Evaluation of microbiological and physicochemical profile of some herbal preparations manufactured by pharmaceutical and herbal manufacturers in Bangladesh

A. F. M. Mahmudul Islam,Md. Farhan Khalik,Nizam Uddin,Md. Sazzad Hossain,Md. Monir Hossain,Md. Mahadi Hasan,S. M. Fahad,Pijus Saha 한국약제학회 2015 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.45 No.2

The aim of this study was to scrutinize thephysicochemical and qualitative microbial examination of 30 different (of various dosage forms) herbal medicinalproducts marketed by pharmaceutical and herbal manufacturersin Bangladesh. The microbial evaluation includedtotal viable aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, fungi andStaphylococcus aureus count; physicochemical propertieslike weight variation, hardness, disintegration time, friabilityand density. The IMViC (indole, methyl red, Voges–Proskauer and citrate utilization) tests were frequentlyemployed for identification of E. coli and S. aureus. Totalviable aerobic bacterial counts in the samples analyzed wereranged from 3.8 × 10⁴ to 3.2 × 108 CFU/ml or CFU/g and 36.67 % were within BP standard limit. S. aureus wasdetected in 53.33 % (16) of the samples, ranged from anestimated 3 × 10² to 9.2 × 106 CFU/ml or CFU/g whichwere above the USP standard. E. coli was detected in 40 %(12) of the samples, ranging from 1 × 10² to 4.8 × 10⁴CFU/ml or CFU/g that were above the USP standard. Theranges of the fungi counts were 3.4 × 10³ – 3.1 × 106 CFU/ml or CFU/g and 46.67 %of which were within BP standard. Physicochemical properties of herbal products manufacturedby pharmaceutical manufacturers were found betterthan that of the herbal manufacturers. From the label andpack insert of herbal products, definite release patterninformation weren’t obtained and the majority of herbalproducts showed scattered disintegration time. In order toreduce the potential health related complications, there isnecessity of constant monitoring and control of the standardsof herbal medicine products available in the Bangladeshimarket.

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new iron(III) complexes of S-Alkyl/Aryl dithiocarbazates of 5-methyl-3-formylpyrazole and 5-methyl-3-formylpyrazolyl-thiosemicarbazones

Bera, P.,Baek, I. C.,Seok, S. I.,Saha, N. Pleiades Publishing 2009 Russian journal of coordination chemistry Vol.35 No.7

Quantification of Karanjin, Tannin and Trypsin Inhibitors in Raw and Detoxified Expeller and Solvent Extracted Karanj (Pongamia glabra) Cake

Panda, A.K.,Sastry, V.R.B.,Kumar, A.,Saha, S.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.12

Despite being a rich source of protein (28-34%), karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake is found to be bitter in taste and toxic in nature owing to the presence of flavonoid (karanjin), tannin and trypsin inhibitor, thereby restricting its safe inclusion in poultry rations. Feeding of karanj cake at higher levels (>10%) adversely affected the growth performance of poultry due to the presence of these toxic factors. Therefore, efforts were made to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods such as dry heat, water washing, pressure cooking, alkali and acid treatments and microbiological treatment with Sacchraromyces cerevisiae (strain S-49). The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and tannin and trypsin inhibitor was quantified by titrametric and colorimetric methods, respectively. The karanjin, tannin and trypsin inhibitor levels in such solvent and expeller pressed karanj cake were 0.132, 3.766 and 6.550 and 0.324, 3.172 and 8.513%, respectively. Pressure-cooking of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) substantially reduced the karanjin content at a cake:water ratio of 1:0.5 with 30-minute cooking. Among chemical methods, 1.5% (w/w) NaOH was very effective in reducing the karanjin content. $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment was also equally effective in karanjin reduction, but at a higher concentration of 3.0% (w/w). A similar trend was noticed with respect to treatment of expeller pressed karanj cake (EKC). Pressure cooking of EKC was effective in reducing the karanjin level of the cake. Among chemical methods alkali treatment [2% (w/w) NaOH] substantially reduced the karanjin levels of the cake. Other methods such as water washing, dry heat, HCl, glacial acetic acid, urea-ammoniation, combined acid and alkali, and microbiological treatments marginally reduced the karanjin concentration of SKC and EKC. Treatment of both SKC and EKC with 1.5% and 2.0% NaOH (w/w) was the most effective method in reducing the tannin content. Among the various methods of detoxification, dry heat, pressure cooking and microbiological treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were substantially effective in reducing the trypsin inhibitor activity in both SKC and EKC. Based on reduction in karanjin, in addition to tannin and trypsin inhibitor activity, detoxification of SKC with either 1.5% NaOH or 3% $Ca(OH)_2$, w/w) and with 2% NaOH were more effective. Despite the effectiveness of pressure cooking in reducing the karanjin content, it could not be recommended for detoxification because of the practical difficulties in adopting the technology as well as for economic considerations.

Pose Estimation of 5-DOF Manipulator using On-Body Markers

Sree S. S. Katta,Adnan J.,S. Chaudhary,S. Dutta Roy,Chetan Arora,S. K. Saha,Magid E. 제어로봇시스템학회 2021 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.10

Manipulators are helpful in performing various hazardous tasks like sanitization with chemicals in germs infected areas, spraying pesticides in fields, pick and place of heavy and hazardous materials where direct human intervention is difficult. For manipulators to perform its assigned task accurately, prior estimation of its pose needs to be pinpointed. End-effector grasping and arm manipulation require estimation of 3D object poses. Recently, a number of procedures and databases for vision-based estimation of object pose have been advised. However, it is not clear about the performance of the developed algorithms for visual pose estimation of robot manipulation. In this paper we present the pose estimation of a 5-dof PhantomX Reactor Arm using On-Body/Aruco Markers. Forward and inverse kinematics were used to estimate the pose from the position coordinates calculated using computer vision techniques. This paper implements an approach aimed at estimating the pose of a camera, affixed to a robotic manipulator, against a target object. We adopt a single camera single-shot technique that minimizes the reprojection error over all the rigid poses. The simulation and experimental results using industrial monocular camera for different sizes of On-body markers were presented.

Dual channel closed-loop supply chain coordination with a reward-driven remanufacturing policy

Saha, S.,Sarmah, S.P.,Moon, Ilkyeong Institution of Production Engineers 2016 International journal of production research Vol.54 No.5

<P>This paper investigates a reward-driven policy, employed in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC), for acquiring used products earmarked for remanufacture. Under the examined model, a single manufacturer sells products through a retailer as well as directly to end users in a forward supply chain. In the reverse supply chain, three different modes of collection are employed to capture used products for remanufacture: they are through a third party, directly by the manufacturer and from the retailer. Mathematical models for both non-cooperative and centralised scenarios are developed to characterise the pricing decisions and remanufacturing strategies that indicate individual and overall supply chain performance. Optimality of all the proposed models is examined with theory. To coordinate and achieve a win-win outcome for channel members, we proposed a three-way discount mechanism for the manufacturer. Extended numerical investigation provides insights on ways to manage an efficient reward-driven CLSC in a dual-channel environment.</P>

A STUDY ON THE INCUBATION OF INDIGENOUS (DESI), KHAKI CAMPBELL AND CROSSBRED (INDIAN RUNNER × KHAKI CAMPBELL, F₁) DUCK EGGS UNDER TWO PRE-INCUBATION HOLDING PERIODS

Saha, S.K.,Chowdhury, S.D.,Hamid, M.A. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1992 Animal Bioscience Vol.5 No.3

Duck eggs from Indigenous (desi), Khaki Campbell and Crossbred (Indian Runner $\times$ Khaki Campbell, $F_1$) were incubated to investigate fertility, hatchability and other related traits. The fertility was highest in crossbred followed by Khaki Campbell and Indigenous ducks respectively. The embryonic mortality was highest in Khaki Campbell followed by Indigenous and crossbred respectively. The embryonic mortality was higher in eggs of 7 days pre-incubation holding period and lower in eggs of 3 days pre-incubation holding period. A significant positive correlation was found between temperature and embryonic mortality as well as relative humidity and embryonic mortality. The hatchability on fertile eggs was highest in crossbred ducks and almost similar in both Khaki Campbell and Indigenous ducks. The hatchability was higher in eggs stored for 3 days in comparison with that of 7 days pre-incubation holding period. A negative correlation was found between temperature and hatchability as well as humidity and hatchability. The normal ducklings hatched out from the eggs of Khaki Campbell ducks was highest followed by Indigenous and crossbred respectively. There was a negative correlation between temperature and normal ducklings hatched as well as relative humidity and normal ducklings hatched. The preincubation holding temperature and relative humidity had positive correlation with dead-in-shell.

Replacement Value of Two Bangladeshi Varieties of Yellow Corn for Wheat in the Diet of Laying Chicken

Saha, P.K.,Chowdhury, S.D.,Das, S.C.,Saha, S.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1999 Animal Bioscience Vol.12 No.5

Two Bangladeshi varieties of yellow corn-'Barnali' and 'Khaibhutta' were chemically analysed and used in the diet of laying chicken to determine their replacement value for wheat. Both the new varieties of yellow corn were found to be good sources of energy and the CP contents were comparable to wheat. Forty two, 29-week old randomly selected Starcross Brown commercial pullets were assigned to 7 dietary treatments with 6 replicates, each being an experimental unit. Diets were formulated replacing wheat quantitatively by two varieties of yellow corn either 0, 50, 75 or 100 per cent from a wheat based control diet. The production performance of laying hens fed diets formulated with Barnali or Khaibhutta at different dietary levels during an experimental period of 16 weeks was satisfactory and comparable to wheat based diet. Except egg yolk colour, the other internal arid external egg quality characteristics at 8th and 16th weeks of the experiment did not differ significantly. The egg yolk colour improved significantly (p<0.01) by feeding both the new varieties of corn and the degree of pigmentation of yolk increased as the dietary levels of corn increased at the expense of wheat. Considering laying performance, the new varieties of yellow corn, Barnali or Khaibhutta can be used in layer diet as replacement of wheat. Such a replacement would better that wheat-based diet in terms of egg yolk pigmentation.

Hydrogenated MoS2 QD-TiO2 heterojunction mediated efficient solar hydrogen production

Saha, A.,Sinhamahapatra, A.,Kang, T. H.,Ghosh, S.,Yu, J. S.,Panda, A. Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Nanoscale Vol.9 No.43

A NEW ANALYTICAL MODEL AND SENSORLESS APPROACH FOR SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTORS

S.Saha,T.Kosa.ka,N.Matsui,Y.Takeda 전력전자학회 1998 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.- No.-

In this paper a new analytical model for the non-linear flux-linkage/ current characteristics of the switched reluctance motors at different rotor positions is proposed. The model has been successfully verified by the simulation and the experimental results of the instan­taneous current waveforms and the average torque values in both single pulse and multiple pulse operation of the motor The uniqueness of the model lies in its defining a simple al­gorithm for determining the rotor position ($). Hence, sen-sorless operation of the motor can be easily implemented with the aid of this model.<br/>

Optimal retailer investments in green operations and preservation technology for deteriorating items

Saha, S.,Nielsen, I.,Moon, I. Butterworth-Heinemann, Ltd 2017 JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION Vol.140 No.3

This paper examines the impact of dynamic retailer investments in green operations while considering the reference price effect. A replenishment problem based on joint pricing, dynamic investment in green operations, preservation technology, and optimal replenishment times for deteriorating items is considered as a way to maximize retailer profit. In this problem, the demand rate depends on the sales and reference prices as well as green concern level. Optimal control theory is employed to obtain a dynamic investment rate, and a simulated annealing algorithm is used to find the solution of the nonlinear constraint optimization problem, which determines the price, preservation technology investment, and replenishment cycle time. In addition, computational simulations and sensitivity analyses are carried out to offer managerial insights. The findings suggest that continuous investment in green operations and preservation technology can significantly improve the retailer's financial performance. The consumer reference price is an important influence on the retailer's decision to invest in green operations. Furthermore, results show that the higher price sensitivity of the market always discourages the retailer from investing in green operations. The retailer needs to invest more in green operations for products with relatively high unit value.