How Does the 15 to Finish Initiative Affect Academic Outcomes of Low-Income, First-Generation Students? Evidence from a College Promise Program in Indiana

Chan, Roy Y ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

As the cost of college tuition has increased, policymakers and practitioners have begun to examine the proliferation of college promise programs (i.e., tuition-free grant programs, debt free college programs) across the United States. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine what effect a statewide 30-credit hour annual completion policy had on the academic outcomes of college promise program recipients at two 4-year public research universities, Indiana University Bloomington (IUB) and Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis (IUPUI). The study examines the implementation of and subsequent policy change to the early-commitment college promise program, Indiana Twenty-First Century Scholarship (TFCS) Program.Using administrative data from the Indiana University’s University Institutional Research and Reporting (UIRR) office, representing 7,842 low-income students who enrolled shortly before the policy was implemented, this observational study employs a quasi-experimental, difference-in-differences (DiD) approach to explore the impact of the Indiana Code Title 21 (IC-21-12-6-7) (30 credit hour annual completion policy) on students’ academic outcomes. Specifically, this dissertation examines the heterogenous treatment effects of this policy change on the academic performance (e.g., cumulative credit hours accumulated, cumulative grade point average [GPA], and degree completion status) of Indiana TFCS recipients at IUB and IUPUI, compared to non-TFCS Pell recipients from the same time period (Fall 2011 through Fall 2014 cohorts).Results suggest that the 30-credit hour annual completion policy showed a modest significant effect on cumulative credits and grades, but had no effect on degree completion status (Year 4 Graduation Status, Year 6 Graduation/Enrollment Status), at IUB (a small town, primarily residential, more selective, flagship research university). The policy had no effect on the TFCS recipients enrolled at IUPUI (an urban, primarily nonresidential, moderately selective research university). These findings demonstrate that the policy, which was related to a broader, national 15 to Finish initiative did not produce its intended effect, nor did it have any adverse consequences for low-income, first-generation students.

Sagely Presence: Appearance and Morality in Early Confucian Thought

Hsu, Nai-Yi ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

This study explores the relation between people’s moral character and their appearance from various Confucian perspectives. When we think about the question, “what it means to be a good person,” we rarely take into consideration the external aspects of a person. Instead, we think about their action, their motivation, their feelings, or the moral principles they follow. Early Confucians, however, believe that having a refined appearance is a necessary condition for being a virtuous person. This dissertation, “Sagely Presence: Appearance and Morality in Early Confucian Thought,” is an attempt to understand the moral significance that early Confucians see in people’s appearance, including their clothing, facial expressions, bodily comportment, and styles of speaking. There are six chapters in this dissertation. Chapter one, “Ethics of Appearance,” sets the foundation for later chapters by demonstrating early Confucians’ unusual interest in the exemplary person’s appearance and by offering an explanatory framework. Chapter two, “Dressing as a Sage,” examines the reasons early Confucians offer to support the belief that clothing is formative of its wearer’s character. Chapter three, “The Ritualized Body,” argues that that a ritualized body helps a moral agent to perform their socio-political roles, allows them to express virtues such as respect and care in human interaction, and grants them an aesthetically appealing presence that enhance their moral attraction. Chapter four, “Bodily Experiences and Self-Cultivation,” argues that people’s experiences with their own body are considered morally formative in early Confucian thought. Chapter five, “The Taciturn Exemplar,” discusses the relation between silence, speech, and self-cultivation in early Confucian thought, arguing that taciturnity is considered beneficial for self-cultivation because it allows people to personalize the moral knowledge they received. Chapter six, “Speaking as the Exemplary Person,” discusses the characteristics of the ideal speaker envisioned by early Confucians and argues that becoming such a speaker involves efforts of self-cultivation. Finally, the conclusion addresses several potential objections to early Confucians’ emphasis on the moral significance of people’s appearance and discusses how the findings of this study may contribute to the virtue ethics approach to early Confucian thought.

Private Film Collectors as Everyday Conservators: A History of Film Preservation Outside of the Archive

Uhrich, Jonathan Andrew Indiana University ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2023 해외박사(DDOD)

The writing of history is possible because museums, libraries, and individuals maintain objects from the past. For film history, this task was primarily the purview of the major archives that preserved evolving notions of national cinematic patrimony. However, there was a community of enthusiasts collecting rare film prints alongside, and even before, the institutions better known for saving movies. These collectors rescued hundreds of titles that would have otherwise been lost by copying films and trading them with each other. Many collectors regularly projected prints for a wide variety of audiences, thus providing access to rare films in the decades before home video.This dissertation is a history of the archival labor of these private film collectors. It engages with scholarship from archival studies and media history to analyze these unofficial archivists. I present this case study on an informal network of preservationist-collectors as a historical precedent for research into current examples of amateur and community archiving, and to expand upon scholarship on the circulation and reception of film prints beyond theatrical spaces. My dual status as a professional archivist and media scholar informs this dissertation's methodological approach in a manner that combines praxis and historical analysis.Film preservation developed out of the competing and interconnected efforts of institutional archives and this group of private film collectors. However, these collectors were not formally trained as archivists. To analyze the work of this preservation community requires a reconsideration of the founding precepts of archiving including terms like original order and provenance. Each chapter studies a different aspect of collectors' practice of preservation including how they appraised titles for acquisition, their unique approaches to film restoration, why they viewed access to their collections as a community good and opportunity for profit, and the ways that institutional archives have reset the meanings of private collections after acquiring them.While the specific findings of this dissertation are most immediately relevant to the fields of media studies and archival science, it participates in the larger question of who gets to control the narrative of, and engagement with, cultural heritage.

Beyond Naming Moments: A Model of How Time-Extended Social Interactions Support Rapid Object Name Learning in Infants

Raz, Hadar Karmazyn ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

For infants who do not yet know many if any words, the natural word learning environment is characterized by uncertainty; there are many not known words, there are many potential referents for any heard word, and by many accounts no clear link between a heard word and its likely referent. This problem of referential ambiguity has defined the major theoretical and empirical task in the study of how infants break into object name learning, the focus of this dissertation. Past and current research on the solution to this problem has focused principally on moments of experience in which a name is heard by the infant and has asked whether the named object is present and whether there are additional cues that signal that this object is the referent of the heard, and for the infant, unknown name. Other research, on the assumption that the cues to referent are not obvious in the moment of the heard name, has asked whether the name-referent pairings may be learned over many incremental exposures. As I review in the three papers that constitute the thesis, there is no accepted account. This thesis looks for a solution outside of momentary naming events, in the time extended parent-infant interactions with objects in which parent naming is typically embedded. I argue that the key for learning is the flow of time. In this dissertation, I show that the data for learning new words is generated in time by coherent behaviors of the infant and parent dyads. The moment-by-moment dyadic behaviors with objects in the environment have predictable frequency and temporal properties that I argue are like those of coherent “conversations” or discourse but for nontalking infants are conveyed by parent and infant actions directed to objects. These dyadic action ‘conversations’ around shared topics have a time extended structure, a continuous flow, that consists of repeated clusters of engagements with a few high-frequency objects interleaved with engagements with many different low-frequency objects. Over time, just like a spoken conversation, the dyadic engagements with objects form a skewed frequency distribution, in which a few topic objects, which I call the Topics of the conversation, are frequently repeated and related to less frequent objects that I call the Comments. The findings presented in this dissertation evaluated data collected from 1- and 2-year-old infants who wore a head-mounted camera during a naturalistic play session with their parent. In Chapter 1, I focus on the frequency and temporal structure in the object play of parents and 12-month-old infants and show how the statistics of the extended interactions are discourse-like properties and that parent naming of the engaged objects is rare but embedded in the action-organized discourse. This Chapter is published in the journal Language Acquisition (Karmazyn-Raz & Smith, 2022). In Chapter 2, I present evidence from a broader sample of 1- and 2-year-old infants that focuses on the temporal relational structure of play and parent referential talk. This Chapter is under review for a special issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. In Chapter 3, I propose a memory model and use the data from Chapter 1 to show how the natural statistics of parent-infant generated actions on objects and parent much rarer naming could lead to one-episode learning of object names. The memory model, which is founded on well documented memory phenomena, is related to the given coherent streams of dyadic events; illustrating the theoretical pathway for learning words in natural environments. An extended version of this chapter is in preparation for publication. The series of analyses presented in this dissertation suggest human generated behavior –the context for infant learning -- has a suite of statistical properties and coherence properties, which matches the known (but not considered in the early word-learning literature) memory system.

Characterizing Emerging Cybersecurity Threats: An Ecosystem Approach

Mi, Xianghang ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

The cyberspace is keeping evolving in many aspects. In the last decade by 2020, we have witnessed the pervasiveness of mobile computing, the increasing adoption of IoT platforms, and the emerging application of artificial intelligence in various scenarios. However, along with those exciting advancements are emerging and critical cyberspace threats, as demonstrated in this thesis.Particularly, this thesis reveals, for the first time, the ecosystem of residential proxy (RESIP) as a service, in which a provider utilizes the hosts within residential networks (in contrast to those running in a datacenter) to relay their customers’ traffic, in an attempt to avoid server-side blocking and detection. This ecosystem was found to have a large scale with more than 6M RESIP peers captured, a suspicious recruitment process involving IoT devices and malware, and a concerning usage in online abuse activities such as advertisement fraud. More importantly, it reveals an emerging security threat to common users by abusing the network bandwidth of their electric devices.Following this work, we further studied how mobile devices have been turned into proxy peers through proxy SDKs. Results show that mobile users are not well informed of traffic relaying through their mobile devices. Also, this mobile proxy ecosystem has become a monetization channel for mobile malware.In the third work, the spotlight is moved to another emerging area: virtual personal assistants (VPA). VPA platforms including Google Home and Amazon Alexa allow third parties to publish diverse functions (skills). In this study, two new attacks (Voice Squatting and Voice Masquerading) have been discovered where VPAs can misunderstand a user’s intention and mistakenly invoke a malicious skill. This study demonstrates how error-prone AI can incur new security threats to common users.Lastly, this thesis studied the interaction of IoT devices in the smart home scenario. Specifically, a comprehensive study was carried out on IFTTT, a popular trigger-action programming platform that can automate more than 400 services of IoT devices and web applications. Overall we observe the fast growth of the IFTTT ecosystem and its increasing usage for automating IoT-related tasks. Along are several security concerns to end-users and their IoT devices.All those cyberspace problems traverse the traditional boundaries of mobile computing, IoT, and online services, which makes classic domain-specific security study approaches likely incapable to identify and characterize the hidden threats. In this thesis, an ecosystem approach is proposed and applied, which features a cycle of phases to identify, reason, quantify, and finally address the involved security threats. This approach is found to be effective when applied to the aforementioned problems and we believe it can be extended to similar security problems especially those involving multiple participants.

Case-Based Instruction in Entrepreneurship Education: An Instructor’s Perspective on Implementation and Gender Diversity

Batchelder, Susan ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to provide a multi-faceted account of how instructors implement case-based instruction in entrepreneurship education, including how they address disciplinary content, competencies, and diversity elements when planning and delivering case-based instruction. To date, much of the research in entrepreneurship education has focused on the student’s perspective, and the educator’s perspective has been neglected. This study answers the call for more substantive research focused on issues related to entrepreneurship education and pedagogy, including in-depth exploration of both content and teaching methods. Additionally. this study strengthens the connections between entrepreneurship education and the field of education by documenting instructional practices in detail from the perspective of instructional systems technology. The findings of this study provide an in-depth account of how case-based instruction was implemented by entrepreneurship instructors in a large Midwestern university. The cases exposed students primarily to the cognitive and behavioral aspects of the entrepreneurial mindset. In regard to competencies, all instructors used cases to help students practice making decisions in conditions of uncertainty by putting themselves in the place of the founders and analyzing their decisions based on each unique case situation. Their decisions involved opportunity recognition, opportunity assessment, risk management, resource leveraging and value creation. The instructors faced challenges in case teaching related to student preparation and engagement, case selection, assessment and facilitation management. Additionally, the findings describe the role gender diversity played in case-based instruction in entrepreneurship education. The majority of the case authors in this study were men. Moreover, the descriptions of the entrepreneurs and their venture behaviors in the cases were gendered, which might have resulted in unintended discriminatory gender lessons. While none of the women were portrayed in a specifically negative light, underlying assumptions about gender roles infused the cases. While the instructors considered gender diversity in case selection, they did not necessarily consider gender stereotypes, which is problematic because gender stereotypes are cognitive schemas that influence the ways in which individuals make sense of their social world and may discourage some women’s aspirations to become business owners.

Interplay of Agency, Community, and Attitudinal Factors Related to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis by Advanced Practice Nurses in Indiana

Carter, Gregory A ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Background: Pre-exposure prophylaxis is a promising tool to help prevent the HIV transmission. It can reduce the risk of HIV infection in high-risk individuals by up to 92%. However, identifying individuals at high risk for acquiring HIV and initiation of PrEP remain low among primary care providers. This study examined the associations between agency-, and community-related variables and advanced practice nurses PrEP-related clinical practice behaviors in Indiana. Overall Methodology: Research was guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research and Process Redesign Framework. Advanced Practice Nurses were contacted via mailings to participate in an online Qualtrics survey, during the spring of 2017. Manuscript 1 Methodology: APNs participated in an online survey, and were included in structural equation modeling. Following confirmatory factor analysis with three correlated factors in the conceptual model (agency, community, and attitudes), researchers conducted path analysis. Manuscript 1 Results: Standardized path estimates were highest for agency-related variables: intervention adoption (t=30.11), intervention implementation (t=29.05), awareness of evidence-based practices (t=21.41), and organizational climate (t=20.40), followed by attitude-related variables: practice of sexual risk assessment (t=7.64), perceived barriers to PrEP (t=5.87), attitudes toward evidence-based practices (t=5.74), and age (t=2.20), and were low for community-related variables: community awareness (t=3.57) and perceived community risk (t=2.89). Manuscript 2 Methodology: Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was performed to reveal demographic, attitudinal, community, organizational, knowledge-related, and skill-related dimensions of willingness to prescribe PrEP. Manuscript 2 Results: Two discriminant functions were identified: Sexual Risk Assessment (r=0.686), PrEP Barriers (r=--0.587), EBP Implementation (r=0.545), Community Awareness (r=0.446), Perceived Risk (r=0.356), and Organizational Climate (r=0.346) were loaded on the first function, whereas PrEP Skills (r=0.837) was loaded on the second function. Conclusions: Agency-related variables seemed to influence the attitudes and behaviors of Indiana APNs regarding PrEP, while community-centered variables were less significant. These findings may facilitate strategies to increase the uptake of biomedical interventions focused on HIV prevention.

Contemporary African and Caribbean Women's Writing: National Consciousness and Identity

Ndour, Moustapha ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

My dissertation, entitled "Contemporary African and Caribbean Women's Writing: National Consciousness and Identity," analyzes representations of national consciousness and identity in contemporary women's writing and argues that national consciousness and identity provide an important corrective to our understanding of the postcolonial novel. The dissertation examines stylistically-distinct works of narrative fiction, and those mixing fiction and nonfiction, written in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries by expatriates from Zimbabwe, Senegal, Antigua, and Haiti. The first chapter introduces and describes a comparative approach that reveals the productive connections between writings of postcolonial African and Caribbean authors. The second chapter investigates challenges to the colonial and patriarchal powers as reflected in Nervous Conditions (1988), Tsitsi Dangarembga's groundbreaking novel on the life of a young girl in Rhodesia, modern Zimbabwe. The third chapter argues that Fatou Diome's Le ventre de l'Atlantique (2003), translated in English in 2006 as The Belly of the Atlantic, probes the relation between migration, selfhood, and community. The fourth chapter takes up A Small Place (1988) by Jamaica Kincaid to examine themes of disillusionment, neocolonialism, racism, corruption, culture and national identity. The final chapter of analysis focuses on Edwidge Danticat's Krik? Krak! (1995) whose narratives offer another understanding of consciousness beyond the "national narrative" that dominated scholarship of the late twentieth century. The conclusion brings into focus postcolonial studies of today, that reframe perspectives on contemporary African and Caribbean women writers, as exemplified by the four authors studied in this dissertation. Much as their male counterparts, they contribute to national discourse. This work also demonstrated how all the writers studied are against gender inequality.

The Complexities of Engagement: Chinese Undergraduate Students Encountering U.S. Higher Education

Chen, Yajing ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation investigates Chinese undergraduate student engagement at U.S. universities. Over the past decade, the number of Chinese students studying in the United States has increased dramatically, but scholars have yet to concentrate on these student experiences or on the dynamics of their interaction with host institutions. Dominant media and institutional narratives often understand these students within a "problem" framework and as presenting a challenge to liberal arts values. The resulting discourse is far too simplistic. In this dissertation, what I deem misperceptions and misunderstandings arise from gaps that exist between American (mis)understandings of Chinese student academic behaviors and Chinese student (mis)understandings of American higher education expectations; between the institutional perception of Chinese student engagement and the reality of Chinese student engagement; and between Chinese international student spaces and American student spaces on campus. Based on field research that includes participatory observation and interviews with students, teachers, and university administrators, this dissertation addresses four sets of questions revolving around student goals and motivations, academic engagement, friendship networks, and student enclave formation and how we might gain a more complex picture of Chinese student experience. Findings indicate how Chinese student engagement behaviors are conditioned by multiple factors such as socio-economic background, language confidence, institutional policies, and subtle discrimination. Moreover, these students are not passive consumers of U.S. education, but active collaborators in the creation of campus cultures. Chinese students are not dis-engaged; rather, their specific forms of engagement---including within the ethnic enclave and on Chinese-based social media---are often invisible to host institutions. In order to achieve the goal of international student success and global learning, a first step for institutions is to become familiar with the expectations and lives of all students on their campuses, trying to bridge gaps between the institution and the individual.

Gentrification of the (Leisure) Mind: LGBTQ Neoliberal Politics and a Contested Space for Leisure

Knee, Eric ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Indiana University 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

In 2015, Toronto's largest LGBTQ community organization began the process of proposing an LGBTQ-focused community recreation and sport center to revitalize Moss Park, one of Toronto's most economically and ethnically diverse neighborhoods. Moss Park, Toronto consists of both an actual park and an adjourning neighborhood. This project has been met with apprehension and opposition from many within the Moss Park neighborhood. Some have claimed that the project is illustrative of a neoliberalization of social justice (Roberts & Catungal, 2017) and a "waiving of the rainbow flag" over disadvantaged neighborhood (Lenskyj, 2015). However, the local LGBTQ community organization spearheading this project argues that it will act to both create the world's first LGBTQ-focused recreation and sport facility and revitalize existing derelict spaces within Moss Park to the benefit of the community. This dissertation explores the complex relationship that communities have with leisure spaces using the case of Moss Park as evidence. Using constructivist grounded theory as the analytical framework, narratives from qualitative semi-structured interviews with Moss Park residents (physical and vicarious), local service providers and activists, and stakeholders from the local LGBTQ community center, will inform this two-manuscript dissertation. Findings will discuss the role that this LGBTQ-focused recreation center will play in fears of neighborhood displacement resulting from gentrification (manuscript I) and the leisure needs, desires, and interests of LGBTQ individuals experiencing homelessness in the neighborhood, drawing particular attention to the importance of creating judgment-free, emancipatory leisure spaces to meet these needs (manuscript II).