Hardware implementation of unified two dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform computation for Ultra-High Definition

Meeturani Jagdishram Sharma 건국대학교 대학원 2012 국내석사

In this research work, a fast and cost-effective algorithm for computing the two-dimensional 4×4 integer transform using the 8×8 integer transform for H.264 is presented. It is shown that both 4×4 and 8×8 integer transforms can be implemented by simple addition operations by Kronecker product and direct sum operations. The 4×4 and 8×8 integer transforms are broken into stages, and by inserting input reordering matrices, about half of the blocks of the 4×4 integer transform are implemented via stages of the 8×8 integer transform. The dual clock pipelined architecture is proposed based on integer matrix decomposition of forward transform. The synthesis result shows that the proposed design requires approximately 46K gates. The design achieves a throughput of 14G pixels/sec for 4×4 integer transform computation and 18.7G pixels/sec for 8×8 integer transform computation. The proposed architecture has 2 times the throughput of the other existing architectures with smaller resource consumption. Due to the high throughput to area ratio, the proposed design can effectively be integrated into real-time processing of H.264/AVC high definition video.

Achieving genuine social development in Nepal : beyond false MDG target and remittance

SHARMA, DEBENDRA 아주대학교 Graduate School of International Studies Ajo 2016 국내석사

This thesis has two different part I try to connect in one topic. First is that genuine social development and other one is MDG target and remittance. Other hidden part is that instability. These thing try to connect in topic Nepal achieving social development, beyond false MDG target and remittance. First and second chapter I’m writing about the social development and remittance. The MDG target what they reach it is false because to meet their target remittance is the main supporting thing. But it is not durable for country social development, it will be stop one days and country stay in same stage what was before. It means that false MDG target and remittance. In last chapter I write about one case study about the airline in Nepal its represent the development situation in Nepal. Even Airline Corporation couldn’t development itself in 15 year but Nepal’s lots of remote area where the road couldn’t approach until now, airlines helping to develop that region and helping to social development. For that area without airline we couldn’t imagine of social development, airline helping these area by brought foreign and local tourist. Other main thing is that airline corporation supplying the basic need to these area.

(The)Agreement on trade related intellectual property rights and innovation in developing nations

Sharma, Sumit 서울대학교 대학원 2003 국내석사

(A) study of electronic and spin transport properties in metals and 2D-vdW layered materials : Spintronics

Sharma, Pradeep Raj 세종대학교 대학원 2022 국내박사

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) layered materials have attracted immense attention and shown their potential applications mainly in the field of electronics, opto-electronics, spintronics, and quantum devices. This thesis comprises a study of electronic and spintronic phenomena in metals and 2D vdW layered materials as well as a fabrication of an electric and opto-electric device based on the 2D materials. First, spin valve effects in current perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) and current-in-plane (CIP) configurations are presented. In the CPP configuration, a vertical spin valve (VSV) effect is studied on NiFe/CVG-Gr/Co structure, where single-layer (SL) and double-layer (DL) CVD graphene grown in copper foil is used as an intermediate layer between the top and bottom FM electrodes. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) free dry transfer of CVD graphene along with e-beam and photo-resist free fabrication procedure results in a significant enhancement of the magnetoresistance (MR) effect. More importantly, the MR signals obtained here are free from probable spurious effects. In the CIP configuration, a lateral spin valve (LSV) effect is studied, where a PMA [CoSiB/Pt]N=7 multilayer electrode is used to inject a out-of-plane polarized spin current to a copper (Cu) channel and another adjacent PMA electrode is used to detect the spin current. The non-local MR values reported here are about 2 orders of magnitude higher than the results published before using other PMA materials. The observed non-local spin valve signal was further confirmed by the Hanle effect and the spin diffusion length calculated from extracted values for the Cu channel is in agreement with the previously published results. Next, the thickness and temperature-dependent anomalous Hall effect (AHE) and Anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in a few to bulk 2D vdW ferromagnetic layered material Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) are presented. Large AHE and ANE are observed in few-layer FGT devices exhibiting strong PMA. Characteristics of AHE and ANE suggest that the few-layer FGT flake shows a single domain magnetic structure with nearly square-shaped hall signals and large coercivity, whereas thick (bulk) FGT shows a gradual switching with the magnetic field, indicating the presence of multi-domain structures. Thickness and temperature-dependent Curie temperature (TC) and coercive field (HC) further make it interesting material in vdW ferromagnetic family. Finally, the substrate modulation effect in a p-WSe2/n-WS2 heterojunction diode is presented, where the electric and opto-electric characteristics of the p-n heterojunction diodes on SiO2 and h-BN substrate are studied. The h-BN stands out as an effective substrate compared to the SiO2, showing an overall two times increment in the efficiency of the device. The enhancement in electric and opto-electric properties of the p-n junction diode is mainly attributed to the use of h-BN substrate and the selection of appropriate TMDCs materials and their thicknesses. 2차원 반데르발스(vdW) 층상 물질은 최근 많은 관심을 받고 있으며 전자, 광전자, 스핀트로닉스, 양자소자 등의 분야에서 그 응용 가능성을 보여주고 있다. 이 논문은 금속 및 2차원 반데르발스 층상 물질의 전기적 현상과 스핀트로닉스 현상에 관한 연구와 2차원 물질을 사용한 전자 소자 및 광전소자의 제작에 관한 내용을 포함한다. 첫번째로, 면수직 전류 (CPP)와 면수평 전류(CIP) 구조의 스핀밸브 효과에 대해 논의한다. 면수직 구조에서는 단층 그래핀과 겹층 그래핀을 위쪽 전극과 아래쪽 전극 사이의 층간 물질로 사용한 NiFe/CVD-Gr/Co 소자의 수직스핀밸브(VSV) 효과를 연구하였다. PMMA를 사용하지 않은 건조 전사방법과 전자빔 또는 포토 레지스트를 사용하지 않은 공정을 통하여 자기저항(MR) 에 상당한 향상을 이루었다. 면수평 구조에서는 [CoSiB/Pt]N=7 수직자기 다층박막을 전극으로 사용하여 Cu 채널에 수직스핀분극된 전류를 주입하고 검출하는 수평스핀밸브(LSV) 효과를 연구하였다. 비국소 자기저항값이 기존에 다른 수직자기 전극을 사용한 연구에 비하여 20배 가량 커지는 결과를 얻었다. 측정된 비국소 스핀밸브 신호는 Hanle 효과를 통하여 검증하였으며, 도출된 스핀 확산거리는 기존에 보고된 값들과 잘 맞는 것을 확인하였다. 다음으로, 2차원 반데르발스 강자성 층상 물질인 Fe3GeTe2 (FGT)의 비정상 홀효과와 비정상 네른스트 효과의 두께 의존성와 온도 의존성을 논의한다. 수 층의 FGT에서 큰 비정상 홀효과와 비정상 네른스트 효과가 측정되어 강한 수직자기 특성을 보여주었다. 수 층의 FGT는 단일 자구 특성인 거의 사각 형태의 홀 신호와 매우 큰 보자력을 나타내었다. 반면, 두꺼운 FGT의 경우 점진적인 스위칭 형태의 다중 자구 특성을 보여 주었다. 또한, 두께와 온도에 따른 큐리온도 (TC) 및 보자력 (HC)의 변화는 반데르발스 강자성계 중에서 FGT가 흥미로운 물질임을 보여준다. 마지막으로, p-WSe2/n-WS2 이종접합 다이오드의 전기적 및 광전 특성을 SiO2와 h-BN 기판에서 측정함으로써 기판이 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 논의한다. h-BN 기판에서 소자의 특성이 2배 정도 향상되는 결과로부터 SiO2에 비하여 더 효과적인 기판이라는 것을 확인하였다.

Smart Ship Container Chain Management With M2M Applications : M2M 애플리케이션의 스마트 선박 컨테이너 공급 망관리

Sharma, Ronesh Asnil 목포대학교 대학원 2013 국내석사

<Abstract> Modern information technologies continue to provide industries with new and improved methods. With the rapid development of Machine to Machine (M2M) communication, a smart container supply chain management is formed based on high performance sensors, computer vision, Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, and Globle System for Mobile (GSM) communication. However existing supply chain management has limitation to real time container tracking with lower security and furthermore the container identification applications are not limited to real time applications. This research work focuses on the studies and implementation of real time smart container chain management with the development of the container identification/recognition system, automatic email alerts, automatic alert system for interrupts and for normal periodical alerts for tracking and monitoring the shipped container. The concept and methods of smart container modeling are introduced together with the structure explained prior to the implementation of smart container tracking alert system. Firstly, the thesis introduces the container code identification and recognition algorithms implemented in visual studio 2010 with Opencv (computer vision library) and Tesseract (OCR Engine) for real time operation. Secondly it outlines the application for automation system for the logistic container terminals to recognize containers and to generate email alerts to the container customers on arrival and departure of containers from the terminal. Thirdly it discusses the current automatic alert systems provided for container tracking and the limitations of those systems. Finally a novel approach of tracking alert system is proposed to monitor and track shipped containers in real time. To develop and analyze the proposed algorithm, Raspberry pi mini computer, GPS module, Arduino microcontroller, graphic LCD, eseal device, SQL server, visual studio programming interface and Linux based python programming interface is used. The container identification algorithms showed accuracy of 97% for correctly detecting the container ISO code region, and for recognition of the container code the recognition rate was 90% with considering average good quality images. Furthermore the implementation of identification and recognition of containers using visual and opencv realized the integrity part of the application with other web applications. With the notification system introduced in this thesis, firstly the container customers will be able to make proper decision regarding their products shipped, secondly the logistic terminal emailing function will benefit those customers not installing eseal devices in the container and finally embedding raspberry with the eseal security device will drive the logistic industry into real time container tracking system as customer will be receiving notification on the container status with low cost even though ship carrying container is away in ocean waters with unavailability of cellular network. Realizing the high cost of satellite internet, the proposed system will take an average of 1.5k of data to update the status content to the server for an individual container at a time. Thus for practical use, the proposed system has added advantage of making the supply chain management real time end to end communication to increase the efficiency and security of the supply chain management. The experimental results and the application demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system for practical use. This work summarizes the challenges and the possibilities for the future work for real time container tracking solutions with the ubiquitous mobile and satellite network together with the high performance sensors and computer vision. All of those components combine to provide an excellent delivery of supply chain management with outstanding operation and security for end to end communication. <국문초록> 본 논문에서는 스마트 컨테이너 공급 망 관리를 실시간으로 확인할 수 있고, 컨테이너 식별, 자동 이메일 알림, 인터럽트 추적 및 배송을 모니터링하고 정기적으로 알려주는 자동 경보시스템을 구현하였다. 먼저, OpenCV, Tesseract, 비주얼 스튜디오 2010 로 구현된 컨테이너 코드 인식 및 실시간 작업을 위한 기존 연구를 살펴보았다. 다음으로, 컨테이너를 인식하고 출발과 도착에 관한 정보를 컨테이너 고객에게 전자메일 알림을 생성하는 물류 컨테이너 터미널 자동화시스템을 구현하였다. 마지막으로, 컨테이너 추적을 위해 현재 제공되는 자동 경보시스템과 제안된 시스템 간의 성능을 분석하였다. 모의실험 결과, 새로운 접근 방식으로 제안된 모니터링 및 추적 실시간 컨테이너 경보시스템은 기존의 방식에 비해 아주 성능이 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 본 논문에서 구현된 자동 경보시스템은 출하된 물류들에 대한 정보를 실시간으로 제공함으로써 자신들의 물류에 대한 적절한 결정을 내릴 수 장점을 갖고 있다. 또한, 컨테이너에 추적장치(Eseal device)를 설치하지 않은 고객들도 물류 터미널 이메일 알림 혜택을 받을 수 있다. 마지막으로 배를 운반하는 컨테이너가 바다 멀리 떨어져 있더라도 고객은 낮은 비용으로 컨테이너 상태에 대한 알림을 받을 수 있다. 본 논문에서 구현된 컨테이너 추적 시스템은 추적장치 내의 보안 장치, Raspberry Pi Mini Computer 등의 연구에 필요한 기초자료가 될 수 있고, 물류산업 발전에 많은 영향을 줄 것이라고 생각된다.

Mechanism controlling spontaneous activity in kӧlliker's organ of developing mammalian cochlea

Sharma, Kushal 목포대학교 2018 국내박사

발생중인 달팽이관의 내이 유모세포는 온 청각 기관에 전달되는 자발성 전기 활동을 나타낸다. 경험에 의하지 않은 자발적 신경 활동은 신경의 생존, 성숙, 발달 그리고 정보를 외부에서 발생중인 달팽이관의 내이 유모세포는 온 청각 기관에 전달되는 자발성 전기 활동을 나타낸다..청각이 시작 되기 전 컬리커 기관의 지지세포는 간극연접의 헤미채널을 통해 ATP를 내보내면서 특이한 자발성 전기 활동을 나타낸다. ATP는 주위 지지세포의 퓨린 수용체를 활성화 시켜 세포내 Ca2+을 증가시키고, 지지세포의 부피를 극적으로 증가 시킨다. 지지세포의 부피 변화를 일으키는 분자는 아직 확실시 되지 않고 있다. 자발성 활동에 의한 세포 부피 변하는 Ca2+의존적 Cl- 전류에 의한 것으로 제안되고 있다.면역조직화학 결과 Ca2+의존적 Cl- 통로인 TMEM16A가 달팽이관의 콜리커 기관에 발현하고 있었다. 칼레티닌과 동시 면역 염색 결과 TMEM16A는 내부 지지세포 (ISC) 에 위치하였다. ISC의 Ca2+의존적 Cl- 전류에 TMEM16A가 관여하는지 알아보기 위해 전기생리학적 (sEP) 그리고 광학적 (sOC) 으로 자발성 활동을 모니터 하면서 TMEM16A 저해제와 타켓 shRNA를 처리하였다. 선택적 TMEM16A 저해제인 MONNA는 sEP 와 sOC 를 모두 억제시켰다. 비슷하게 TMEM16A가 TMEM16A-shRNA에 의해 억제됐을 때도 sEP 와 sOC 를 모두 억제됐다. 이 결과는 TMEM16A에 의한 Ca2+의존적 Cl- 전류가 ISC 의 자발성 활동의 주요한 부분을 차지할 것임을 제시한다. 세포막을 통한 Cl-의 움직임은 삼투압에 의한 물 움직임에 의한 것으로 잘 알려져 있고 이것에 의해 세포 부피가 변한다. 그러나 ISC 세포 부피 변화와 관련된 자발성 활동은 특이하게 빠르기에 물 통로가 이 과정에 관여할 것이라고 제시된다. 그러므로 ISC 의 아쿠아포린 발현을 살펴보았다. 면역염색결과 AQP4가 태어나서부터 어른이 될 때까지 ISC에 발현하고 있었다. AQP4가 ISC에서 Cl-유입에 의한 물의 움직임에 관여하는지 보기 위해 아세타졸아미드와 AQP4-shRNA가 있는 상황에서 sEP와 sOC를 측정하였다. 아세타졸아미드와 AQP4-shRNA 둘 다 sOC 는 억제하였지만 sEP는 변화가 없었다. 이 결과는 AQP4가 Cl-유입에 의한 물의 움직임에 관여하나 직접적인 이온 움직임에는 관여하지 않는다는 것을 제시한다. Cl-와 물 유출에 의한 세포 수축 후, ISC 는 원래 세포 부피로 복구 됐고 이것은 Cl-와 물이 ISC 로 다시 채워졌음을 의미한다. 많은 분비세포에서 Na+K+2Cl-동시수송체인 NKCC는 Cl-와 물을 세포에 다시 채워 넣는데 기여한다. 그러므로 우리는 ISC 에서 NKCC를 살펴보았다. NKCC 저해제인 뷰메타나이드는 sEP 와 sOC를 모두 억제시켰다. 다음으로 발생학적 과정에서 NKCC1의 발현을 살펴보았다. NKCC1이 자발성 활동을 조절하는지 알아보기 위해 NKCC1-shRNA를 배양된 달팽이관에 처리하였고 NKCC1-shRNA는 sEP와 sOC 모두 억제 시켰다. 우리는 몇 개의 분자적 타킷 TMEM16A, AQP4 그리고 NKCC1을 청각 발생시 생기는 자발성 활동을 조절하는 대표 조절자로 찾았다. 이러한 결과는 청각 회로 발생시 생기는 자발성 활동의 기능적 역할을 연구하는데 있어 분자적 타깃을 제공할 것이다. Inner hair cells (IHCs) in the developing cochlea exhibit spontaneous electrical activity that propagates throughout the auditory centers of the brain. Experience independent neural activity has been widely implicated in promoting neuronal survival, maturation, growth, and refinement of their connections to form a network that can process the information from the external world and adapt to the environment. Previous studies have indicated that this activity is initiated by the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from inner supporting cells (ISCs) within the Kölliker’s organ, which lies medial to IHCs. Other studies have shown that the spontaneous activity in IHCs and the auditory nerve fiber is associated with a morphological change in ISCs. In this thesis, we combined immunohistochemistry, cellular electrophysiology, and pharmacology to determine the molecular mechanism underlying the spontaneous morphological change of ISCs within the developing cochlea. We hypothesized that the cell volume change in ISCs was due to ATP-coupled Ca2+-activated Cl- current. Immunohistochemistry studies showed that TMEM16A, a Ca2+ activated Cl- channel, was expressed in developing cochlea. While monitoring the spontaneous activity electrophysiologically (sEP) and optically (sOC), MONNA, a selective TMEM16A blocker, and TMEM16A-shRNA inhibited both ATP dependent sEP and sOC. This indicates spontaneous activity in ISCs is mediated by TMEM16A. The release of Cl- from TMEM16A is accompanied by osmotically driven water movement, thereby causing cell shrinkage. The spontaneous activity associated with cell volume change in ISCs appeared unusually rapid, suggesting an involvement of a water channel in the process. Therefore, the expression of aquaporin (AQP) in ISCs was investigated. We found that AQP4 was expressed in ISCs of developing cochlea. Inhibition of AQP4 with acetazolamide and AQP4 shRNA markedly reduced sOC but not sEP. This result suggested that AQP4 is responsible for the water movement associated with Cl- influx but does not directly affect the ion flux. ISCs regained their cell volume soon after the cell shrinkage that accompanies Cl- and water flux, suggesting that the Cl- and water are reloaded into the ISCs. In many secretory cells, NKCC (Na+ K+ 2Cl-) symporter, is responsible for reloading cellular Cl- and water. We found that NKCC1 was expressed in ISCs. Inhibition of NKCC1 with bumetanide, an NKCC blocker, and NKCC1-shRNA inhibited both morphological change and the electrical activity in ISCs. These results indicate that epithelial-like supporting cells in the developing cochlea have adapted a pathway for morphological change in Kölliker’s organ which might influence the periodic excitation of IHC and ANF before the onset of hearing. Our work highlighted a few molecular targets, namely TMEM16A, AQP4, and NKCC1, as the key regulators of the spontaneous activity during auditory development. These results may provide a molecular target in an animal model for studying the functional roles of spontaneous activity in the developing auditory circuits.

Studies on the regulatory factors affecting bone forming activity of osteoblasts

Sharma, Ashish Ranjan Hallym Univ. 2013 국내박사

Dielectrophoresis based electrical biosensors for label-free and sensitive detection of cardiac biomarkers

Sharma, Abhinav UNIST 2018 국내박사

Knowledge, attitude and practice of breast cancer and breast self-examination among adult women in Central Nepal

Sharma Dahal, Matrika 한양대학교 대학원 2018 국내석사

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among women worldwide and it is the most prevalent form of cancer in Nepal of all female cancers. Breast self-examination (BSE) is an important prevention and early detection method for breast cancer. This study was aimed at assessing knowledge, attitude and practice of BC and BSE including factors associated with BSE among adult women in central Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative method including convenient sampling was used to recruit 267 women aged 18-50 years. The data was collected using interview-based questionnaires during the September of 2017. The collected data were entered into excel. After clearing the data it was exported to SPSS version 21 for further analysis. Both descriptive and analytical statistical methods were used. Chi-Square test and logistic regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between independent variables (Socio-demographic, family history of BC and knowledge of BC) and the dependent variable (Practice of BSE). Results: About 94 % of study participants (251/267) reported that they have heard BC. The participants were between aged 18-50 years and the mean age of the respondent was 34 ±9.7. A total of 57 (22.7%) respondents reported that they had a family history of breast cancer. A higher proportion of women 195 (77.7%) stated that BSE is a screening and diagnosis method of BC. Among 251 respondents who had heard about BC, more than half 135 (53.8%) were found with practising BSE. Among them, 30 (22.3%) of them were found practising BSE monthly and higher proportion 82 (60.7 %) of women were found starting BSE at the age of ≥25 years. Regarding the attitudes towards BSE, most of all, 244 (97.2%) agreed that 'BSE as method of early detection of breast cancer can help survival', 205(81.7%) agreed on 'I can do Breast Self-examination myself standing in front of mirror myself', 222(88.4%) agreed on the statement that when examining breast, they feel for lumps and 182(72.5%) women agreed that BC is the disease of women. Variables like education, occupation, economic status, family history of BC were found significantly associated with the practice of breast self-examination (BSE) with P<0.05. Similarly variables related to awareness of BC such as 'BC is a life-threatening disease', 'BC can be transmitted genetically', 'BSE is the best method of BC screening' and knowledge on 'how often BSE should be done to BC screening' were significantly associated practice of BSE (P<0.01). Finally, we found that education level and economic condition of women influences (predict) the practice of breast self-exam. Conclusion: Only half (53.8%) of the women attending in the outpatient department of the central homoeopathic hospital had ever practised BSE with very low (22.3%) number of them practising BSE regularly once a month. The socio-demographic characteristics and awareness of BC significantly influence the practice of BSE among women in Nepal. Educational level and economic status are observed as the main predictors of the practice of BSE among women in Nepal. More efforts are needed in creating awareness and advocacy in the community in order to detect early breast cancer and enhance the prevention strategies that would reduce the burden of BC in Nepal. The finding of this study might help to the planning of specific health education program and strategies towards breast cancer in Nepal and it might also be important for the relevant international community interested in the field of breast cancer control especially promoting BSE. Further researches are needed to identify causes of inadequate KAP of adults regarding breast cancer and practice of BSE among women. Keywords: Breast Cancer, Breast Self-exam, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice, Adult Women, Central Nepal

Boundary estimation with gravitational search algorithm based optimization in electrical impedance tomography

Sharma, Sunam Kumar 제주대학교 대학원 2022 국내박사

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive image reconstruction method. It reconstructs the cross-sectional conductivity distribution of the domain. EIT is applied in various areas of applications such as medical, industrial, and geophysical. However, it suffers from poor spatial resolution due to the ill-posed and non-linear nature of the problem. Boundary or shape estimation is the alternative approach to solve this poor resolution problem. In this approach, the number of unknowns to be estimated is reduced which improves the spatial resolution. The conductivity of the closed disjoint region of the domain is assumed to be known as prior for the boundary estimation. In this thesis, for the closed boundary, the complex shape is defined by the Fourier series coefficients and the shape estimation is done with a heuristic algorithm. In this work, we have presented three scenarios for the boundary estimation in EIT. The first study is the estimation of the bladder boundary in the pelvic domain. In this, the boundary is estimated by a heuristic algorithm gravitational search algorithm (GSA). The estimation of the bladder using the noninvasive method is necessary for paraplegia patients. These patients are unable to discharge urine at the right time due to a weaker sensation for bladder volume. If the urine is not discharged in time, then the bladder size will increase and affect the neighboring organs and tissues. Size estimation of the bladder with EIT can clarify the bladder status. The bladder is a nonuniform structure with a complex shape; therefore, higher-order Fourier series is needed to represent the true shape. Estimating higher-order Fourier coefficients by a conventional modified Newton-Raphson (mNR) algorithm does not give the desired performance. GSA is proposed in this work to estimate the Fourier series coefficients as it is known for solving optimization problems in high-dimensional search space. Also, GSA has fast convergence and does not require the computation of Jacobian. Numerical experiments and phantom studies are performed to estimate the bladder size and it is compared with the estimated result by mNR. The second case is the estimation of the defect on the single-layer graphene sheet by PSOGSA. A PSOGSA is a hybrid algorithm that is the combination of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and GSA. Recently, graphene has gained a lot of attention in the electronic industry due to its unique properties and can overcome the limits of miniaturization making way for novel devices in the field of electronics. For the development of new device applications, it is necessary to grow large wafer-sized monolayer graphene. Among the methods to synthesize large graphene films, chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is one of the promising and common techniques but defects such as cracks, holes, or wrinkles are hard to avoid. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be used to detect those defects on a graphene sheet. The conductivity is assumed to be known as prior and the geometry of the defect is estimated. These defect geometries are defined by truncated Fourier series coefficient which can represent the complex shapes. Numerical and experimental studies are done for graphene characterization and the results showed that the proposed PSOGSA has good performance in locating the defects present on a graphene surface. The third is the open boundary case where the interlayer boundary of the subsurface is estimated. Subsurface topology estimation is important for the geophysical survey. The subsurface region can be approximated as piece-wise separate regions with constant conductivity in each region; therefore, the conductivity estimation problem is transformed to estimate the shape and location of the layer boundary interface. Each layer interface boundary is treated as an open boundary that is described using front points. A DNN model is used to estimate the front points describing the multi-layer interface boundaries. This DNN model is tuned for hidden layer nodes using PSOGSA. The PSOGSA tuned DNN model is trained for interlayer boundary reconstruction using training data that consists of pairs of voltage measurements of the subsurface domain. The tuned DNN model estimation result is compared with the 7-layer DNN model. The study on all three cases shows the proposed method has a better estimation result than the compared method.