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Metal Surface Treatment Effects on Screen Printed Silicon Solar Cells
Chakrabarty K.,Mangalaraj D.,Kim K. H.,Dhungel S. K.,Park J. H.,Singh S. N. The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic 2003 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.4 No.4
High series resistance due to the presence of glass frit is one of the major problems for screen printed silicon solar cells. Cells having electrical parameters below the prescribed values are usually rejected during solar module fabrication. Therefore, it is highly desirable to improve the electrical parameters of the silicon solar cells and thereby to increase the overall production yield. It was observed that, the performance of low quality mono-crystalline silicon solar cells made by standard screen printing technology could be improved remarkably by novel surface treatment. We have chemically treated the surface using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and silver nitrate ($AgNO_3$) solutions. NaOH treatment helps to reduce the series resistance by decreasing the presence of excess glass frit on the top silver grid contact. The $AgNO_3$ treatment is used to reduce the series resistance comes from the deposition of silver on the grids by filling the holes present (if any) within the grid pattern.
Metal Surface Treatment Effects on Screen Printed Silicon Solar Cells
K.Chakrabarty,D.Mangalaraj,김경해,S.K.Dhungel,J.H.Park,이준신,S.N.Singh 한국전기전자재료학회 2003 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.4 No.4
High series resistance due to the presence of glass frit is one of the major problems for screen printed silicon solar cells. Cells having electrical parameters below the prescribed values are usually rejected during solar module fabrication. Therefore, it is highly desirable to improve the electrical parameters of the silicon solar cells and thereby to increase the overall production yield. It was observed that, the performance of low quality mono-crystalline silicon solar cells made by standard screen printing technology could be improved remarkably by novel surface treatment. We have chemically treated the surface using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) solutions. NaOH treatment helps to reduce the series resistance by decreasing the presence of excess glass frit on the top silver grid contact. The AgNO3 treatment is used to reduce the series resistance comes from the deposition of silver on the grids by filling the holes present (if any) within the grid pattern.
Chakrabarti, K.,Nambissan, P.M.G.,Mukherjee, C.D.,Bardhan, K.K.,Kim, C.,Yang, K.S. Elsevier 2006 Carbon Vol.44 No.5
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers, embedded with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in different concentrations, have been prepared by an electrospinning technique and investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Raman, and positron annihilation spectroscopy. An analysis of the positron lifetime and Doppler broadened spectral line shape has been made. Positron lifetime spectra for all the samples give best fit for three distinct lifetime components. Raman data has been used to estimate the sp<SUP>2</SUP> mole fraction in the fiber. It is found that the gradual changes incorporated in the fiber due to the addition of MWCNTs are reflected as well defined changes in the positron lifetime and the <I>S</I> parameter of the Doppler broadened spectral line. Annihilation parameters are discussed from the point of view of formation of distinct positron trapping sites in the form of vacancy type defects at the interfaces of MWCNTs and the PAN matrix, and their variations in concentration due to different amount of MWCNTs added.</P>
Chakrabarty, Satadal,Saha, A.K.,Manna, B.,Kumar, S. Nirmal Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2013 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.27 No.2
In nature, the population of Nosema bombycis (Microsporidia) causing pebrine disease is small and their development is extremely slow and only few ultimately producing spores. Pebrine infected silkworm, Bombyx mori larvae collected from sericulture field were alive till $3^{rd}$ generation though the concentration of N.bombycis spore was very high ($2.4-3.0{\times}10^8$ spores. $mL^{-1}$). All larvae were died during $4^{th}$ generation with extremely high concentration of pebrine spores ($3.0-4.0{\times}10^9$ spores. $mL^{-1}$) and mostly contain long polar tube (LT). Alternately, all larvae were died immediately (at $3^{rd}$ stage of $1^{st}$ generation) when it was artificially inoculated with same concentration of N.bombycis spores harvested from field ($2.4-3.0{\times}10^8$ spores. $mL^{-1}$) though concentration of spores harvest was very less ($3.0-4.0{\times}10^6$ spores. $mL^{-1}$) and mostly contain short polar tube (ST). Artificially pebrine infected male moth when mated with healthy female moth took six generations to develop pebrine disease and all larvae were died at the $2^{nd}$ stage with very less spore harvest ($3.0-10.0{\times}10^6$ spores. $mL^{-1}$). Survival percentage was increased in all generations (~92.0% at $4^{th}$ generation) when silkworm rearing was conducted under new integrated disease management system.
Chakrabarty, D.,Datta, S.K. The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2010 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.4 No.3
Six parent and their 12 gamma ray-induced somatic flower colour mutants of garden rose were characterized to discriminate the mutants from their respective parents and understanding the genetic diversity using Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Out of 20 primers screened, 14 primers yielded completely identical fragments patterns. The other 7 primers gave highly polymorphic banding patterns among the radiomutants. All the cultivars were identified by using only 7 primers. Moreover, individual mutants were also distinguished by unique RAPD marker bands. Based on the presence or absence of the 48 polymorphic bands, the genetic variations within and among the 18 cultivars were measured. Genetic distance between all 18 cultivars varied from 0.40 to 0.91, as revealed by Jaccard's coefficient matrix. A dendrogram was constructed based on the similarity matrix using the Neighbor Joining Tree method showed three main clusters. The present RAPD analysis can be used not only for estimating genetic diversity present in gamma ray-induced mutants but also for correct identification of mutant/new varieties for their legal protection under plant variety rights.
S.K. Singh,A.Chakrabarti 국제구조공학회 2017 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.23 No.1
A C<sup>0</sup> FE model developed based on an efficient higher order zigzag theory is used for hygrothermal analysis of laminated composite plates. The C<sup>0</sup> FE model satisfies the inter-laminar shear stress continuity at the interfaces and zero transverse shear stress conditions at plate top and bottom. In this model the first derivatives of transverse displacement have been treated as independent variables to circumvent the problem of C<sup>1</sup> continuity associated with the above plate theory. In the present theory the above mentioned C<sup>0</sup> continuity of the present element is compensated in the stiffness matrix formulation by using penalty parameter approach. In order to avoid stress oscillations observed in the displacement based finite element, the stress field derived from temperature/moisture fields (initial strains) must be consistent with total strain field. Special steps are introduced by field consistent approach (e.g., sampling at gauss points) to compensate this problem. A nine noded C<sup>0</sup> continuous isoparametric element is used in the proposed FE model. Comparison of present numerical results with other existing solutions shows that the proposed FE model is efficient, accurate and free of locking.
( Satadal Chakrabarty ),( A K Saha ),( B Manna ),( S Nirmal Kumar ) 한국잠사학회 2013 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.27 No.2
In nature, the population of Nosema bombycis (Microsporidia) causing pebrine disease is small and their development is extremely slow and only few ultimately producing spores. Pebrine infected silkworm, Bombyx mori larvae collected from sericulture field were alive till 3rd generation though the concentration of N.bombycis spore was very high (2.4 - 3.0 x 108 spores. mL-1). All larvae were died during 4th generation with extremely high concentration of pebrine spores (3.0 - 4.0 x 109 spores. mL-1) and mostly contain long polar tube (LT). Alternately, all larvae were died immediately (at 3rd stage of 1st generation) when it was artificially inoculated with same concentration of N.bombycis spores harvested from field (2.4 - 3.0 x 108 spores. mL-1) though concentration of spores harvest was very less (3.0- 4.0 x 106 spores. mL-1) and mostly contain short polar tube (ST). Artificially pebrine infected male moth when mated with healthy female moth took six generations to develop pebrine disease and all larvae were died at the 2nd stage with very less spore harvest (3.0 - 10.0 x 105 spores. mL -1). Survival percentage was increased in all generations (~92.0% at 4th generation) when silkworm rearing was conducted under new integrated disease management system.
Influence of different bell-shaped stenoses on the progression of the disease, atherosclerosis
D. K. Mandal,N. K. Manna,S. Chakrabarti 대한기계학회 2011 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.25 No.8
In the present paper, the effect of symmetrical and asymmetrical bell-shaped stenoses on wall pressure drop, streamline contour, and rise in wall shear stress for the progression of the disease, atherosclerosis has been investigated numerically. The governing equations have been solved by finite volume method. Both steady and pulsatile flow at inlet is considered in our study. It is revealed from the study that the impact of wall pressure and peak wall shear stress on progression of disease are always high for asymmetrical shaped stenosis for both steady and pulsatile flow. The impact of asymmetrical shape on plaque deposition zone is less, if the aggravation changes the shape of stenosis due to change in stricture length only keeping percentage of restriction same. Whereas, the impact of asymmetrical shape on plaque deposition zone will be high, if shape of stenosis changes by increasing both stricture length and percentage of restriction for both steady and pulsatile flow. Impact of pulsatile nature of flow on the aggravation of disease is higher at some timesteps in comparison to steady flow.