INSURANCE MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND MACROECONOMIC INTERACTIONS IN TWENTY-SIX COUNTRIES

RUDRA P. PRADHAN,MAK B. ARVIN,JOHN H. HALL,NEVILLE R. NORMAN 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2017 Journal of Economic Development Vol.42 No.4

This paper examines the cointegrating and causal relationships between insurance market development (IMD) and economic growth based on panel-data estimation techniques. It also investigates the dynamic interrelationships amongst a number of important macroeconomic variables on IMD-growth nexus. The sample consists of 26 countries observed over the period 1980-2013. We use six different indicators of IMD, covered under both insurance density and insurance penetration, to validate the robustness of our results. Our findings affirm a long-run equilibrium relationship between insurance market development, economic growth, and six other macroeconomic variables selected, namely broad money supply (relative to national income), real interest rates, inflation rates, urban population growth, youth dependency ratios, and government consumption expenditure (relative to national income). We use a panel vector auto-regression model to examine the nature of Granger causality among the variables. Most significantly, we find that IMD and some macroeconomic variables Granger-cause economic growth in the long run, irrespective of which measure of IMD we use.

PUBLIC DEBT, ECONOMIC OPENNESS, AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH IN EUROPE: A DYNAMIC PANEL CAUSAL ANALYSIS

RUDRA P. PRADHAN,MAK B. ARVIN,MAHENDHIRAN NAIR,JOHN H. HALL 중앙대학교 경제연구소 2022 Journal of Economic Development Vol.47 No.1

This paper examines the short-term and long-term dynamics between public sector debt, economic openness, and economic growth in European countries between 1990 and 2018. Using the panel vector error correction model, we find that both public debt and economic openness contribute to long-term economic growth in European countries. The empirical analysis also shows that there are strong endogenous links between public debt, economic openness and economic growth in Europe in the short run. These relationships suggest that governments in Europe should give careful attention to the co-curation of macroeconomic policies pertaining to public sector spending/taxation, economic openness, and economic growth.

Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Meteorology and Aerosol Concentrations in the Foothills of the Nepal Himalayas (Nagarkot: 1,900 m asl)

Rudra K. Shrestha,Martin W. Gallagher,Paul J. Connolly 한국기상학회 2016 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.52 No.1

A 10-months long monitoring experiment to investigate the diurnal and seasonal variation of aerosol size distribution at Nagarkot (1,900 m asl) in the Kathmadu Valley was carried out as part of a study on katabatic and anabatic influence on pollution dispersion mechanisms. Seasonal means show total aerosol number concentration was highest during post-monsoon season (775 ± 417 cm−3) followed by pre-monsoon (644 ± 429 cm−3) and monsoon (293 ± 205 cm−3) periods. Fine particle concentration (0.25 μm ≤ DP ≤ 2.5 μm) dominated in all seasons, however, contribution by coarse particles (3.0 μm ≤ DP ≤ 10.0 μm) is more significant in the monsoon season with contributions from particles larger than 10.0 μm being negligible. Our results show a regular diurnal pattern of aerosol concentration in the valley with a morning and an evening peak. The daily twin peaks are attributed to calm conditions followed by transitional growth and break down of the valley boundary layer below. The peaks are generally associated with enhancement of the coarse particle fraction. The evening peak is generally higher than the morning peak, and is caused by fresh evening pollution from the valley associated with increased local activities coupled with recirculation of these trapped pollutants. Relatively clean air masses from neighbouring valleys contribute to the smaller morning peak. Gap flows through the western passes of the Kathmandu Valley, which sweep away the valley pollutants towards the eastern passes modulated by the mountain - valley wind system, are mainly responsible for the dominant pollutant circulation patterns exhibited within the valley.

A CURIous Case of Molecular Kidnapping

Rudra, Dipayan,Warner, Jonathan R. Elsevier 2016 Molecular cell Vol.64 No.4

<P>In this issue of <I>Molecular Cell</I>, demonstrate how the production of rRNA and ribosomal proteins is coordinated through a two-step response to stress that requires cross-talk between a dedicated transcription factor and a ribosome assembly factor.</P>

Review on simulation of current–voltage characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells

Rudra, Subarna,Sarker, Subrata,Kim, Dong Min Elsevier 2019 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.80 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has become a promising technology because of its outstanding ability to generate electricity, especially in diffuse light. Despite the rise of perovskite solar cells, intense research activities on developing new materials for flexible, efficient, and stable DSSCs have been going on. Understanding of the essential aspects of the device and their effect on overall performance is of great importance to upscale the device. Mathematical models and simulations help in quantitative understanding of the critical aspects and their relation to the overall performance of the device at desired operating conditions. Here, we review the mathematical models of DSSCs discussing the key parameters: ideality factor, electron diffusion, and recombination. We have reconciled the concepts of electron generation, diffusion and recombination into a set of ordinary differential equations and solved those equations to simulate the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. There is no conflict on the concept of electron diffusion via multiple trapping; however, the recombination of DSSCs is still under debate since the theory and experimental evidence often conflicts. The latter affects the photovoltage of DSSCs. The review should help the researchers understand the key parameters and their relation to the overall cell performance.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Simulation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of dye-sensitized solar cells

Subarna Rudra,서현우,수브라타사르카,김동민 한국공업화학회 2021 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.97 No.-

Here, we report on simulating the steady-state j–V characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). First, a set of differential equations describing the kinetic processes involving the charge carriers –electron, iodide, triiodide, and dye cation – are derived. We consider non-linearity both in transport andin the recombination of electrons. Also, we consider that the charge transport occurs only by diffusion. Moreover, Boltzmann statistics relate electron density and Fermi level in TiO2, a quasi-static equilibriumholds between free and total electrons, and traps in the semiconductorfit to an exponential distributionof energies. Most importantly, we assume that electron transport occurs according to the multipletrappingmodel. The numerical solution provides j–V characteristics of the photoelectrode. To establish arelationship between the photovoltaic performance of the photoelectrode and that of the overall DSSCs,we consider the potential drops due to series-resistive elements according to the device physics of DSSCs. Finally, the model is applied to simulate the photovoltaic performance of real DSSCs with varying TiO2film thickness and electrolyte composition. The critical parameters of the model were extracted fromelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data of the DSSCs. The model successfully reproduced thej–V curves of the DSSCs.

Environmental Quality and Inequality in India

Ayan Rudra 한국사회학회 2018 한국사회학회 심포지움 논문집 Vol.2018 No.5

Case Report : Full term broad ligament pregnancy through a Cesarean scar

( Samar Rudra ),( Suhasini Gupta ),( Bal Krishan Taneja ),( Ranjana Gupta ) 대한산부인과학회 2013 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.56 No.6

A broad ligament pregnancy is an extremely rare condition. Diagnosis is often missed and finally made during laparotomy. We present a case which remained undiagnosed throughout her pregnancy till she reached term and unfortunately had intrauterine foetal demise when she reported to our hospital. On clinical suspicion, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation was done which picked up the diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy. On laparotomy a broad ligament pregnancy was found with a rent in the previous Cesarean scar towards the gestational sac in the broad ligament.

Review on simulation of current–voltage characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells

Subarna Rudra,수브라타사르카,김동민 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.80 No.-

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has become a promising technology because of its outstanding abilityto generate electricity, especially in diffuse light. Despite the rise of perovskite solar cells, intenseresearch activities on developing new materials forflexible, efficient, and stable DSSCs have been goingon. Understanding of the essential aspects of the device and their effect on overall performance is of greatimportance to upscale the device. Mathematical models and simulations help in quantitativeunderstanding of the critical aspects and their relation to the overall performance of the device atdesired operating conditions. Here, we review the mathematical models of DSSCs discussing the keyparameters: ideality factor, electron diffusion, and recombination. We have reconciled the concepts ofelectron generation, diffusion and recombination into a set of ordinary differential equations and solvedthose equations to simulate the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. There is no conflict on the concept ofelectron diffusion via multiple trapping; however, the recombination of DSSCs is still under debate sincethe theory and experimental evidence often conflicts. The latter affects the photovoltage of DSSCs. Thereview should help the researchers understand the key parameters and their relation to the overall cellperformance.

Intestinal membrane transporter-mediated approaches to improve oral drug delivery

PANGENI RUDRA,Kang Soim,JHA SAURAV KUMAR,SUBEDI LAXMAN,박진우 한국약제학회 2021 Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation Vol.51 No.2

Background Effective oral delivery of drugs remains a major challenge given their possible undesirable physicochemical properties, physicochemical factors, and the physiological conditions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Continuous efforts have been made to overcome these issues by improving the intestinal permeability and oral bioavailability of drugs. Recently, the strategy to improve intestinal permeability has shifted towards targeting drugs to intestinal membrane transporters. Area covered In this review, the usefulness of various solute carrier (SLC) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are widely expressed in the intestinal epithelia and their impact on increasing the membrane permeability and oral bioavailability of drugs are discussed. Expert opinion Targeting intestinal membrane transporters has emerged as a promising avenue to increase the oral absorption of drugs. Recently, several approaches that target intestinal membrane transporters have resulted in significant improvements in oral bioavailability, such as the use of absorption enhancers or excipients, modification of a drug’s physicochemical properties, and/or the development of novel drug delivery vehicles that enhance drug influx and inhibit efflux. Additionally, efforts have been made to elucidate the role of dual-transporter targeting in drug delivery. Therefore, implementation of transporter-mediated drug-delivery strategies may be a promising approach to increase oral bioavailability.