Controller and sensor placement for a 3D irregular building based on Hankel norm

Yumei Wang,Shirley J. Dyke 국제구조공학회 2021 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.28 No.5

Placing controllers and sensors properly is important in structural health monitoring and control. Many optimization methods require much computation efforts. This paper used Hankel norms to develop the placement rules, because they involve the input and output gains and thus could be shaped by the locations. In modal form, their computations are relatively simple. The location and mode influences on norms were arranged in rows and columns, respectively, to form a matrix, and was normalized by the column (mode) root mean square. The optimization goal is to choose locations with higher index values and lower correlations to ensure higher controllability and observability, and with less effort to be compensated for by gains. Hankel norm is compatible with the LQR control objectives in that they are both 2-norm, so the methodology is appropriate to be applied to the base isolation benchmark building for structural control, which is an eight-story irregular building with ninety-two candidate locations for controllers and thirty-six locations for sensors. Following the method, ten controller locations and eighteen sensor locations were determined. Earthquake time history analysis using LQG technique validated the effectiveness of thus determined subset of locations by comparing with other subset of locations.

Establishing a stability switch criterion for effective implementation of real-time hybrid simulation

Maghareh, Amin,Dyke, Shirley J.,Prakash, Arun,Rhoads, Jeffrey F. Techno-Press 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.14 No.6

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is a promising cyber-physical technique used in the experimental evaluation of civil infrastructure systems subject to dynamic loading. In RTHS, the response of a structural system is simulated by partitioning it into physical and numerical substructures, and coupling at the interface is achieved by enforcing equilibrium and compatibility in real-time. The choice of partitioning parameters will influence the overall success of the experiment. In addition, due to the dynamics of the transfer system, communication and computation delays, the feedback force signals are dependent on the system state subject to delay. Thus, the transfer system dynamics must be accommodated by appropriate actuator controllers. In light of this, guidelines should be established to facilitate successful RTHS and clearly specify: (i) the minimum requirements of the transfer system control, (ii) the minimum required sampling frequency, and (iii) the most effective ways to stabilize an unstable simulation due to the limitations of the available transfer system. The objective of this paper is to establish a stability switch criterion due to systematic experimental errors. The RTHS stability switch criterion will provide a basis for the partitioning and design of successful RTHS.

Enabling role of hybrid simulation across NEES in advancing earthquake engineering

Gomez, Daniel,Dyke, Shirley J.,Maghareh, Amin Techno-Press 2015 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.15 No.3

Hybrid simulation is increasingly being recognized as a powerful technique for laboratory testing. It offers the opportunity for global system evaluation of civil infrastructure systems subject to extreme dynamic loading, often with a significant reduction in time and cost. In this approach, a reference structure/system is partitioned into two or more substructures. The portion of the structural system designated as 'physical' or 'experimental' is tested in the laboratory, while other portions are replaced with a computational model. Many researchers have quite effectively used hybrid simulation (HS) and real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) methods for examination and verification of existing and new design concepts and proposed structural systems or devices. This paper provides a detailed perspective of the enabling role that HS and RTHS methods have played in advancing the practice of earthquake engineering. Herein, our focus is on investigations related to earthquake engineering, those with CURATED data available in their entirety in the NEES Data Repository.

Enabling role of hybrid simulation across NEES in advancing earthquake engineering

Daniel Gomez,Shirley J. Dyke,Amin Maghareh 국제구조공학회 2015 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.15 No.3

Hybrid simulation is increasingly being recognized as a powerful technique for laboratorytesting. It offers the opportunity for global system evaluation of civil infrastructure systems subject toextreme dynamic loading, often with a significant reduction in time and cost. In this approach, a referencestructure/system is partitioned into two or more substructures. The portion of the structural systemdesignated as ‘physical’ or ‘experimental’ is tested in the laboratory, while other portions are replaced with acomputational model. Many researchers have quite effectively used hybrid simulation (HS) and real-timehybrid simulation (RTHS) methods for examination and verification of existing and new design conceptsand proposed structural systems or devices. This paper provides a detailed perspective of the enabling rolethat HS and RTHS methods have played in advancing the practice of earthquake engineering. Herein, ourfocus is on investigations related to earthquake engineering, those with CURATED data available in theirentirety in the NEES Data Repository. Hybrid simulation is increasingly being recognized as a powerful technique for laboratorytesting. It offers the opportunity for global system evaluation of civil infrastructure systems subject toextreme dynamic loading, often with a significant reduction in time and cost. In this approach, a referencestructure/system is partitioned into two or more substructures. The portion of the structural systemdesignated as ‘physical’ or ‘experimental’ is tested in the laboratory, while other portions are replaced with acomputational model. Many researchers have quite effectively used hybrid simulation (HS) and real-timehybrid simulation (RTHS) methods for examination and verification of existing and new design conceptsand proposed structural systems or devices. This paper provides a detailed perspective of the enabling rolethat HS and RTHS methods have played in advancing the practice of earthquake engineering. Herein, ourfocus is on investigations related to earthquake engineering, those with CURATED data available in theirentirety in the NEES Data Repository.

Experimental validation of a multi-level damage localization technique with distributed computation

Yan, Guirong,Guo, Weijun,Dyke, Shirley J.,Hackmann, Gregory,Lu, Chenyang Techno-Press 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.5

This study proposes a multi-level damage localization strategy to achieve an effective damage detection system for civil infrastructure systems based on wireless sensors. The proposed system is designed for use of distributed computation in a wireless sensor network (WSN). Modal identification is achieved using the frequency-domain decomposition (FDD) method and the peak-picking technique. The ASH (angle-between-string-and-horizon) and AS (axial strain) flexibility-based methods are employed for identifying and localizing damage. Fundamentally, the multi-level damage localization strategy does not activate all of the sensor nodes in the network at once. Instead, relatively few sensors are used to perform coarse-grained damage localization; if damage is detected, only those sensors in the potentially damaged regions are incrementally added to the network to perform finer-grained damage localization. In this way, many nodes are able to remain asleep for part or all of the multi-level interrogations, and thus the total energy cost is reduced considerably. In addition, a novel distributed computing strategy is also proposed to reduce the energy consumed in a sensor node, which distributes modal identification and damage detection tasks across a WSN and only allows small amount of useful intermediate results to be transmitted wirelessly. Computations are first performed on each leaf node independently, and the aggregated information is transmitted to one cluster head in each cluster. A second stage of computations are performed on each cluster head, and the identified operational deflection shapes and natural frequencies are transmitted to the base station of the WSN. The damage indicators are extracted at the base station. The proposed strategy yields a WSN-based SHM system which can effectively and automatically identify and localize damage, and is efficient in energy usage. The proposed strategy is validated using two illustrative numerical simulations and experimental validation is performed using a cantilevered beam.

Experimental deployment and validation of a distributed SHM system using wireless sensor networks

Nestor E. Castaneda,Shirley Dyke,Chenyang Lu,Fei Sun,Greg Hackmann 국제구조공학회 2009 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.32 No.6

Recent interest in the use of wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring (SHM) is mainly due to their low implementation costs and potential to measure the responses of a structure at unprecedented spatial resolution. Approaches capable of detecting damage using distributed processing must be developed in parallel with this technology to significantly reduce the power consumption and communication bandwidth requirements of the sensor platforms. In this investigation, a damage detection system based on a distributed processing approach is proposed and experimentally validated using a wireless sensor network deployed on two laboratory structures. In this distributed approach, on-board processing capabilities of the wireless sensor are exploited to significantly reduce the communication load and power consumption. The Damage Location Assurance Criterion (DLAC) is used for localizing damage. Processing of the raw data is conducted at the sensor level, and a reduced data set is transmitted to the base station for decision-making. The results indicate that this distributed implementation can be used to successfully detect and localize regions of damage in a structure. To further support the experimental results obtained, the capabilities of the proposed system were tested through a series of numerical simulations with an expanded set of damage scenarios.

Experimental deployment and validation of a distributed SHM system using wireless sensor networks

Castaneda, Nestor E.,Dyke, Shirley,Lu, Chenyang,Sun, Fei,Hackmann, Greg Techno-Press 2009 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.32 No.6

Recent interest in the use of wireless sensor networks for structural health monitoring (SHM) is mainly due to their low implementation costs and potential to measure the responses of a structure at unprecedented spatial resolution. Approaches capable of detecting damage using distributed processing must be developed in parallel with this technology to significantly reduce the power consumption and communication bandwidth requirements of the sensor platforms. In this investigation, a damage detection system based on a distributed processing approach is proposed and experimentally validated using a wireless sensor network deployed on two laboratory structures. In this distributed approach, on-board processing capabilities of the wireless sensor are exploited to significantly reduce the communication load and power consumption. The Damage Location Assurance Criterion (DLAC) is used for localizing damage. Processing of the raw data is conducted at the sensor level, and a reduced data set is transmitted to the base station for decision-making. The results indicate that this distributed implementation can be used to successfully detect and localize regions of damage in a structure. To further support the experimental results obtained, the capabilities of the proposed system were tested through a series of numerical simulations with an expanded set of damage scenarios.

Establishing a stability switch criterion for effective implementation of real-time hybrid simulation

Amin Maghareh,Arun Prakash,Shirley J. Dyke,Jeffrey F. Rhoads 국제구조공학회 2014 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.14 No.6

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is a promising cyber-physical technique used in the experimental evaluation of civil infrastructure systems subject to dynamic loading. In RTHS, the response of a structural system is simulated by partitioning it into physical and numerical substructures, and coupling at the interface is achieved by enforcing equilibrium and compatibility in real-time. The choice of partitioning parameters will influence the overall success of the experiment. In addition, due to the dynamics of the transfer system, communication and computation delays, the feedback force signals are dependent on the system state subject to delay. Thus, the transfer system dynamics must be accommodated by appropriate actuator controllers. In light of this, guidelines should be established to facilitate successful RTHS and clearly specify: (i) the minimum requirements of the transfer system control, (ii) the minimum required sampling frequency, and (iii) the most effective ways to stabilize an unstable simulation due to the limitations of the available transfer system. The objective of this paper is to establish a stability switch criterion due to systematic experimental errors. The RTHS stability switch criterion will provide a basis for the partitioning and design of successful RTHS

ARIO: 지진으로부터의 학습하는 대용량 시각데이터 자동분류기

최종성(Jongseong Choi),Shirley J. Dyke 대한기계학회 2022 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2022 No.3

Experimental validation of a multi-level damage localization technique with distributed computation

Guirong Yan,Weijun Guo,Shirley J. Dyke,Gregory Hackmann,Chenyang Lu 국제구조공학회 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.5

This study proposes a multi-level damage localization strategy to achieve an effective damage detection system for civil infrastructure systems based on wireless sensors. The proposed system is designed for use of distributed computation in a wireless sensor network (WSN). Modal identification is achieved using the frequency-domain decomposition (FDD) method and the peak-picking technique. The ASH (angle-between-string-and-horizon) and AS (axial strain) flexibility-based methods are employed for identifying and localizing damage. Fundamentally, the multi-level damage localization strategy does not activate all of the sensor nodes in the network at once. Instead, relatively few sensors are used to perform coarse-grained damage localization; if damage is detected, only those sensors in the potentially damaged regions are incrementally added to the network to perform finer-grained damage localization. In this way, many nodes are able to remain asleep for part or all of the multi-level interrogations, and thus the total energy cost is reduced considerably. In addition, a novel distributed computing strategy is also proposed to reduce the energy consumed in a sensor node, which distributes modal identification and damage detection tasks across a WSN and only allows small amount of useful intermediate results to be transmitted wirelessly. Computations are first performed on each leaf node independently, and the aggregated information is transmitted to one cluster head in each cluster. A second stage of computations are performed on each cluster head, and the identified operational deflection shapes and natural frequencies are transmitted to the base station of the WSN. The damage indicators are extracted at the base station. The proposed strategy yields a WSN-based SHM system which can effectively and automatically identify and localize damage, and is efficient in energy usage. The proposed strategy is validated using two illustrative numerical simulations and experimental validation is performed using a cantilevered beam.