Lactate-mediated mitoribosomal defects impair mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and promote hepatoma cell invasiveness

Lee, Young-Kyoung,Lim, Jin J.,Jeoun, Un-woo,Min, Seongki,Lee, Eun-beom,Kwon, So Mee,Lee, Changhan,Yoon, Gyesoon American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2017 The Journal of biological chemistry Vol.292 No.49

<P>Impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, accompanied by enhanced glycolysis, is a key metabolic feature of cancer cells, but its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Previously, we reported that human hepatoma cells that harbor OXPHOS defects exhibit high tumor cell invasiveness via elevated claudin-1 (CLN1). In the present study, we show that OXPHOS-defective hepatoma cells (SNU354 and SNU423 cell lines) exhibit reduced expression of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13 (MRPL13), a mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) subunit, suggesting a ribosomal defect. Specific inhibition of mitoribosomal translation by doxycycline, chloramphenicol, or siRNA-mediated MRPL13 knockdown decreased mitochondrial protein expression, reduced oxygen consumption rate, and increased CLN1-mediated tumor cell invasiveness in SNU387 cells, which have active mitochondria. Interestingly, we also found that exogenous lactate treatment suppressed MRPL13 expression and oxygen consumption rate and induced CLN1 expression. A bioinformatic analysis of the open RNA-Seq database from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) cohort revealed a significant negative correlation between MRPL13 and CLN1 expression. Moreover, in patients with low MRPL13 expression, two oxidative metabolic indicators, pyruvate dehydrogenase B expression and the ratio of lactate dehydrogenase type B to type A, significantly and negatively correlated with CLN1 expression, indicating that the combination of elevated glycolysis and deficient MRPL13 activity was closely linked to CLN1-mediated tumor activity in LIHC. These results suggest that OXPHOS defects may be initiated and propagated by lactate-mediated mitoribosomal deficiencies and that these deficiencies are critically involved in LIHC development.</P>

피의사실공표죄에 관한 연구 - 검사의 불기소(기소유예)처분 사건의 검토를 중심으로 -

이성기 ( Lee Seongki ) 한국경찰법학회 2021 경찰법연구 Vol.19 No.2

피의사실공표죄를 둘러싼 학문적 논쟁이 다양한 원인은 본 죄의 제정 당시의 입법취지와는 달리 오늘날 미디어 상황이 급변한 것을 반영하지 못하는 데 원인이 있다고 본다. 피의자의 인권 보호를 위한 수사기관 의무는 국민의 알권리가 강하게 작동하고 범죄정보의 급속한 확산이 이루어지는 현 시점에서 더 이상 절대적인 가치가 아니며 피의자의 인권보호와 갈등을 일으키는 다른 기본권과 조화를 이루어야 한다. 그러나 현행 피의사실공표죄 구성요건은 이와 같은 형사정책적 고려를 담아내지 못하고 있다. 보호법익, 구성요건에 관한 다양한 학문적 해석논의, 입법론적 대안, 본 죄의 위헌성에 관한 주장 제기, 실제로는 대다수 피의사실이 수사기관의 누설행위를 통해 언론에 보도되고 있음에도 제정 이후 단 한 건의 공소제기가 없다는 점이 이를 방증한다. 울산지방검찰청의 불기소 처분사건을 검토한 결과 공표의 대상이 되는 피의사실의 내용과 요건, 그 절차를 법률에 근거하여 규정할 필요성이 있음을 다시 한 번 확인할 수 있었다. 현재와 같이 수사기관의 규칙을 피의사실 공표의 근거로 삼을 경우 수사기관의 자의적 판단에 의한 구성요건 창설의 가능성으로 인해 본 죄가 앞으로도 계속 사문화된 채 규범성을 상실하게 될 우려가 크다. 현행 피의사실공표죄의 범죄 억지력이 전혀 없는 것은 아니다. 사회적 요구에 따라 수사기관이 행정규칙을 제정하여 피의사실에 관한 공표를 자제하는 것은 바람직하다. 다만, 피의사실공표에 관한 예외도 법률로 정하여 갈등관계에 있는 기본권을 조화롭게 하는 노력이 필요하다. 그 방안으로 피의사실의 공표에 관한 예외 요건과 절차에 관한 원칙을 법률로 명확히 규정하되 구체적인 판단은 수사기관이 아닌 시민이나 전문가가 참여하여 결정하는 시민참여 방식이 타당할 것으로 생각한다. 강력범죄, 성폭력 범죄 피의자의 신상공개에 관하여 이러한 실무상 제도가 마련되어 있다는 점에서 실현가능성이 크다. 그리고 그 공표 기준은 피의자의 명예 보호, 무죄추정과 공정한 재판을 받을 권리에 기초하여 구체적으로 판결에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요소들을 절대적 금지사항으로 규정하는 한편, 그 이외의 정보에 대하여는 구체적인 상황에 따라 범죄의 중대성, 혐의의 명확성, 범죄예방을 위한 필요성과 공표의 목적과 수단의 적합성, 공표 내용의 최소 침해 여부 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 결정하게 함이 타당하다고 생각한다. Crime investigators, who commit crime(hereinafter ‘the crime’) by making public the facts of a suspect before request for public trial by a prosecutor’, shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than three years, or suspension of qualifications for not more than five years under Criminal Act of article 125 in Korea. This article, however, has been de-facto dead since its enactment in 1953 because there have been no one who was indicted by prosecutors. This paper analyzes the case where the prosecutor of Ul-san District Prosecutor's Office in July of 2020 decided not to initiate public prosecution against police officers who investigated a suspect who forged pharmacist license and made up prescription. This research tries to fathom out how prosecutors decide on the issue of whether ‘the crime’ was made or not. As a matter of fact, it has been highly controversial as to the protected benefits and requirements of ‘the crime’. While some commentators argue for human rights of crime suspects and investigative function of government, others propose a suspect’s right to fair-trial for its protected benefits. This research by reviewing the Ulsan case found that the prosecutor decided that the police officers committed ‘the crime’ in violation of suspect’s personal rights and investigative functions of the government resulting in illegality of the crime, and argues that the prosecutors’decision must not be based on the internal regulation but on the relevant law which allows justification for publication of the facts of a suspect by investigative officials. Based on the argument, this paper proposes enactment of the new law.

미국과 영국의 체포·구금제도의 비교법적 고찰

이성기(Lee, SeongKi) 한양법학회 2011 漢陽法學 Vol.34 No.-

This study, comparing the arrest and detention procedures of the United States and the United Kingdom, suggests some reform measures to the Korean criminal justice system. It is redundant to say that arrestees must be brought to trial judges and the legitimacy of the arrest should be carefully and thoroughly reviewed by the judiciary as quickly as possible. Moreover, the arrestees must be granted bail if some legal requirements are met. Korea revamped its bail system in 2007 by diversifying its existing bail program which was bail-bonds based. The bail rate in Korea, however, has been quite low contrary to its original expectation. This paper analyzes and compares in detail the whole process of the arrest and detention system in the U. S. with the U. K. especially focusing on judicial review of arrest and its subsequent processes. Although the U. S. and the U. K. inherited the common law system, those two jurisdictions have developed quite different criminal procedures; while the U. S. has developed the so called constitutional criminal procedure focused on due process values in an attempt to solve the racial inequality in the criminal justice system, the U. K. has geared its system to the more crime-control oriented model. Despite the differences, however, some common features are found between the two systems. First, those two jurisdictions allow a wide range of warrantless arrest. Second, arrestees are generally brought to magistrates in less than 36 hours. Third, the U. S. and the U. K. guarantee arrestees ample opportunity for bail in every stage of the investigative and trial stages. As a result, most of the arrestees in the two jurisdictions are released before or during trials. Fourth, the two countries especially the U. K. minimize the detention period before arrestees are formally charged, for example, in the U. K. is less than 96 hours. Based on this analysis, this paper suggests some reform measures to Korea, such as more liberalized arrest in misdemeanor cases and some bail reforms.

Mechanical Behavior Modeling of Spent Fuel Subjected to Bending Load Under Normal Conditions of Transport

Donghyo Lee,Hyeongkoo Kim,Seongki Lee 한국방사성폐기물학회 2020 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.2020 No.07

미국·영국·프랑스에서의 디엔에이(DNA) 채취법에 대한 위헌논의와 한국에의 시사점

이성기(Lee, SeongKi) 한양법학회 2011 漢陽法學 Vol.36 No.-

The DNA law of Korea was enacted in 2010, long after a debate among interest groups, due to its possibility of violating human dignity and individual privacy. At the time of its enactment, the law was expected to enhance effectiveness in crime investigation, by allowing investigatory authorities to obtain biological samples from detained suspects and convicted persons. Counter to the original expectation, however, the DNA law is currently highly controversial among scholars and human-rights groups about its constitutionality. In addition to that, five persons respectively appealed to the Korean Constitutional Court (the KCC) and those cases are currently pending and will be reviewed by the judges of the KCC. The main issue of these cases is the constitutionality of Article 6 of the DNA law, that allows investigatory police officers to seek a warrant from a judge to obtain biological samples from a suspect who is not convicted but in detention. This paper studies and compares with the arrestee statutes of the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, which allow investigatory authorities to gather biological samples form arrestees who are not convicted of some specific offences. Part II, III, and IV of this article focus on explaining and comparing current cases that deal with the constitutionality of the arrestee statutes of the three countries. And Part V suggests a few issues that must be considered in the discussion of constitutionality of the DNA law in Korea.

법과학 증거의 정량화에 관한 법적 연구

이성기(LEE, SEONGKI),조영일(CHO, YOUNGIL) 한국형사정책학회 2016 刑事政策 Vol.28 No.3

This article discusses current a forensic evidential issue on how to quantify forensic evidence. As it has been remarkedly noted in the report of National Academy of Sciences(NAS), pattern evidence, except for DNA evidence, has shown no scientific basis and as a result this type of evidence exposes fact finders to cognitive bias making them accept the evidence as individualized identification. For this reason, the NAS report recommends that forensic science institutes identify forensic evidence by using a quantified method such as likelihood ratio(LR), random match probability(RMP), and verbal equivalents(VE). According to current psychological research, however, there is a risk of cognitive bias when lay people interpret those quantified forensic evidence such as prosecutor’s and defense attorney’s fallacy requiring that fact-finders in trial court to be informed such risks to avoid any possible error in a decision process. In this sense, it is a paradox to scientists and legal professionals that to the former quantified forensic evidence is scientific and logical whereas it is only conditionally acceptable to the latter. In Korean setting, however, it is problematic that there is not ample of meaningful discussion on quantified forensic evidence among legal professionals. This article suggests that Korean forensic science institutes start by quantifying fingerprints because the institutes store almost all Korean fingerprint data. And this paper also recommends further persistent academic dialogue between legal and forensic disciplines.

부정청탁금지법의 개선과제 ― 미국 뇌물죄의 대가관계 및 직무관련성에 관한 검토를 중심으로 ―

이성기(LEE, SEONGKI) 미국헌법학회 2021 美國憲法硏究 Vol.32 No.1

검사 술 접대 사건에서 보는 바와 같이 100만 원 이하의 향응을 받은 공직자에 대하여 형사처벌을 못하는 현행 청탁금지법은 그 입법취지에 부합하지 못한다. 청탁금지법 제8조 제1항에서 100만 원을 초과하는 금품수수행위만을 처벌 대상으로 하는 반면, 동 조 제2항은 직무와 관련한 금품수수행위를 과태료 부과대상으로 규정하고 있기 때문이다. 이 연구는 문제의 발단이 뇌물죄가 직무관련성과 대가관계를 구성요건으로 한다는 전제에서 비롯된 것이라고 주장한다. 이를 위해 엄격한 대가관계와 직무의 범위를 제한하고, 대가관계를 요구하지 않는 불법사례수수죄와 구분하여 처벌하는 미국 뇌물죄의 법제도롤 검토하였다. 그 결과 우리나라는 미국의 뇌물수수, 불법사례수수행위를 모두 포괄적 뇌물죄로 처벌하고 있기 때문에 뇌물죄의 구성요건도 달리 구성되어야 할 당위성을 발견하였다. 법적 근거도 미약할 뿐만 아니라 포괄적 뇌물죄의 개념 하에서는 고유한 의미의 대가관계의 개념을 상정하기 어려우며 실익도 미약하다. 이와 같은 전제하에 현행 청탁금지법은 수정이 필요하다고 본다. 우선, 동법 제8조 제1항에서 뇌물죄가 성립할 수 있는 가능성을 배제하여야 한다. 또한, 제2항을 수정, ‘공직자의 지위로 인하여 수수하는 100만 원 이하의 금품수수행위’를 처벌할 것을 제안한다. 이렇게 함으로써 제8조 제2항의 뇌물죄와 과태료 처분이 동시에 가능한 현행 법 규정의 모순을 해결하고, 고위 공직자가 100만 원 상당의 향응을 받고도 직무관련성이 없다고 하여 형사처벌을 면하는 잘못을 바로잡을 수 있을 것이다. The current news that two of three prosecutors who were allegedly received treat amounting one million won from a potential suspect but were not accused enraged Korean people. The article 8(1) of 「Improper Solicitation and Graft Act」(hereinafter the ISGA) does not criminalize those who accepted not more than one million won even though the graft acceptance is in relation with official act. This article raises some legal issues on the relevance of this Act regarding on the quid pro quo in addition to official act as a bribery requirements. To this end, this article examines bribery and illegal gratuity provisions of the United States. The analysis shows that the article of bribery and illegal gratuity(18 U.S.C. §201) differs from the bribery provision of Korea in that the latter covers illegal gratuity and unauthorized compensation as well as bribery of the United States. Based on this result, this paper argues that quid pro quo should not be legal requirement which means that ‘official act’ is sufficient as a bribery requirement. As a conclusion, this article argues that the article 8(1) and 8(2) of the ISGA needs revision and suggests that the article criminalize those who accepts not more than a million won because of his or her public position rather than offical act.

Development of Finite Element Model for Handling Characteristic Evaluation of Spent Nuclear Fuel

Jaejun Lee,Hyeongkoo Kim,Seongki Lee,Jongsung Yoo 한국방사성폐기물학회 2018 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.2018 No.05

가장지배인의 법률사무 취급 행위에 대한 형사법적 논의

이성기(SEONGKI LEE) 성신여자대학교 법학연구소 2014 성신법학 Vol.- No.14

상법상 규정된 지배인제도는 영업주의 포괄대리권을 위임받은 지배인으로 하여금 변호사의 자격이 없더라도 본인을 위하여 법률사무를 할 수 있도록 허용함으로써 영업주가 직접 소송수행을 하는 불편함을 덜어주고자 도입된 제도이다. 그러나 이러한 지배인 제도를 악용하여 영업주가 포괄대리권을 위임하지 않고 오로지 법률사무만을 전담시켜 법률비용을 절감하려는 가장지배인의 법률사무행위는 변호사 아닌 자에게 법률사무를 담당하게 하는 우회로가 되므로 변호사법 제109조 제1항 제1호의 변호사 아닌 자의 법률사무행위로 처벌해야 한다는 주장이 제기되고 있다. 그러나 영업주 본인이 자신을 위하여 소송패소의 위험을 감수하면서 변호사 아닌 자를 고용하여 법률사무를 전담시키는 행위가 형사처벌의 대상이 되어야 하는가 하는 의문도 제기된다. 가장지배인제도는 ① 영업주 본인과 실질적 고용관계가 없이 오로지 소송만을 목적으로 지배인 등기를 하는 진정가장지배인, ② 소송을 목적으로 실제 고용계약에 의해 고용한 부진정 가장지배인, ③ 원래는 지점 등의 종업원으로 고용되었으나 회사의 소송업무를 부수적으로 대리하는 부수적 가장지배인으로 나눌 수 있다. 이 중 진정가장지배인과 부진정가장지배인은 변호사가 아닌 자의 법률사무를 금지하는 변호사법 제109조 제1항 제1호를 위반하는 것으로 형사처벌의 대상이 된다. 그러나 부수적 가장지배인은 영업주 본인을 위하여 고용된 사람으로서 부수적으로 법률사무를 담당하는 경우 종업원으로서는 ‘타인’을 위한 법률사무가 아닌 자신을 위한 법률사무라고 보아 형사처벌의 대상이 되지 않는다고 해석할 필요가 있다. 그렇지 않은 경우 변호사법 제109조의 ‘법률사무’의 범위가 폭 넓게 규정되어 영업주 본인이 변호사 아닌 자신의 직원으로 하여금 소송행위뿐만 아니라 법률의견서 작성을 위임하는 행위까지 형사처벌을 할 수 있도록 하여 과잉금지원칙을 위배할 여지가 있다. 부수적 가장지배인의 경우 당사자나 수소법원이 소송단계에서 지배인 여부를 확인하여 배제할 문제이다. The Article 109 of the Attorney-at-law Act provides that a person who is not an attorney but receives or promises to receive money, valuables, entertainment or other benefits or who provides such things to a third party will be punished by imprisonment with prison labor for not longer than seven years or by a fine not exceeding 50 million won. The Article 11 of the Commercial Act, however, provides that a manager may perform all judicial and extrajudicial acts with respect to the business on behalf of the business owner, which means that managers who are not lawyers are allowed to perform all judicial acts. The Article 11 was enacted to protect or help business owners by allowing them to appoint managers who are invested with a blanket power of representation in respect with all business acts including judicial ones. Thus, the managers must be given comprehensive rights of representation. It has been currently controversial, however, whether a pseudo-manager with no such a blanket power of representation may perform judicial acts. As pseudo-managers are invested with partial rights of representation only with respect to judicial matters, it has been widely, especially among lawyers in practice argued that the pseudo-managers are in violation of the Article 109 of the Attorney-at-law Act and thus must be punished. This article discusses the penal responsibility of pseudo-managers and concludes that a pseudo-manager who are employed by business owners only to represent judicial matters are in violation of the Article 109. A pseudo-manager who was employed to perform extra business acts but appointed later to represent judicial matters should not be punished because judicial representation by those managers are not to provide legal services to a third party under the Article 109.

Preliminary Study on Load and Stress Characteristic Evaluation for Handling Reinforcement Device of Spent Nuclear Fuel

Jaejun Lee,Hyeongkoo Kim,Manseok Do,Seongki Lee,Jongsung Yoo 한국방사성폐기물학회 2018 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.2018 No.10