현대 여성작가들의 셰익스피어 다시쓰기 : 제인 스마일리의 『천 에이커』와 안젤라 카터의 『현명한 아이들』을 중심으로

도해자 韓國外國語大學校 大學院 2011 국내박사

Contemporary Women Writers' Rewriting of Shakespeare: Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres and Angela Carter's Wise Children Haeja Do Department of English Literature Graduate School Hankuk University of Foreign Studies This dissertation examines the ways the contemporary novelists Jane Smiley and Angela Carter rewrite Shakespeare in A Thousand Acres and Wise Children respectively. Smiley's and Carter's rewritings are among feminist revisionist tasks. When it comes to re-visioning Shakespeare, feminist rewriters get female characters out of such traditional plots as doom them to an oppressive marriage or death, demythologizing male heroism and female martyrdom as well. Alternatively, they seek to envision and revision figures who remain silent, marginalized, or demonized in the original Shakespeare. As a contemporary rewriting of King Lear, Smiley's A Thousand Acres focalizes the 'evil' daughters in King Lear, whose titular character is Lear, the patriarch of a family and a nation. Through focalizing the daughters Smiley offers the daughters' repressed or unacknowledged story in Shakespeare's text and a radical critique of the culture that produced Lear/Larry. King Lear gives no explanation for the two daughters' cruelty to their father. A Thousand Acres makes its major change by making up a plausible motive for the girls' action. Smiley's novel throws into sharp relief the patriarch's sexual abuse of daughters and patriarchal family cultures that have made it possible. Smiley powerfully adopts an ecofeminist perspective. Ecofeminists argue that Western patriarchism has seen women and nature as lesser entity than men and culture, and this dualistic and hierarchial way of thinking has justified and promoted the exploitation of both women and nature. In Smiley's A Thousand Acres patriarchs exploited animal, land, and women for their 'proud progress'. Patriarchs' abuse at them has had disastrous consequences for women, nature, and men themselves in the end. While Smiley's rewriting focuses on Shakespearean tragedy King Lear, Carter attempts to deconstruct and transform the British cultural hero, Shakespeare as well as Shakespearean romantic comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream. Rewriting A Midsummer Night's Dream, Carter suggests that the Court of Oberon and Titania has been idealized over the centuries. For Carter the fairy world Oberon dominates is nothing other than oppressive patriarchal society. Whereas the fairy queen Titania becomes submissive to Oberon in the play, Daisy Duck/Titania doesn't in the novel. And Carter transforms the Shakespearean triple marriage plot. The triple wedding arranged by Oberon in the play is mocked and proves never to be accomplished in the novel. Carter exposes what lies behind the scenes, leading to de-romanticizing the play. Carter puts the marginalized daughter's experiences and desires at the heart of Wise Children. In the novel the daughter seeks and longs for paternity. This very action ends up with a comic debunking of paternal power, serves to clear a space for new voices, new visions of a maternal family, and gives the Chances a happier alternative to Shakespearean family romances. Wise Children problematizes the hegemonic accounts of familial and cultural legitimacy. Wise Children criticizes the way in which British imperialism and patriarchy appropriated Shakespeare and cast him as a founding myth in their own image. The collapse of this cultural imperialism is articulated with the fall of Ranulph and Melchior, two patriarchs of the Hazard family, who represent bardolatry and legitimate Shakespearean theatre. Wise Children challenges the long history in which the British have been obsessive in dividing British culture into high and low and fashioning Shakespeare as a symbol of high culture. Carter's re-imagining of Shakespeare shows her affirmation of popular culture, of the rude health of popular language and humor as a long-lasting, effective means of survival, much of which are found in Shakespeare. Smiley's and Carter's rewriting are to surface what have been ignored, left out or suppressed in Shakespeare and Shakespearean criticism. In that sense they are subversive. If rewriting is a process of rereading, reinterpretation, and reconstruction, their rewritings also seek out various meanings of Shakespeare's texts, confirming the openness and presentivensss of Shakespeare. However, they may suppress other voices, with the unwitting result of limiting Shakespearean variety.

Characteristics of systems and leadership in K-12 public school educational technology programs: Understanding data use, decision making, and contextual factors

Smiley, Robert W The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2009 해외박사(DDOD)

This qualitative, multi-case research study examines how leaders use data to inform decisions related to technology use, including how they use enGauge program evaluation data, identifies leadership practices and related contextual factors present in four K-12 public school districts. This research study examines the questions. What are the characteristics of systems and leadership in identified K-12 public schools with reputations for strong educational technology use? Specifically, (1) in what ways do leaders in these identified schools leverage enGauge program evaluation data to inform technology policy and practice? (2) what leadership practices and contextual factors are evident in these identified schools that support strong educational technology use?. Ten emerging themes and major program attributes emerged from this research. Necessary leadership qualities, or leadership areas to leverage, from the study include: (1) a vision for educational technology use for all students by all teachers; (2) accountability to achieve the vision; (3) leveraging the role of the Library Media Specialist(s) and the passionate advocate(s); (4) creating a viable funding model for acquiring and maintaining technology; (5) providing professional development for leaders with position authority concerning data-driven decision making techniques and strategies; (6) attention to creating classroom and common areas that promote educational technology use through building construction and renovation projects; and (7) working with State and Federal leaders to develop and implement policies that have a positive impact educational technology use. This case study of four K-12 public school districts identifies educational technology leadership best practices and major program attributes that are data driven, research informed, and connected to high-quality programs, relevant to local, state, and national application. Future research should examine these findings in light of new and emerging technologies, the increased role of state and federal governments, and the continued worldwide movement towards a technology- and information-rich global society.

Politics that Divide and Ties that Bind: Family, Friends, and Neighbors in a Polarized Era

Smiley, Adam Herschel University of Washington ProQuest Dissertations & 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

Affective polarization has increased in the United States over the last several decades, leading to negative consequences for relationships, communities, and democracy. Why is affective polarization rampant, and what are the implications? In the first article of this dissertation, I examine a potential cause of affective polarization in the US: geographic sorting. We demonstrate that when people live in areas where they have little exposure to the out-party, they report generally higher levels of affective polarization. We follow this up by experimentally manipulating cross-party contact for students from politically homogenous universities and find that cross-party contact can reduce affective polarization for those in political bubbles. We argue that this cross-party contact is important for reducing affective polarization, and that increased political homogeneity within communities may have led to rising affective polarization in the United States.In the second article of my dissertation, we examine whether perceived political difference is associated with worse relationship quality between college students and their parents. We find that when controlling for covariates such as non-political difference, parents’ perceptions of political difference from their child is not associated with worse relationship quality. However, greater political difference was associated with worse relationship quality for students in some cases, but the effects were not large enough to be considered significant based on our hypotheses using minimum effect testing. In the third article of my dissertation, we propose a framework for statistical inference using minimum effect testing and equivalence testing. We use these methods in article two. This proposed framework allows researchers to test more specific hypotheses with a simple and versatile method that can be used for research questions.Collectively, my dissertation furthers our knowledge of the causes and implications of affective polarization, as well as providing a statistical framework that can improve statistical inferences and research practices in quantitative research.

Association of Sleep and Metabolic Syndrome/Metabolic Syndrome Components among Participants in Jackson Heart Study (JHS) and the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS)

Smiley, Abbas ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GENOMIC STABILITY OF THE VP2 HYPER-VARIABLE REGION OF INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS IN THE SPECIFIC-PATHOGEN-FREE CHICK EMBRYO HOST SYSTEM

SMILEY, JEFFREY RAYMOND THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 1999 해외박사(DDOD)

Four field isolates (70, 586, 1174, SEA-5) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) with distinct reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism. (RT/PCR-RFLP) patterns were serially passed 24 or 25 times in 10-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chick embryos by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) inoculation. The nucleotide base sequence of a 697-bp fragment of genome segment-A containing the partial coding sequence of VP2, and the entire hyper-variable (H-V) region was determined for each of the field and embryo passed viruses. Following virus passage six nucleotide residues, specifying five amino acid changes, occurred between the original field viruses and their chick-embryo (CE) origin ancestors. All of the nucleotide base changes were isolated to the H-V region. In three of the four CE passed viruses amino acid residue 249 was shifted from lysine to asparagine. Additional individual residue changes occurred at amino acids 222 (serine<math> <f> →</f> </math>leucine) and 281 (glutamine<math> <f> →</f> </math>valine). It is likely that the amino acid residue changes, particularly residue 249, are adaptive for virus growth in the chick embryo. CE-pass-1 or CE-Pass-24/25 virus challenge of three-week-old SPF chicks demonstrated no difference in pathogenicity between these virus pairs as determined by clinical symptoms, bursa; bodyweight indexes, and histopathologic lesion scoring. Attempts to adapt the original field and various CE-passed virus isolates for growth in baby grivet monkey kidney cells (BGM-70), chick embryo fibroblast (CEF), and CEF cell cultures prepared from virus infected embryos were not successful. A ssRNA internal control test reagent for assessing the performance of individual IBDV RT/PCR-RFLP diagnostic test reactions was also prepared. The internal control was differentiable by size, co-amplifiable with genomic IBDV RNA, and free of the restriction enzyme sites used for RFLP analysis of IBDV RT/PCR product.

Pedestrian modern: Shopping, modern architecture and the American metropolis, 1935--1955

Smiley, David Princeton University 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation argues that the store and the shopping center were crucial instruments through which American architects between 1935 and 1955 interpreted and shaped modernist architectural and urban principles. The normalization of modernist formal and planning methods is an established avenue of study, but retail design has only recently been examined. Moreover, these two threads, modernist methods and retail design, are rarely considered to be related: shopping centers in particular are framed with respect to suburbanization and not to modern architecture and its discourse. The dissertation follows the mid-twentieth century work of Kenneth Welch, Morris Ketchum and Victor Gruen, among other architects engaged in retail design, and examines and how they interacted with the contemporary professional and publishing cultures. In their practices, these architects joined modernist architectural theory not to corporate office buildings, cultural institutions or homes but to the most ostensibly "pedestrian" of program types. In both the dense commercial districts within the city core and the spreading settlement without, many architects and architectural observers framed the retail district or "store group" as a testing ground of modernist practices: efficient networks of circulation transparently rendered in steel, glass and aluminum. A variety of modernist urban, community and landscape planning strategies were deployed. The mid-century shopping center was an integral part of mid-century architectural and urban design theory, best understood in terms of the neighborhood unit and the superblock, and in terms of the combined effects of economic expansion and a broadly interpreted nuclear threat. And with population and consumption continuing their historic dispersal to the region, the dissertation also examines the rhetoric of "suburbanization". Used so often to index modernist planning effects, "suburbanization" has become allegorical, shifting meaning away from architecture towards one if its possible entanglements. This "pedestrian modern" joins two threads that defined shopping in architectural culture at mid-century. By its complicity with consumption and mass culture, the store was a less respected professional undertaking. At the same time, the images and connotations of walking compensated for many of the problems of modernity.

The development of an elementary principal's handbook in implementing effective schooling practices for English language learners

Smiley, Patricia Kansas State University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to research, design, and develop a field-tested handbook that would support elementary principals in gaining the knowledge, strategies, and tools to lead their schools in effectively serving the needs of English language learners (ELLs). Using a seven-step research and development model (Borg & Gall, 1983, 1989; Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996, 2003), the handbook was created, field-tested, and revised based on a literature review, principals' input, and reviewers' formative evaluations. The steps of the cyclical process included: (1) research and information gathering, (2) planning the prototype, (3) product development, (4) preliminary field test, (5) product revision, (6) main field test, and (7) final product revision. Reviewers consisted of five "proof of concept" experts heavily cited in the second language/bilingual education field, five experts in second language/bilingual education and four experts in educational administration and second language/bilingual education for the preliminary field test, and eight practicing elementary principals for the main field test. This study resulted in the following conclusions: (1) The literature review revealed a deficiency in resource materials specifically geared for principals to assist them in gaining the knowledge and skills to foster highly effective learning environments for ELLs. (2) The literature review revealed the importance of the principal's knowledge and leadership in effective schooling for ELLs. (3) The "portfolio" of skills that principals should possess to be effective leaders for ELLs can be aligned with the ISLLC standards that link educational leadership to productive schools and enhanced educational outcomes for all students. (4) The electronic mail survey of Kansas principals, experts in the proof of concept survey, and reviewers in both field tests indicated that a principal's handbook would be a useful tool for principals in leading their schools in the implementation and fostering of effective programs and practices for ELLs. (5) A handbook for elementary principals who want to lead their schools in promoting and establishing effective programs and practices for ELLs can be created and developed using a research and development methodology. Feedback from experts and practitioners in field tests results in revisions that produce a better quality product.

Seeking Equilibrium: Exploring Environmental Sustainability and Decision Making in Higher Education

Smiley Smith, Sara Elizabeth Yale University 2016 해외박사(DDOD)

While the term environmental sustainability is widely popular and ostensibly modern, the ideas embodied by this fluid concept are as old as human society. History has repeatedly demonstrated that when communities fail to find a balance between extracting the resources needed to live and promoting the continued healthful function of natural systems, they suffer serious consequences. Examples of this can be seen in fishery collapse, agricultural catastrophe, and chemical mismanagement where human behavior ran unchecked until ecosystems were too stressed to provide the services humans depended on. Themes in historical examples include a difficulty in understanding decision consequences, conflicting values, challenged long term thinking, and struggles to effectively use knowledge. Understanding how to encourage today's decision makers to embrace sustainability as a core value in their decision making process can help to shift the drive for healthy human systems toward greater balance, or equilibrium, with the need for environmental well being. Institutions of higher learning have been early actors in this arena, working to improve the sustainability of their operations while training future leaders. These institutions are making changes to better manage ubiquitous human systems including those for waste management and energy production, and the lessons gleaned in these settings are relevant far beyond campus borders. Institutions of higher learning provide ideal study sites to examine how the expression of sustainability influenced values, held by actors and by the institutions themselves, impact the decision making process. This work explores four cases in three topical areas at Yale University: food, transportation and energy. The first case presents a study of the transition from a campus dining system in which food waste was discarded in wastewater and Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), to one boasting a food waste composting program. The second case focuses on the decision to shift from traditional diesel to a biodiesel blended fuel in campus shuttle busses. The third case explores efforts to influence individual commuting decisions to and from campus. Finally, the fourth case details the process of reaching a decision to make a public greenhouse gas reduction commitment. Each of these cases exposes a diversity of variables that interrelate in an evolving fashion. As values change, priorities shift, and actors enter and exit, the relationships between all components of a decision making system adjust. The decision making processes described in each of these cases can be partially explained through the use of theory and literature from fields including the policy sciences, problem definition, and innovation diffusion, among others. Building from this foundation, this work highlighted 18 variables that were expressed as having low, medium or high influence in each case. These variables were organized into four focal groups: Context, Knowledge, Participation and Process. Across the four cases, an increase in the prevalence of high influence variables was found when moving from the simple case of converting to biodiesel fuel to the highly complex example found in shifting to a compost system. A continuum of increasing decision complexity emerged. While the number of high influence variables increased across the continuum, distinct variables demonstrated variability. This analysis found seven key variables, a majority of which fell into the Process group, that were identified as being highly relevant for future sustainability influenced decision making. Understanding organizational structure and having system knowledge were important in navigating decision making in complex institutions. Agenda setting enabled decision makers to provide leadership by understanding who the players were and what motivated them, and using that knowledge to set institutional priorities around sustainability. As the need for behavior change increased, so too did the complexity of decision making overall. Cultural shifts and risk taking demonstrated that having a community understanding of what sustainability is provided support for decision makers, as did acceptance of thoughtful experimentation. Finally, problem definition involvement enabled actors to skillfully communicate that sustainability was enmeshed throughout institutional work. Many of these variables were found in the Process group, underscoring the importance of understanding the functional units of how decision making happens at an institution. Those seeking to improve the impact of sustainability influenced decision making can use this list of key variables to guide their efforts, helping target their focus and enable them to avoid common pitfalls. This work represents the experience at Yale University, and can be strengthened through further verification in other institutional settings.

Interactions between Pigmy Rattlesnakes (Sistrurus miliarius) and a Suite of Prey Species: A Study of Prey Behavior and Variable Venom Toxicity

Smiley-Walters, Sarah Ann ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The Ohio State Uni 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Interactions between predators and prey are widespread in nature but the ecological and evolutionary factors that shape these interactions are poorly understood. In my dissertation, I use pigmy rattlesnakes ( Sistrurus miliarius) and their prey.

Health-related characteristics of American urban environments: Description, measurement, and associations with healthy behaviors

Smiley, Melissa J University of Michigan 2011 해외박사(DDOD)

Though research has consistently found associations between aspects of the built environment and human health, the mechanisms underlying these associations are not fully understood. This dissertation adds to the literature in this field that seeks to explore these mechanisms, as well as some inconsistencies in findings, by critically examining how environments are measured and analyzed. The first analysis found that health-related resources (i.e., supermarkets, recreational facilities, retail areas) were clustered at the block group level. The Health Opportunities Score, a combined measure of resource density, was diminished in block groups with higher minority populations. To the extent that resources were associated with health and healthy behaviors, the results suggested that the locations of a range of health-related resources have the potential to contribute to or exacerbate race/ethnic health inequalities. The second analysis found both an association between Health Opportunities and healthy behaviors (i.e., diet, physical activity, walking for transport) and evidence that this association was synergistic. Residence near multiple health-related resources was associated with healthy behaviors above and beyond the association with individual resources. This finding could at least partially explain persistent health disparities because the data indicated that residents of resource-poor areas were at an even greater resource-related disadvantage than might have been expected. The third analysis examined variation in people's perception of the built environment (i.e., aesthetic quality, access to healthy food, safety, walkability). These data revealed that variation in perception could be associated with characteristics of the environmental context, such as median income or population density. At the same time, varied perceptions of a single environment could also be due to actual environmental heterogeneity, which could not be controlled for in this analysis. These findings still suggested that common environmental indicators might be better measures of the environment in some census tracts (e.g., where there is little variation in self-reports) as compared to others. Collectively, the entire dissertation posed novel questions about environmental measures. The analyses revealed much about the patterning of multiple health-related resources, their relationship to healthy behaviors, and the importance of accounting for varied perceptions within a given environmental context.