Shin, Joo-Ho,Dawson, Ted M. National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.37
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Mutations or inactivation of parkin causes Parkinson’s disease (PD) in humans. Recent studies have focused on parkin’s role in mitochondrial quality control in the pathogenesis of PD, including defects in mitophagy, mitochondrial fission, fusion, and transport. This study shows that parkin also controls mitochondrial biogenesis and that defects in mitochondrial biogenesis drive the loss of dopamine (DA) neurons due to the absence of parkin. The findings support the role of parkin in regulating multiple arms of mitochondrial quality control and suggest that maintaining mitochondrial biogenesis is critically important in the survival of DA neurons.</P><P>Mutations in parkin lead to early-onset autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD) and inactivation of parkin is thought to contribute to sporadic PD. Adult knockout of parkin in the ventral midbrain of mice leads to an age-dependent loss of dopamine neurons that is dependent on the accumulation of parkin interacting substrate (PARIS), zinc finger protein 746 (ZNF746), and its transcriptional repression of PGC-1α. Here we show that adult knockout of parkin in mouse ventral midbrain leads to decreases in mitochondrial size, number, and protein markers consistent with a defect in mitochondrial biogenesis. This decrease in mitochondrial mass is prevented by short hairpin RNA knockdown of PARIS. PARIS overexpression in mouse ventral midbrain leads to decreases in mitochondrial number and protein markers and PGC-1α–dependent deficits in mitochondrial respiration. Taken together, these results suggest that parkin loss impairs mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to declining function of the mitochondrial pool and cell death.</P>
Introduction to "Writing Revolution Across Northeast Asia"
Steven S. Lee 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2018 Cross-Currents Vol.0 No.28
The 1917 October Revolution in relatively “backward” Russia was supposed to spark other revolutions across the industrial West. Already by 1920, however, after several failed European uprisings, the Bolsheviks began pinning their hopes on Asia. In September 1920 the Third Communist International (Comintern) convened the First Congress of the Peoples of the East in Baku, where Comintern head Grigory Zinoviev declared “holy war” against Western imperialism (Riddell 1993, 78). The following year, as Katerina Clark notes in her contribution to this special issue, the First Congress of the Toilers of the Far East met in Irkutsk to promote international unity against both class and colonial oppression. In this vision, the Soviet Union, itself stretching to the Pacific, would be the center of a new, liberated world that would champion national independence alongside the interests of workers and peasants.