Comparison of clinical characteristics and prognosis of pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in patients with immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised conditions

( Hong-joon Shin ),( Min-seok Kim ),( Bo Gun Kho ),( Ha Young Park ),( Tae-ok Kim ),( Cheol-kyu Park ),( Yong-soo Kwon ),( In-jae Oh ),( Yu-il Kim ),( Sung-chul Lim ),( Young- Chul Kim ) 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 2019 대한결핵 및 호흡기학회 추계학술대회 초록집 Vol.127 No.-

Background: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is a fatal respiratory infection frequently associated with immunocompromised (IC) conditions. Although PCP has been reported in non-immunocompromised (non-IC) patients, however, few studies have been conducted. This study was aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and prognosis of PCP in IC and non-IC patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who were suspected of having PCP with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii from January 2013 to May 2019. IC group was classified into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hematologic, solid organ tumor, rheumatologic and immunosuppressive agent group. Results: A total 192 PCP cases including 176 IC cases and 16 non-IC cases were analyzed. Patients were older in the non-IC group compared with the IC group (72.5 vs. 62.0, P=0.002). Hematologic malignancy was the most common (47.2%), followed by HIV (14.8%) in the IC group. The interval between test for PCP-PCR and PCP treatment was shorter in the IC group compared with non-IC group (0 [0-3] vs. 4.0 [2.2-7.7] days, P=0.001). In-hospital mortality was not significantly different between IC and non-IC groups (43.2% vs. 62.5%, P=0.189). Age (odds ratio [OR] 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.09; P=0.002) and PaO₂/FiO₂ (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98-1.00; P=0.039) were the prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. There was no significant difference between IC and non-IC group in 6-month survival. However, HIV group had better 6-month survival compared with non- IC group in the subgroup analysis (Hazard ratio 0.16; 95% CI 0.05-0.53; P=0.003]. Conclusion: Patients with PCP in non-IC group were older than IC group, and had similar prognosis as other IC group except HIV group.

흰쥐에서의 Puromycin Aminonucleoside-유발 단백뇨에 대한 선택적 Thromboxane A₂수용체길항제, KT2-962의 효과

서대규,신인철,고현철,하경란,강주섭 한양대학교 의과대학 1994 한양의대 학술지 Vol.14 No.1

The administration of puromycin aminonucleoside(PAN) to rats caused to nephrotic syndrome which characterized ascites, proteinurisa, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia similar to those observed in human minimal change disease. Recently, several studies indicate that renal endogenous thromboxane(Tx) A₂may have an important role in pathophysiology of various renal disease. In this sutdy, we hafve examined the protective effct of a selective TxA₂receptor antagonist, KT2-962(KT2) on PAN-induced proteinuria in rats. Thus, male Wistar rats were given either daily subsutaneous injection of PAN, 20mg/kg, for 10 consecutive days from 3 days before to 7 days with PAN treatment. Urine was collectd, and body weight was measured in interval of 2 days during 2 weeks and urinary N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminidase(NAG) activity as an index of renal tubular cell damage and urine protein were measured. In addition to measuring BUN, serum creatinine and creatinine clearance were measured to assess the degree of renal functional damage in 14th day. The results(Means SE) otained can be summarized as follows: 1)Body weight(gm) was progressively increased and gained about 46.4gm and 39.2gm on 2 weeks of treatment in the control and KT2 groups respectively. In constrast, there was weight loss about 27.4gm in the PAN group. But, it was increased about 23.2 gm in KT2+PAN grou and means that KT2 has significantly(p<0.05) suppressed weight loss by PAN. 2)Urine flow (ml/24 hours) was slightly increased in both control and KT2 groups during 2 weeks. But, it was significantly(p<0.05) increased after 7th groups during 2 weeks. But, it was significantly(p<0.05) increased after 7th day. But, concurrent administration of KT2 significantly(P<0.05) suppressed PAN-induced polyuria in KT2+PAN group. 3)Urinary protein(mg/24 hours0 was slightly increased in both control and KT2 groups. But, it was progressively increased and reached at the maximal level, 3.2 folds of initial level to 11th day and thereafter slightly reduced proteinuria to 14th day in the PAN group. In contrast, KT2 cotreatment with PAN was significantly(P<0.05) suppressed PAN-induced proteinuria in the KT2+PAN group. 4)Urinary NAG activity was markedly increased and reached to maximal level, 122.03 18.53 U/mg of urine creatinine, 12.7 folds of initial by day 9 and thenafter progressively decreased to 5.4 folds of initial level by day 14 in the PAN group. But, when KT2 was administered with PAN, it was significantly depressed its increment to day 13. But, it was reached to maximal level, 99.05 42.55, 12.7 folds of inital level much than PAN group. This result indicated that KT2 had a partial preventive effect on PAn-induced renal tubular cell damage. 5)The BUN and serum creatinine level(mg/dl) were significantly(p<0.05) increased from initial level, 18.48 1.28 and 0.50 0.03 to 118.42 41.34 and 1.66 0.27 respectively, and creatinine clearance(ml/min) was significantly(P<0.05) decreased from initial level, 0.44 0.02 to 0.28 0.07 by day 14 by PAN treatment. But, when PAN was given together with KT2, the increment of BUN and serum creatinine except for creatinine clearance were significantly(P<0.05) inhibited in the KT2+PAN group. Based on all these results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the coadministration of KT2-962 with PAN can be ingibited protein excretion in urine and suggested that endogenous TxA₂would take part in PAN-induced proteinuria in rats.

Sarcoma 180 유발생쥐의 생존시간에 대한 Cyclophosphamide 및 Typhoid Vaccine 의 단독 및 병합투여의 영향

신인철,서대규,김윤원 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 1989 環境科學論文集 Vol.10 No.-

체중 25mg내외의 ICR계 웅성생쥐에 복수암인 sarcoma 180을 유발시킨 후 48시간 경과후부터 격일로 1일 1회씩3회에 걸쳐 체중 kg당 8ml의 생리적 식염수를 복강내에 투여한 군을 대조군으로 하고,체중 kg당 100 mg의 cyclophosphamide를 복강내에 단독 투여한 군과 체중 kg당 4ml의 typhoid vaccine을 복강내에 단독 투여한 군 및 체중 kg당 100mg의 cyclophosphamide와 4ml의 typhoid vaccine을 복강내에 병합 투여한 군으로 나누었다.숙주의 수명은 잔존하는 악성종양 세포의 수와 반비례하는 것으로 알려져 있음으로 sarcoma 180 유발 생쥐의 생존시간 및 암세포수에 미치는 cyclophosphamide 및 typhoid vaccine의 단독 또는 상호 병합투여에 대한 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Sarcoma 180 유발생쥐의 생존일수의 평균치는 대조군에서는 13.8일이었으나, cyclophosphamide 단독 투여군에서는 20.2일, typhoid vaccine 단독 투여군에서는 18.1일 이었고, cyclophosphamide와 typhoid vaccine 병합 투여군에서는 23.4일로서 생존일수의 언장효과를 보여주었다. 2. Sarcoma 180 유발 생쥐의 복수에서의 암세포 수는 대조군에서는 암세포 수가 점차증가되었으나, cyclophosphamide 단독 투여군, typhoid vaccine 단독 투여군 및 cyclophosphamide와 typhoid vaccine 병합 투여군에서는 대조군에서 보다 적은 범위로 암세포 수가 증가되어 암세포 증식의 억제효과를 보여 주었는데 cyclophosphamide 와 typhoid vaccine 병합 투여 군에서 가장 큰 폭으로 암세포 증식의 억제효과를 보여 주었다. Sarcoma 180 bearing mice, averaging 25gm of body weight, were divided into 4 groups of animals, animals administered 8ml/kg of normal saline as control group, group administered 100mg/kg of cyclophosphamide, group administered 4ml/kg of typhoid vaccine and group administered 100mg/kg of cyclophosphamide and 4ml/kg of typhoid vaccine. Treatment was initiated 48 hours after tumor implantation and repeated three times once a day. All the agents given were administered intraperitoneally. This study was made to elucidate the effects of cyclophosphamide and typhoid vaccine on the survival days and tumor cell count in sarcoma 180 bearing mice. The results were as follows. 1. Average survival days was 13.8 days in control group, 20.2 days in group administered cyclophosphamide in alone, 18.1 days in group administered typhoid vaccine in alone and 23.4 days in group administered cyclophosphamide and typhoid vaccine in combination. 2. Tumor cellcount in ascitic fluid was increased in control group and increased to smallerextents than control group in groups administered cyclophosphamide and typhoid vaccine in alone or combination.Consequently,it is suggested that cyclophosphamide and typhoid vaccine have the effects of prolongation of survival days and inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells in sarcoma 180 bearing mice.

생쥐 위장관의 Interstitial cells of Cajal(ICC)에 대한 면역조직화학적 연구

김영철,차경훈,신무경,임건한,김주영,안병수,김장만,양경철,박도영,오재욱,장인엽 조선대학교 2003 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.28 No.1

Background and Objectives : Interstitial cells of Cajal(ICC) are the pacemakers in gastrointestinal tract that modulates gastrointestinal motiliey and these cells also transmit neural input from enteric nerves to smooth muscles. Recent work on tissues from patients with motility disorders that suggest that loss or defect in ICC could be related to pathophysiology in human and animal models. Immunolabelling of ICC in intestinal wall is recently developed by using specific marker, anti-c-kit antibody. Immunohistochemistry was done for ICC network in attempt to provide a morphological basis for the mechanism regulating gastrointestinal motility Methods : Cryosection was done, and whole-mount preparations of mouse stomach, gastrointestinal tract were immunolabelled using the anti-c-Kit. Immunolabelled ICC networks were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results : According to three dimensional reconstruction study, we found that the c-Kit-positive celluar networks were widely distributed in the gastrointestinal muscle (1) circular muscle layer(IC-IM), (2) myenteric plexus(IC-MY), (3) deep muscular plexus(IC-DMP) in ileum, (4) submucosal plexus(IC-SMP) and longitudinal muscle layer(IC-LM) in colon. Conclusion : The characteristic profiles of ICC celluar networks provide a morphological basis upon the mechanism regulating gastrointestinal motility. Additional studies for the enteric nerves-ICC interaction are need to evaluate the detailed roles of Icc in gastrointestinal tract.

접착제(본드)흡입이 간장의 기능 및 조직변화에 미치는 영향

김인수,손동렬,신인철 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 1984 環境科學論文集 Vol.5 No.-

접착제의 흡입으로 일어날 수 있는 유해작용에 대하여는 이미 많은 연구가 이루어져 왔으나 그 유해작용은 접착제 제조에 사용된 유기용매의 종류와 순수성에 따라 좌우되므로 만성독성으로 인한 신경장애에 대한 작용이외에 많은 연구들이 일치된 견해가 없고 각 나라마다 자국산의 접착제에 대하여 철저한 연구가 이루어져 왔으나 우리나라에선 거의 연구되어 있지 않는 실정이다. 따라서, 우리나라에서 생산되는 접착제의 흡입으로 일어날 수 있는 만성독성에 대한 연구가 필요하여 백서에 장기간 접착제를 흡입시켰을 때 특히 간 기능과 조직변화에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 접착제는 사용된 유기용매의 종류에 따라 toluene과 acetone이 주 용매인 Gt와 hexane과 acetone이 주 용매인 Gh 2 종류로 구분하였으며 실험동물은 체중 180g 내외의 웅성 백서를 대조군, Gt 흡입군과 Gh 흡입군 3군으로 나누었다. 1) 접착제를 10분간 흡입시키는 동안에는 약간의 흥분작용 이외에 별다른 증상을 볼 수 없었으나 40일간의 흡입에서 부터 흥분작용이 증가되어 공격적이며 적의심을 나타냈다. 이러한 중추신경에 대한 영향은 Gt 흡입군에서 더욱 심화하였고 흡입이 중단된지 60일이 경과되어도 정상으로 회복되지 않았다. 2) 혈청 GOT와 GPT는 10일에서 부터 증가되어 30∼40일에 최고의 증가치를 나타냈으나 흡입이 계속되고 있음에도 감소되였다. 혈청 alkaline phosphatase 수준은 20일에서부터 증가하여 50 일까지 지속되었으나(59.2%∼73.1%) 60일에서는 감소되었다. 총 bilirubin은 전 실험기간에서 별 변동이 없었으며 혈청효소의 변동은 흡입이 중단된 후 20일에서는 거의 정상수준으로 회복되었고 Gt와 Gh 흡입군에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3) 간의 무게를 체중비로 나타낸 결과 20일에서 부터 25% 증가되었고 60일에서는 50%의 증가를 나타냈으나, 흡입이 중단된 후 50일이 경과되어서는 정상으로 회복되는듯 하였다.(Gt 12.2%, Gh 16.3%) 4) 간의 병리 조직학적 소견으로는 20일에서 문맥주변부의 염증 세포 침윤, 충혈 및 간세포 종창이 관찰되었으나, 흡입이 계속되고 있음에도 더 이상 약화되지 않고 60일간 같은 변화를 보였다. 흡입이 중단된 후 40 일에서는 정상 조직상태를 나타냈으며 이러한 조직변화는 Gt와 Gh 흡입군에서 별 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 우리나라에서 생산되는 접착제의 만성흡입은 내성의 출현으로 인하여 특정적인 심한 간 손상을 유발하지 않는 것으로 판단되며 간 기능 손상은 조직변화에 선행되어 나타나고 간 기능 및 조직손상은 회복성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. 우리나라에서 생산되는 접착제는 비교적 장기간 백서에 흡입하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 접착제의 만성흡입은 특징적인 심한 간 손상을 유발하지 않았으며 이는 내성의 출현으로 인한 것으로 판단되고 간 기능 손상은 조직 변화에 선행되어 나타나고 간 기능 및 조직 손상은 회복성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. There have been a number of studies on the acute and chronic toxicities induced by continuing, heavy exposure to glue or its solvents. However the reports besides on the neuronal damage are still controversial, for the toxic actions probably depend on the kind and purity of the solvents used in glue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of chronic exposure to the inhalation of glue on the functional and histological liver damages. 210 healthy Sprague-Dawely male rats weighing about 180g. were divided into 3 groups: 1)control group exposed to the inhalation of fresh air, 2) Gt group exposed to the inhalation of glue whose main solvents were toluene and acetone, 3) Gh group exposed to the inhalation of glue whose main solvents were hexane and acetone. The results obtained were as follows: 1) During 10 minutes exposure to the inhalation of glue, slight excitement was observed in all rats and in 40 days exposure, excitement was more profound and aggressiveness and hostility were found in Gt group rather than Gh group. The excitement was not subsided even 60 days after stopping inhalation. 2) Serum GOT and GPT levels were elevated in 10 days exposure and reached to the highest level in 30∼40 days exposure followed by decrease to normal ranges. Serum alkaline phosphatase level remained raised from 20 days to 50 days exposure (59.2%∼73.1%) and returned to almost normal level in 60 days exposure. Total bilirubin level were within normal limits in all experimental period. The serum enzyme levels were recovered to normal ranges 20 days after being exposed to the final inhalation and have no significant difference between Gt and group. 3) The relative liver weights were increased by 25% in 20 days exposure, and by 50% in 60 days exposure but it seemed to be returned to normal weight 50 days after stopping inhalation (Gt 12.2%, Gh 16.3%). 4) The histopathological changes induced by 20 days exposure to the inhalation of glues Gt and Gh were mononuclear cell infiltration in periportal zone, congestion and cellular swelling on the liver and were not enhanced even by increase in exposure time. These findings were completely subsided 40 days after receiving the final exposure. From these results, it may be concluded that the chronic inhalation of glues available in Korea fails to cause severe or characteristic liver disease, the functional damage is followed by the histological changes in liver and the functional and histological damages are reversible.

Gymnemic acid의 간장 및 신장의 조직에 미치는 영향에 대한 실험적 연구

박순록,신인철,강주섭,서대규 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 1994 環境科學論文集 Vol.15 No.-

생체에 투여된 물질은 생체내에서 아무 변화없이 체외로 배설되는 경우도 있지만, 대부분은 체내에서 여러가지 생화학적 변화를 거쳐 배설된다. 이런 체내에서의 생화학적 변화는 주로 간장에서 일어나고, 이런 물질과 그 대산사물의 배설은 주로 신장에서 이루어지며, 일부는 다른 경로를 통하기도 한다. 그러므로, 약물의 대사 및 배설장기인 간장과 신장에 이런 물질이 축적되면 그 장기가 손상되는 악순환을 거치게 된다. 이에, 본 실험은 2000여년 전부터 오늘에 이르기까지도 인도지방에서 비만이나 당뇨병에 대한 민간요법제로 이용되어 온 Gymnema sylvestre 잎의 유효성분인 gymnemic acid의 신장과 간장의 조직에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 실시하였다. 실험동물은 정상 Wistar계 웅성 흰쥐(체중 200gm 내외)를 사용하였고, 실험기간중에 먹이와 물은 자유로이 공급하였다. 실험군은 정상대조군과 동일한 조건하에서 15일동안 gymnema산을 각각 500㎎/㎏, 800㎎/㎏의 용량으로 하루 3회, 즉 오전 7시, 오후 2시, 오후 7시에 각각 경구투여하고, gymnema산 투여 15일째 24시간동안 절식시킨 후 경동맥사혈로 희생시킨 다음 개복하여 간우측 전엽과 우측 신장을 적출하여 일반 육안적 소견과 Hematoxylin 및 eosin 이중염색상의 광학 현미경적 소견을 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 흰쥐 신장의 육안적 소견과 Hematoxylin 및 eosin 이중염색 소견에서는 정상 대조군과 GA투여군에서 특기할 만한 소견이 관찰되지 않았다.(Fig 1-a, 1-b, 1-c). 2. GA(500㎎/㎏)투여군 흰쥐 간장에서 Hematoxylin 및 eosin 이중염색 소견상 간소엽의 중심대와 일부 중간대에서 동양혈관이 확장되었고, 간세포대의 배열이 불규칙해졌으며, 간세포내의 간세포배열이 불규칙해졌고, 공포변성이 초래된 간세포도 관찰도었다(Fig. 3-a,3-b). 3. GA(800㎎/㎏) 투여군 흰쥐 간장에서 Hematoxylin 및 eosin 이중염색 소견상 간소염 전반에 걸쳐 동양혈관이 확장되었고, 간세포대배열이 불규칙해졌으며, 간세포대내의 간세포 배열이 불규칙해졌고, 공포변성이 초래된 간세포도 관찰되었다(Fig. 4-a, 4-b). The majority of the chemicals that enter a living system is taken to elimination by hepatic biotransformation and renal excretion of its metabolites and unchanged form. But, some chemicals are also excreted into feces or through other routes. Therefore, the accumulation of the chemicals in the liver and kidney have damaged the organs. It was more than 3000 yours ago that Gymnema sylvestre. Asclepaidaceae piant indegenous to certain regionss of the tropical and subtropical countries, began to be used a popular folk medicine among native population in India in order to treat obesity and "Madhumeha(DM)" and its use still continues to today in India. Theorefore, this study has the purpose to investigate the effect of gymnemic acid(GA) Which is an effective ingredient of Gymnema sylvestre on the liver and the kidney. In the study, Wistar albino male rats weighing around 200gm were divided into three groups, basic diet group(control), GA(500㎎/㎏)group, GA(800㎎/㎏)group, and administered orally the gymnemic acid for 15 days in dose of 500㎎ and 800㎎ per ㎏ of body weight triple a day. All animals were sacrificed at 15 days after the daministration of gymnemic acid and starved for 24 hours sacrificing them, the specimens and eosin. The specimens have been examined grossly and light microscopically. The results were as follows. 1. In the gross and light microscopic observations of the kidney, the control and all experimental groups were not observed pathologic findings. 2. The gross observations of the liver of the of the control and all experimental groups wrer not observed pathologic findings. 3. The sinusoidal dilation, hepatic cord irregularity and disarrangement of hepatocyte were observed in the central zone and a part of intermediate zone of the hepatic lobule of the 15 days GA(500㎎/㎏) administered group. 4. The sinusoidal dilatation, hepatic cord irregularity, disarrangement of hepatocyte and abnormal shaped hepatocytes were observed in all zonesof the hepatic lobule of the 15 days GA(800㎎/㎏) administered gruop. Consequently, it is suggested that administration of large dose of gymnemic acid in the normal rats induces hepatic cellular damages.

Sarcoma 180 유발 생쥐에 미치는 Evening Primrose 종자유의 영향

서재관,신인철,서대규 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 1988 環境科學論文集 Vol.9 No.-

체중 25gm 내외의 ICR계 웅성 생쥐에 복수암인 Sarcoma 180을 유발시킨 후 체중 ㎏당 1.5㎖의 생리적 식염수를 경구적으로 투여한 군을 대조군으로 하고, Sarcoma 180을 이식직후 체중 kg당 1.5ml의 Evening Primrose 종자유를 매일 10일간 경구적으로 투여한 군과 체중 ㎏당 1.5㎖의 Evening Primrose 종자유를 매일 10일간 경구적으로 투여한 후 Sarcoma 180을 이식한 군으로 나누었다. 숙주의 수명은 잔존하는 악성종양세포의 수와 반비례하는 것으로 알려져 있음으로 Sarcoma 180 유발 생쥐의 생존기간, 암세포 및 백혈구 수에 미치는 Evening Primrose 종자유의 효과를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Sarcoma 180 유발 생쥐의 생존일수의 평균치는 대조군에서는 13.9일이었으나 Evening Primrose 종자유 전처치군에서는 23.3일, 후처군에서는 26.3일로서 생존일수의 연장효과를 보여주었다. 2. Sarcoma 180 유발 생쥐의 복수에서의 암세포수는 대조군에서는 암세포수가 점차 증가되었으나, Evening Primrose 종자유 전처치 및 후처치군에서는 대조군에서 보다 적은 범위로 암세포수가 증가되어 암세포증식의 억제효과를 보여주었다. 3. Sarcoma 180 유발 생쥐의 백혈구수는 대조군에서는 백혈구수가 점차 증가되었으나, Evening Primrose 종자유 전처치 및 후처치군에서는 대조군에서보다 적은 범위로 백혈구수가 증가되어 백혈구증식의 억제효과를 보여주었다. Sarcoma 180 bearing mice, averaging 25gm of body weight, were divided into 3 groups of animals, animals administered 1.5㎖/㎏ of normal saline for 10 days after tumor implantation as control group, animals administered 1.5㎖/㎏ of Evening Primrose Seed Oil for 10 days after tumor implantation as posttreatment group, animals implanted tumor after administered 1.5㎖/㎏ of Evening Primrose Seed Oil for 10 days as pretreatment group. This study was made to elucidate the effects of Evening Primrose Seed Oil on the survival days, tumor cell count and leukocyte count in sarcoma 180 bearing mice. The results were as follows. 1. Average survival days was 13.9 days in control group, 23.3 days in pretreatment group and 26.3 days in posttreatmint group. 2. Tumor cell count in ascitic fluid was increased in control group and increased to smaller extents than control group in pretreatment and posttreatment groups. 3. Leukocyte count was increased in control group and increased to smaller extents than control group in pretreatment and posttreatment groups. Consequently, it is suggested that Evening Primrose Seed Oil has the effects of prolongation of survival days and inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells and leukocytes in sarcoma 180 bearing mice.

Alcohol의 임상약리학적 고찰

서대규,신인철 漢陽大學校環境科學硏究所 1987 環境科學論文集 Vol.8 No.-

Alcohol이 사람에 미치는 약리작용을 비교 분석하고자 한양대학교 의과대학 학생 174명(남자 117명, 여자 57명)을 대상으로 설문에 의하여 남녀별로 alcohol에 강한 군을 S군, 약한 군을 W군으로 구분하여, 남자 S군에는 15%, W군에는 10%, 여자 S군에는 10%, W군에는 5% alcohol 200ml를 섭취케 하여 야기되는 자각증상과 타각증상을 음주전 5회와 음주후 8회씩 매 15분 간격으로 비교 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 체온상승감 및 현훈은 주치의 좋은 자료가 될 수 있으나, 기타 자각증상은 주취의 지표가 되기 어려운 것으로 생각된다. 2. 용량적으로 보았을 때 남녀간에 alcohol에 대한 강도에는 약 3배의 차이가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 3. 심박수가 증가되었다(11%~15%). 4. 주취의 특유증상으로 생각되는 안면홍조와, 심박수 증가 등의 심순환계 반응 간에는 어느 정도의 상관관계가 있었으나, 체온상승감 및 현훈 등의 주취의 지표와는 반드시 대응되지는 않았다. 5. 수축기 혈압은 60분까지는 증가(7%~8%), 그 이후는 감소(-5%~-2%)하였으며, 확장기 혈압도 30분까지는 증가(3%~4%), 그 이후는 감소(-4%~-2%)하였다. 6. 배뇨량 및 회수는 대조군보다 2~3배 많았다. 7. 암산능력과 Tapping능력은 저하되지 않았다. Alcohol ingestion was growing in any country. Although alcohol beverage was widely ingested by youngsters and women especially, studies in clinical response induced by alcohol intake were barely reported. To evaluate studies in clinical response induced by alcohol intake. 174 of medical students (117 of male, 57 of female) in Hanyang University were divided in to S, strong to alcohol and W, weak to alcohol. The group of male S was administrered by 200kml of 15% alcohol, and the groups of male W and female S were administered by 200ml of 10% alcohol, and the group of female W was administered by 200ml of 5% alcohol. Symptoms and objective signs every 15 minutes 5 times before alcohol ingestion and 8 times after alcohol ingestion were analysed. The following results were obtained. 1. Feeling of warmth and dizziness were good index of alcohol inebriation, but other symptoms were not. 2. There was about 3 times differences in alcohol inebriation between male and female because peak time and duration of symptoms in the group of male S administered by 200ml of 15% alcohol and the group of female W administered by 200ml of 5% alcohol were almost similar. 3. Heart rate was increased (11% to 15%). 4. Facial flushing, specific symptom of alcohol inebriation, and cardiovascular response including increase in heart rate were correlated to some extent, but facial flushing and good index of alcohol inebriation, feeling of warmth and dizziness, were not correlated. 5. Systolic blood pressure was increaed in 60 minutes (7% to 8%) and thereafter was decreased(-5% to -2%), and diastolic blood pressure was increased in 30 minutes (3% to 4%) and thereafter was decreased(-4% to -2%). 6. The volume and frequency of urination were greater than control group (twice to three times). 7. The ability of calculation and tapping was not reduced.

산간 계류성 하천의 계절적 수질변동에 대한 몬순강우의 영향

안광국,신인철 한국육수학회 2005 생태와 환경 Vol.38 No.1

본 연구는 하절기 집중강우가 하천의 부영양화도, 이온변화, 산소요구량에 영향 평가로서 수질 변수들 간의 상호관계를 분석하였다. 용존산소(DO)농도는 수온과 역상관 관계(F= -0.99, P<0.001)를 보였다. 대부분 수질 변이는 7~8월에 발생 하였으며, 이들의 대부분은 하절기 집중강우와 직접적인 연관성을 보였다. pH의 경우 6.5 이하의 최소값은 최대 강우를 보인 8월에 관측되었는데, 이는 강우에 의한 수소이온농도의 희석현상에 의한 것으로 사료되었다. 전기전도도 또한 강우분포를 반영하였다. 즉, EC값은 다른 계절보다 하절기에 좀 더 높은 값을 되였으며, 강우와의 직접적 연관성을 보였다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 이온희석 현상은 강우 전의 하절기에는 높았지만, 집중강우 후 짧게는 4~5일 길게는 1~2주 후에 이온이 희석되는 것으로 나타나 강우와 하천수의 이온농도사이에 뚜렷한 반응시간의 지체현상을 보였다. COD의 계절적 변화 페턴은 BOD와 유사한(r=0.55, p<0.001) 양상을 보였다. 총질소(TN)는 총인 (TP)에 비해 변이 폭이 적었으며, 3월의 갈수기에 최소값을 보였다. 대조적으로, 총인 유입은 하절기 몬순동안에 주로 발생하였고, 총부유물(TSS)과 유사한 계절 변화 양상을 보여인(P)의 증가가 수계에서 유발되는 무기성부유물과 밀접하게 연관성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 총인. 총질소의 무게비는 질소 변이 (F= -0.21, p<0.01)보다는 총인(r= 0.51, p<0.01)의 변이에 의해 결정되었으며, 총인이 제한 요인으로 작용할 것으로 사료되었다. 본 계류형 하천에서 수질을 조절하는 1차 요인은 강우시기 및 강도로 사료 되었으며,최대 변이는 하절기의 첨두강우와 일치하였다. The present study was to determine how seasonal rainfall intensity influences nutrient dynamics, ionic contents, oxygen demands, and suspended solids in a lotic ecosystem. Largest seasonal variabilities in most parameters occurred during the two months of July to August and these were closely associated with large spate of rainfall. Dissolved oxygen (DO) had an inverse function of water temperature (r = -0.986, p<0.001). Minimum pH values of<6.5 were observed in the late August when rainfall peaked in the study site, indicating an ionic dilution of stream water by precipitation. Electrical conductivity (EC) was greater during summer than any other seasons, so the overall conductivity values had direct correlation (r = 0.527, p<0.01) with precipitation. Ionic dilution, however, was evident 4~5 days later in short or 1~2 weeks in long after the intense rain, indicating a time-lag phenomenon of conductivity. Daily COD values varied from 0.8 ㎎ L^(-1) to 7.9 ㎎ L^(-1) and their seasonal pattern was similar (r = 0.548, p<0.001) to that of BOD. Total nitrogen (TN) varied little compared to total phosphorus (TP) and was minimum in the base flow of March. In contrast, major input of TP occurred during the period of summer monsoon and this pattern was similar to suspended solids, implying that TP is closely associated (r = 0.890, p<0.01) with suspended inorganic solids. Mass ratios of TN : TP were determined by TP (r = -0.509, p<0.01) rather than TN (r = -0.209, p<0.01). The N: P ratios indicated that phosphorus was a potential primary limiting nutrient for the stream productivity. Overall data suggest that rainfall intensity was considered as a primary key component regulating water chemistry in the stream and maximum variation in water quality was attributed to the largest runoff spate during the summer monsoon.

체성분이 폐경 전후 여성의 골밀도에 미치는 여향

배성욱,남철현,신두만,차경미,서인선 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 2002 保健福祉硏究 Vol.7 No.-

Objectives : To evaluate the degree of bone mineral density and prevalence rate of osteoporosis according to age and to search the preventive strategy for osteoporosis, the factors that affect on bone density were studied in Physical Characteristics of pre- and postmenopausal women in korea. Methods : The subjects were 961 premenopausal and 1,167 postmenopausal women who have examined in health promotion center of Yeungnam University Hospital in Daegu city from January, 1999 to January, 2001. The test for bone mineral density, biochemical factors, and body composition were done. Results : 1) The prevalence rates of reduced bone mineral density and osteoporosis in premenopausal women were 23.8% and 1.6%, respectively. However, these values were increased to 46.1% and 28.1% in postmenopausal women. 2) The body weight and height were important predictive factors for bone mineral density. The effects of age, body weight, and height on bone mineral density were 39%. The body weight was correlated statistically significantly with bone mineral density in pre- and postmenopausal women. The higher body mass index (BMI), the greater value of bone mineral density was revealed in pre- and postmenopausal women. 3) The correlation between body composition adjusted for body weight and bone mineral density revealed similar pattern between pre- and postmenopausal women. The height, lean body mass, muscle mass, mineral content, and mineral fraction were positively correlated with bone mineral density, however, body fat mass, percent body fat, waist/hip ratio, and BMI were correlated negatively with bone mineral density. 4) There was no direct correlation between cardiovascular risk factor and bone mineral density in this study, however, further study is needed because cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis have common risk factor and the prevention of osteoporosis can help to prevent cardiovascular disease. 5) In multiple regression analysis among bone mineral density as a dependent variable and independent variables (age, body weight, height, Ca/creatinine ratio, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)), ALP revealed statistically significant inverse correlation with bone mineral density. Conclusions : These results suggested that to prevent osteoporosis, the systemized program including physical condition for promoting anti-osteoporotic factor have to be developed and apply from the thirties whom have maximal bone mineral density.