Stingless bees tongue morphology is different compared to honeybees

Ramli Sarah Najiah,Hamid Suhaila Ab,Basari Norasmah 한국응용곤충학회 2023 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.26 No.4

Stingless bee species including Geniotrigona thoracica, Heterotrigona itama, and Tetragonula laeviceps are cultivated domestically in Malaysia to produce honey and bee bread and to encourage plant pollination. Bees use their mouthparts to extract nectar from diverse flowers. Different bee species are attracted to the nectar of these flowers, which is produced in varying concentrations. Understanding the morphology of the mouthparts in various stingless bee species is crucial for comprehending their robust foraging behaviour, a subject currently little explored. This study aimed to examine the detailed structure of G. thoracica, H. itama, and T. laeviceps mouthparts, with a focus on the tongue (glossa) structure. Our findings revealed that each of these three stingless bee species possesses a distinct flabellum geometry. Furthermore, we demonstrated that, in contrast to honey bees, each sensilla on the stingless bees’ flabellum is composed of a single sensilla strand. Owing to this distinction, we discuss the potential difference in nectar extraction efficiency between honeybees and stingless bees. A comprehensive understanding of bees’ mouthparts contributes to the conservation of plants and bees by optimising pollination efficiency, supporting plant reproduction, encouraging habitat conservation, and guiding native plant restoration efforts. By protecting these crucial interactions, we can safeguard ecosystems and ensure the continued survival of these invaluable pollinators and the plants they rely on.

Bioconversion of Sugarcane Bagasse with Japanese Koji by Solid-state Fermentation and Its Effects on Nutritive Value and Preference in Goats

Ramli, M.N.,Imura, Y.,Takayama, K.,Nakanishi, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.9

The effects of 3 different strains of Japanese koji (Aspergillus oryzae, A. sojae and A. awamori) in the solid-state fermentation (SSF) of sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran on chemical composition, energy, in vivo digestibility and preference of the fermented bagasse feeds (FBF) in goats were investigated. Diets consisted of lucerne hay cube (basal diet) and unfermented bagasse feed (control), FBF with A. oryzae (O), FBF with A. sojae (S) or FBF with A. awamori (A), which were mixed in a total ration of 7:3 (w/w DM). Three Nubian does were fed each of the diets, i.e. control, O, S and A in the 4 consecutive periods for digestion trials (21-day each). The goats were also used for preference trials (30-min each) of O, S and A. The O was significantly higher in CP content than others (p<0.05). The crude fiber (CF), ADF and cellulose contents of control were significantly lower than those of other diets (p<0.05). The S had significantly higher CF digestibility than control (p<0.05), and it revealed the largest value of all. Digestibilities of NDF, ADF and cellulose in S were significantly higher than those of control (about 10, 18 and 18%, respectively, p<0.05). The DE of S was significantly higher than that of others (p<0.05), though there were no significant differences in DCP and TDN between control and S. The results of preference trials demonstrated that the average intake rate was not significantly different among diets, but O and S are likely to be preferable to A (p<0.1). It was concluded that the SSF of bagasse feeds by Japanese koji can improve the fiber digestion, especially NDF, ADF or cellulose in goats, and there is a marked effect in the feed containing A. sojae, which may lead to the improvement of DE.

Growth, Feed Efficiency, Behaviour, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Goats Fed Fermented Bagasse Feed

Ramli, M.N.,Higashi, M.,Imura, Y.,Takayama, K.,Nakanishi, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.11

The effects of long-term feeding of diets based on bermudagrass hay supplemented with lucerne hay cube (LH) or fermented bagasse feed (FBF) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, behaviour, gut development, carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats were investigated. Six spring-born 8-month-old male crossbred (Japanese Saanen${\times}$Tokara native goats) bucks weighing mean 21.6 kg were allotted to 2 treatment groups (3 animals each) and each animal had ad libitum access to feeds, i.e. bermudagrass hay (basal diet)+LH or FBF throughout the experiment. The FBF was produced by the solid-state fermentation of substrates containing dried sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran in a ratio of 1:3 (w/w DM) with Aspergillus sojae. The live body weight, final weight and average daily gain were not different between treatments. Average basal diet intake of goats fed FBF diet was significantly higher than that fed LH diet (p<0.05), but average dry matter intake (DMI; g/day and g/$W^{0.75}$), feed conversion ratio, digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake of experimental diets were not significantly different between treatments. Goats fed on LH and FBF diets had similar eating, rumination, resting and drinking behaviours, and blood constituents except for phosphorus content. Slaughter and carcass weights, net meat percentage [(total meat/carcass weight)${\times}$100], loin ratio [(loin/total meat)${\times}$100] and rib-eye area were not different between treatments. However, goats fed FBF diet had lower dressing percentage and higher bone/muscle ratio compared with goats fed LH diet (p<0.01). Empty gut and guts fill of goats fed FBF diet were significantly greater (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) than those fed LH diet. The weights of rumen and abomasum were also significantly heavier in goats fed FBF diet (p<0.05), but the length and density of papillae of rumen in goats were not different between treatments. Although meat composition of loin was not different in both groups, the meat of goats fed FBF diet was superior to that of LH diet in flavor, aroma and overall quality of loin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed voluntarily did not affect subsequent growth, nutrient intake and behaviour of goats but had an influence on carcass traits and sensory evaluation of meat partly, when either of LH or FBF was fed with bermudagrass hay.

A Non-Convex Economic Dispatch Problem with Point-Valve Effect Using a Wind-Driven Optimisation Approach

Ramli Nur Fariza,Kamari Nor Azwan Mohamed,Abd Halim Syahirah,Zulkifley Mohd Asyraf,Sahri Mohd Saiful Mohd,Musirin Ismail 대한전기학회 2022 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.17 No.1

This study presents the effi ciency of the wind-driven optimisation (WDO) approach in solving non-convex economic dispatch problems with point-valve eff ect. The best economic dispatch for a power system is one wherein the system can generate energy at a low cost. The calculation of the generating cost is subject to a number of constraints, such as the power demand for the entire system and the generation limit for each generator unit in the system. In addition, the system should also produce low power loss. The WDO optimisation technique is developed based on the concept of natural wind movement, which serves as a stabiliser to equalise the inequality of air pressure in the atmosphere. One major advantage of WDO over other techniques is its search accuracy. The proposed algorithm has been implemented in two systems, namely, the 10-generator and 40-generator systems. Both systems were tested in a Matlab environment. To highlight the capabilities of WDO, the results using this proposed technique are compared with the results obtained using fl ower pollination algorithm, moth fl ame optimisation, particle swarm optimisation and evolutionary programming techniques to determine the effi ciency of the proposed approach in solving economic dispatch. The simulation results show the capability of WDO in determining the optimal power generation value with minimum generation cost and low rate of power loss.

CURRENT THREATS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SETIU WETLANDS, MALAYSIA

RAMLI ROSNIZA,HASSAN NIK MOHD KAMEL NIK,KASSIM ZALEHA 한국수자원학회 2005 한국수자원학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1

Indonesian Electricity Demand During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Ramli Hardiman Situmeang(람리 하르디만 시투매앙),Yoon Yong-beum(윤용범),Park Soo-jin(박수진) 대한전기학회 2022 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.7

The Growing Problem of Radiologist Shortage: Malaysia’s Perspective

Ramli Norlisah Mohd,Mohd Zain Norzaini Rose 대한영상의학회 2023 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.24 No.10

불법이민과 국가안보에 관한 연구: 말레이시아 사바주의 분쟁을 중심으로

람리돌라 ( Ramli Dollah ),김종업 ( Jong Eop Kim ) 연세대학교 사회과학연구소 2010 社會科學論集 Vol.41 No.1

In recent years, international immigrant has been a growing body of literature within political sciences and international relations. The international immigrations brought Malaysia up against serious difficulties nowadays. Particularly, there is a crisis over the subsistence in Sabah of Malaysia. This article seeks to understand how immigration in Sabah became a national security issues. Considerable attention has been given to discourse that have been taking place among elites, political leaders, in Sabah in order to provide a clear picture of the issue of migration and security in Sabah. Therefore, this article focuses on the `discourse of danger` due to the presence of tens of thousands of Filipino migrants with particular reference to the Philippines` territorial claim to Sabah. This article also shows how actors engage in multiple discourses and rhetoric to link immigrants with national security in order to generate fear among people of Sabah, and at the same time the federal government reacted with the issue and used it as a tool for the pressured people.

Reconciliation Is Impossible Without Meaningful Reforms

Rafizi Ramli 동아시아재단 2013 Global Asia Vol.8 No.2

Korean Relativization

Salleh, Ramli Md. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1983 語學硏究 Vol.19 No.1

There are almost as many definitions of relative clauses as there are writers on the subject. For this paper, I am taking the definition by de Rijk (1972), which combines both syntactic and semantic features. He defines a relative clause to be a "sentence modifying a noun phrase, such that the deep structure of the sentence contains a noun phrase identical to the noun phrase it modifies" (p. 115). This definition tells us that, to be considered as a relative clause, a sentence must modify a noun phrase(NP), (this head noun can either precede or follow its modifying sentence depending on the language) and it must contain an NP coreferential to the head NP in the deep structure.