Etiology of genetic muscle disorders induced by mutations in fast and slow skeletal MyBP-C paralogs

Song Taejeong,Landim-Vieira Maicon,Ozdemir Mustafa,Gott Caroline,Kanisicak Onur,Pinto Jose Renato,Sadayappan Sakthivel 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

Skeletal muscle, a highly complex muscle type in the eukaryotic system, is characterized by different muscle subtypes and functions associated with specific myosin isoforms. As a result, skeletal muscle is the target of numerous diseases, including distal arthrogryposes (DAs). Clinically, DAs are a distinct disorder characterized by variation in the presence of contractures in two or more distal limb joints without neurological issues. DAs are inherited, and up to 40% of patients with this condition have mutations in genes that encode sarcomeric protein, including myosin heavy chains, troponins, and tropomyosin, as well as myosin binding protein-C (MYBPC). Our research group and others are actively studying the specific role of MYBPC in skeletal muscles. The MYBPC family of proteins plays a critical role in the contraction of striated muscles. More specifically, three paralogs of the MYBPC gene exist, and these are named after their predominant expression in slow-skeletal, fast-skeletal, and cardiac muscle as sMyBP-C, fMyBP-C, and cMyBP-C, respectively, and encoded by the MYBPC1, MYBPC2, and MYBPC3 genes, respectively. Although the physiology of various types of skeletal muscle diseases is well defined, the molecular mechanism underlying the pathological regulation of DAs remains to be elucidated. In this review article, we aim to highlight recent discoveries involving the role of skeletal muscle-specific sMyBP-C and fMyBP-C as well as their expression profile, localization in the sarcomere, and potential role(s) in regulating muscle contractility. Thus, this review provides an overall summary of MYBPC skeletal paralogs, their potential roles in skeletal muscle function, and future research directions.

The Language of Life: Circulation and Variations in Richard Powers' Gold Bug Variations

Taejeong Song 21세기영어영문학회 2009 21세기영어영문학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.1

Writing of Life: Multiple Languages, Scientific Realities, and Cybernetic Metaphors in Richard Powers`s The Gold Bug Variations

( Taejeong Song ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2017 현대영미소설 Vol.24 No.2

This paper illustrates how Richard Powers`s The Gold Bug Variations (1991) recreates the discourse of multiple languages, scientific reality, and cybernetic metaphors of the genome, and connects this to other fragmentary objects to create new forms of the language of life. While others have examined the novel`s relationship to aesthetics, I focus on the use of information within the author`s novel to explain the development of genomic research as an interdisciplinary phenomenon. In this perspective, I first explore the multiple languages of the life that this novel demonstrates interconnected with postmodernism in science, language, music, and literature to generate the discourse of polysemy through which the genome is read and articulated. Second, I explain how scientific theories and their modes of articulation have evolved so that one scientist`s theory or hypothesis will be solved and decoded by the next generation. This causes a consistent movement at the center of scientific focus as each new discovery is made. Third, I also examine some of the cybernetic metaphors that have facilitated the development of the genome project and that draw upon fragments from several different disciplines. I describe how the codon is articulated, and analyze a mixture of terms from linguistic, scientific, and information theories along with cybernetic metaphors to articulate how the codon is used.

가상현실에서 실재를 재현하기-리차드 파워스의 『어둠을 헤치며』

송태정 ( Taejeong Song ) 21세기영어영문학회 2016 영어영문학21 Vol.29 No.3

This article examines how the real is represented in Richard Powers` novel Plowing the Dark (2000). I focus on Richard Powers` discursive writing to employ such interdisciplinary fields as: informatics, cybernetics, linguistics, and art with the development of artificial intelligence. I also explain the self-reflexive and anti-representational aesthetic in the virtual reality where a significant paradigm shift takes place in the cognitive science. Plowing the Dark consists of two narrative stories which exist at exact opposites. One of them is a story about a kidnaped American teacher Taimur Martin, turned a Lebanese prisoner of war who spends five years imprisoned in a single room. The other narrative is a story about the "Cavern," a high tech virtual reality simulator which is being built by a research team including the main character, Adie Klarpol in the Realization Laboratory of a conglomerate known as TeraSys. Plowing the Dark suggests the methods by which virtual reality challenges traditional ideas of reality and virtuality, as in Taylor`s remark: "The dream inspiring the virtual reality technology is to render the virtual real and the real virtual by erasing the interface separating mind and matter." In this view, Powers describes how the real is representative in the computational universe in Plowing the Dark. Nevertheless, this novel raises a question whether reality can exemplify the several kinds of rooms such as a painting, a jungle, or a cathedral by employing poetic, linguistic and nonlinguistic metaphors, and computer languages. That is why the real is reproduced; thus, it is a hyperreal, a simulation.

계층적 그룹을 이용한 분류영상 물체 위치 탐지

송승현(SeungHyun Song),김태정(Taejeong Kim) 대한전자공학회 2016 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.11

Hole Filling Method for Depth Image Based Rendering Based on Boundary Decision

Cho, Jea-Hyung,Song, Wonseok,Choi, Hyuk,Kim, Taejeong IEEE Signal Processing Society 2017 IEEE signal processing letters Vol.24 No.3

<P>In three-dimensional display systems, depth image based rendering is the most commonly used technique for generating images captured from a virtual viewpoint through reference views and depth maps. However, disoccluded hole filling remain a challenging issue as newly exposed area appears in the virtual view. Image inpainting based hole filling is a popular approach for filling in the hole, but the conventional methods generate annoying artifacts along the boundaries of the foreground objects. This letter presents a robust hole filling method that generates a virtual view with high quality. First, by using the local and neighboring property of the depth map, the background region is filled prior to the foreground region. Also, in the matching step to find the data to fill in, depth homogeneity is considered. Finally, based on the boundary decision using the depth property, the boundary regions are filled with background-relevant data to reduce boundary artifacts. Experimental results show that the views synthesized by the proposed method achieve higher visual comfort than the view synthesized by the existing methods.</P>

인공 구조물 내 직선을 찾기 위한 경험적 가중치를 이용한 소실점 검출 기법

김항태(Hang-Tae Kim),송원석(Wonseok Song),최혁(Hyuk Choi),김태정(Taejeong Kim) 한국정보과학회 2015 정보과학회논문지 Vol.42 No.5

소실점(vanishing point)이란 카메라 렌즈를 통해 3차원 공간을 2차원 영상으로 투영하는 과정에서 평행한 직선들이 수렴하는 점을 의미한다. 소실점 검출은 영상 내의 정보를 이용하여 소실점의 위치를 파악하는 것을 의미하며, 영상 내 지점들의 상대적인 거리를 파악하거나 장면 전체의 3차원 구조를 파악하는데 활용된다. 일반적으로 영상 내 평행한 직선들은 인공 구조물 내에 존재하는 경우가 많으므로 직선 검출 기반 소실점 검출 기법들은 인공 구조물 내의 직선들을 찾아 이들이 수렴하는 점을 소실점으로서 검출하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이 때, 영상 내에서 직선을 검출하기 위하여 먼저 에지 검출(edge detection)을 통해 에지 픽셀을 검출하고 그 결과를 허프 변환(Hough transform)하여 직선들을 찾아낸다. 그러나 각종 텍스쳐 및 노이즈 등 여러 원인들로 인해 위 과정에서 검출된 직선들이 모두 소실점을 지나지는 않는다. 따라서 검출된 직선들로부터 소실점을 정확히 검출하기 위해서는 각 직선에 대하여 소실점을 지날 가능성에 따라 다른 가중치를 부여하는 것이 필요한데 기존의 연구들은 가중치를 동일하게 부여하거나 단순한 수준의 가중치 계산을 적용해 왔다. 본 논문에서는 소실점을 지나는 직선들은 대부분 인공 구조물내의 직선들임에 착안하여 직선에 가중치를 부여하는 새로운 방법을 제안하고 이를 이용한 소실점 검출 결과를 몇 가지 기존 방법들과 비교하였다. 그 결과, 기존 방법들에 비하여 소실점 추정 오류가 약 65% 감소하였다. A vanishing point is a point where parallel lines converge, and they become evident when a camera’s lenses are used to project 3D space onto a 2D image plane. Vanishing point detection is the use of the information contained within an image to detect the vanishing point, and can be utilized to infer the relative distance between certain points in the image or for understanding the geometry of a 3D scene. Since parallel lines generally exist for the artificial structures within images, line-detection-based vanishing point-detection techniques aim to find the point where the parallel lines of artificial structures converge. To detect parallel lines in an image, we detect edge pixels through edge detection and then find the lines by using the Hough transform. However, the various textures and noise in an image can hamper the line-detection process so that not all of the lines converging toward the vanishing point are obvious. To overcome this difficulty, it is necessary to assign a different weight to each line according to the degree of possibility that the line passes through the vanishing point. While previous research studies assigned equal weight or adopted a simple weighting calculation, in this paper, we are proposing a new method of assigning weights to lines after noticing that the lines that pass through vanishing points typically belong to artificial structures. Experimental results show that our proposed method reduces the vanishing point-estimation error rate by 65% when compared to existing methods.

공기 중 음향 전송 시 부가 정보 삽입을 위한 오디오 워터마킹 기법

최준환(Joon Hwan Choi),송원석(Wonseok Song),최혁(Hyuk Choi),김태정(Taejeong Kim) 한국정보과학회 2010 정보과학회논문지 : 정보통신 Vol.37 No.2

오디오 워터마킹이란 오디오 신호에 귀에 들리지 않게 정보를 삽입하는 과정을 말하며, 주로 저작권 보호 목적에 이용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 오디오 워터마킹을 저작권 보호가 아닌 사용자 편의를 위한 부가 정보 전송이라는 목적에 이용하고자 하며, 이러한 목적에 적합한 오디오 워터마킹 알고리듬을 제안한다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 오디오 워터마킹 알고리듬은 공기 중 음향 전송을 통해 스피커로부터 모바일 장치로 부가 정보를 전송하는 방식이며, 오디오 신호의 에너지 변조를 이용한 워터마크 삽입/추출 방법 및 2단계에 걸친 효율적인 동기화 방법을 포함한다. 제안된 알고리듬은 스피커 시스템과 휴대폰 단말기를 이용한 실험을 통해 그 성능을 평가하였으며, 실험 결과 5m 거리에서 성공적으로 부가 정보를 전송이 가능함을 확인하였다. 이는 기존의 방식보다 높은 성능이다. Audio watermarking is the process of embedding inaudible information in an audio signal and has been widely used for copyright protection. In this research, we use the audio watermarking not for copyright protection but for the transmission of side information for user convenience, presenting an algorithm suitable for this purpose. Our new algorithm includes watermark embedding/extraction methods during acoustic transmission through the air that employ energy modulation of the audio signal and an efficient two-step synchronization method. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in experiments of conveying information from audio speakers to a mobile phone. The results show that reliable transmission is possible within a 5m range, which is an improvement achieved by our algorithm as compared to the existing one.

3차원 동영상의 시각 주의 확률 모델 도출 및 시각 주의 기반 입체감 추정

김보은(Boeun Kim),송원석(Wonseok Song),김태정(Taejeong Kim) 한국정보과학회 2015 정보과학회논문지 Vol.42 No.5

시청자들은 영상을 시청할 때 화면상 시각이 집중된 곳 주변의 정보를 영향력 있게 받아들일 가능성이 크다. 이러한 사실을 이용하여 최근 연구들은 시각 주의 모델을 영상 제작 및 평가 방법에 이용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실제로 사람들의 시각 주의도가 어떠한 인자에 영향을 많이 받는지, 또 시각 주의 모델은 구체적으로 어떠한 형태가 되는지를 통계적 실험 계획법을 이용하여 추정하였다. 분산 분석법을 이용하여 속도, 화면으로부터의 거리, 비초점흐림 정도가 시각 주의에 영향을 미치는 유의한 인자인 것을 확인하였고 반응 표면 계획법을 이용하여 이 세가지 인자들에 따른 시각 주의 점수 모델을 도출하였다. 이 시각 주의 점수 모델로부터 영상 각 픽셀의 시각 주의 확률을 구하였다. 본 연구의 뒷부분에서는 시각주의 확률 모델을 기존의 기울기(gradient) 기반 3차원 영상의 입체감 측정법에 적용하는 방법을 제안하였다. 화면 상에서 시선을 집중할 확률이 큰 부분에 높은 비중을 둠으로써 기존의 방법 보다 시청자가 느끼는 입체감을 더욱 정확하게 측정할 수 있도록 하였다. 제안한 방법의 성능을 검증하기 위해 주관적 평가를 실시하여 피실험자들이 느끼는 입체감과 제안된 방법으로부터 도출한 결과를 비교하였다. 실험 결과 제안한 방법이 기존의 방법에 비해 성능이 높은 것을 확인하였다. Viewers of videos are likely to absorb more information from the part of the screen that attracts visual attention. This fact has led to the visual attention models that are being used in producing and evaluating videos. In this paper, we investigate the factors that are significant to visual attention and the mathematical form of the visual attention model. We then estimated the visual attention probability using the statistical design of experiments. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) verifies that the motion velocity, distance from the screen, and amount of defocus blur affect human visual attention significantly. Using the response surface modeling (RSM), we created a visual attention score model that concerns the three factors, from which we calculate the visual attention probabilities (VAPs) of image pixels. The VAPs are directly applied to existing gradient based 3D effect perception measurement. By giving weights according to our VAPs, our algorithm achieves more accurate measurement than the existing method. The performance of the proposed measurement is assessed by comparing them with subjective evaluation as well as with existing methods. The comparison verifies that the proposed measurement outperforms the existing ones.

비 반복적 에너지 최소화를 통한 빠른 움직임 예측 알고리즘

최두섭(Dooseop Choi),최혁(Hyuk Choi),송원석(Wonseok Song),김태정(Taejeong Kim) 한국정보과학회 2013 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.40 No.12

본 논문은 에너지 최소화 기법에 기반 하는 빠른 움직임 벡터장 예측 방법을 제안한다. 비디오 프레임의 실제 움직임 벡터장은 제안하는 에너지 함수를 최소화함으로써 예측되며 이 때 에너지 함수는 블록 정합 오류와 움직임 벡터장 내 벡터들의 유사도를 평가하는 smoothness constraint로 구성된다. 제안하는 smoothness constraint는, 움직임 벡터장의 움직임 경계를 보존하기 위하여, 가운데 블록의 블록정합 오류를 최소화 하는 이웃 움직임 벡터가 가운데 블록의 움직임 벡터 예측에 많은 영향을 미치도록 설계되었다. 블록 정합 오류와 smoothness constraint의 균형을 유지하는 가중치 인자는 목표 블록의 이미지 특징을 반영하도록 설계되어 질감이 매우 적거나 혹은 질감이 반복되는 영역에 있는 블록의 실제 움직임 벡터를 효율적으로 예측할 수 있도록 하였다. 한편 에너지 함수의 최소화는 계산량을 획기적으로 줄이기 위하여 인과 문제의 해결 및 vector median filter의 이용을 통하여 비 반복적으로 이루어진다. 실험 결과는 제안하는 알고리즘이 더욱 적은 계산량으로 최신 움직임 예측 알고리즘과 비교할만한 성능을 나타냄을 보여주고 있다. In this paper, we propose a fast motion estimation algorithm based on energy minimization framework. The true motion vector field (MVF) of a video frame is estimated by minimizing the energy function, which is defined as the weighted sum of the block-matching errors and the irregularity measure of the motion vector field (MVF), called smoothness constraint. The smoothness constraint proposed in this paper is designed such that the motion vector (MV) of the center block is mainly affected by the neighboring MVs that minimize block-matching errors of the center block in order to preserve motion boundaries. The weight factor, which trades off the block-matching errors and the smoothness constraint, is adaptively determined depending on the image characteristic of the target block so the true MV of the block with low textures or in periodic patterned areas is correctly estimated through the energy minimization. The minimization of the energy function, on the other hand, is done in a non-iterative manner by solving causality problem and exploiting vector median filter in order to drastically reduce computational complexity. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm shows comparable performance to the state-of-the-art motion estimation algorithms at lower computational complexity.