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Kim, Gyung-Tae,Fujioka, Shozo,Kozuka, Toshiaki,Tax, Frans E.,Takatsuto, Suguru,Yoshida, Shigeo,Tsukaya, Hirokazu Blackwell Science Ltd 2005 The Plant journal Vol.41 No.5
<P>Summary</P><P>Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that are essential for a wide range of developmental processes in plants. Many of the genes responsible for the early reactions in the biosynthesis of BRs have recently been identified. However, several genes for enzymes that catalyze late steps in the biosynthesis pathways of BRs remain to be identified, and only a few genes responsible for the reactions that produce bioactive BRs have been identified. We found that the <I>ROTUNDIFOLIA3</I> (<I>ROT3</I>) gene, encoding the enzyme CYP90C1, which was specifically involved in the regulation of leaf length in <I>Arabidopsis thaliana</I>, was required for the late steps in the BR biosynthesis pathway. ROT3 appears to be required for the conversion of typhasterol to castasterone, an activation step in the BR pathway. We also analyzed the gene most closely related to <I>ROT3</I>, <I>CYP90D1</I>, and found that double mutants for <I>ROT3</I> and <I>CYP90D1</I> had a severe dwarf phenotype, whereas <I>cyp90d1</I> single knockout mutants did not. BR profiling in these mutants revealed that CYP90D1 was also involved in BR biosynthesis pathways. <I>ROT3</I> and <I>CYP90D1</I> were expressed differentially in leaves of <I>A. thaliana</I>, and the mutants for these two genes differed in their defects in elongation of hypocotyls under light conditions. The expression of <I>CYP90D1</I> was strongly induced in leaf petioles in the dark. The results of the present study provide evidence that the two cytochrome P450s, CYP90C1 and CYP90D1, play distinct roles in organ-specific environmental regulation of the biosynthesis of BRs.</P>
Lyapunov-based Feedback Design and Experimental Verification of IC Engine Speed Control
Jiangyan Zhang,Tielong Shen,Junichi Kako,Shozo Yoshida 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2009 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.7 No.4
In this paper, the speed control problem of internal combustion engines is investigated based on mean-value engine models. The dynamics of internal combustion engines is a complicated nonlinear system, and usually, it is difficult to know the exact values of the physical parameters. First, a Lyapunov-based design method is shown without requiring the full information of the physical pa-rameters. Then, to improve transient performance, the design method is extended to several cases un-der different operation conditions. Numerical simulation results are presented for comparing the pro-posed design methods. Finally, experiments are conducted on an engine test bench and the results demonstrate the validity of the proposed design methods.
Po Li,Tielong Shen,Kaipei Liu,Junichi Kako,Shozo Yoshida 제어로봇시스템학회 2008 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2008 No.10
This paper presents a torque balancing control method for multi-cylinder SI engines. The deviation in average torque generation of sections with equal crank angle interval in ignition event scale is introduced as the index for balancing. Moreover, based on crank shaft dynamics in crank angle domain, an estimation method for this index from engine speed measurement is developed to avoid torque measurement. According to analysis in coupling characteristic in torque generation between cylinders, a 2nd order ARMA model is established for the dynamics from spark ignition to the index. Then model predictive control technique is used in regulation. Finally, the proposed model, estimation method and controller are validated by simulation where the engine model is provided by SICE benchmark problem.
Kim, Ho Bang,Kwon, Mi,Ryu, Hojin,Fujioka, Shozo,Takatsuto, Suguru,Yoshida, Shigeo,An, Chung Sun,Lee, Ilha,Hwang, Ildoo,Choe, Sunghwa American Society of Plant Physiologists 2006 Plant Physiology Vol.140 No.2
<P>Mutants that are defective in brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis or signaling display severely retarded growth patterns due to absence of growth-promoting effects by BRs. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) DWARF4 (DWF4) catalyzes a flux-determining step in the BR biosynthetic pathways. Thus, it is hypothesized that the tissues of DWF4 expression may represent the sites of BR biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Here we show that DWF4 transcripts accumulate in the actively growing tissues, such as root, shoot apices with floral clusters, joint tissues of root and shoot, and dark-grown seedlings. Conforming to the RNA gel-blot analysis, DWF4:beta-glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical analyses more precisely define the tissues that express the DWF4 gene. Examination of the endogenous levels of BRs in six and seven different tissues of wild type and brassinosteroid insensitive1-5 mutant, respectively, revealed that BRs are significantly enriched in roots, shoot tips, and joint tissues of roots and shoots. In addition, DWF4:GUS expression was negatively regulated by BRs. DWF4:GUS activity was increased by treatment with brassinazole, a BR biosynthetic inhibitor, and decreased by exogenous application of bioactive BRs. When DWF4:GUS was expressed in a different genetic background, its level was down-regulated in brassinazole resistant1-D, confirming that BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 acts as a negative regulator of DWF4. Interestingly, in the brassinosteroid insensitive2/dwf12-1D background, DWF4:GUS expression was intensified and delocalized to elongating zones of root, suggesting that BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE2 is an important factor that limits DWF4 expression. Thus, it is likely that the DWF4 promoter serves as a focal point in maintaining homeostasis of endogenous bioactive BR pools in specific tissues of Arabidopsis.</P>