Mechanistic insights into the interaction between energetic oxygen ions and nanosized ZnFe₂O₄: XAS-XMCD investigations

Singh, Jitendra Pal,Kaur, Baljeet,Sharma, Aditya,Kim, So Hee,Gautam, Sanjeev,Srivastava, Ramesh Chandra,Goyal, Navdeep,Lim, Weol Cheol,Lin, H.-J.,Chen, J. M.,Asokan, K.,Kanjilal, D.,Won, Sung Ok,Lee, The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Vol.20 No.17

<P>The interactions of energetic ions with multi-cation compounds and their consequences in terms of changes in the local electronic structure, which may facilitate intriguing hybridization between O 2p and metal d orbitals and magnetic ordering, are the subject of debate and require a deep understanding of energy transfer processes and magnetic exchange mechanisms. In this study, nanocrystals of ZnFe2O4 were exposed to O<SUP>7+</SUP> ions with an energy of 100 MeV to understand, qualitatively and quantitatively, the metal-ligand field interactions, cation migration and magnetic exchange interactions by employing X-ray absorption fine structure measurements and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism to get deeper mechanistic insights. Nanosized zinc ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of ∼16 nm synthesized in the cubic spinel phase exhibited deterioration of the crystalline phase when 100 MeV O<SUP>7+</SUP> ions passed through them. However, the size of these NPs remained almost the same. The behaviour of crystal deterioration is associated with the confinement of heat in this interaction. The energy confined inside the nanoparticles promotes cation redistribution as well as the modification of the local electronic structure. Prior to this interaction, almost 42% of Zn<SUP>2+</SUP> ions occupied AO4 tetrahedra; however, this value increased to 63% after the interaction. An inverse effect was observed for metal ion occupancies in BO6 octahedra. The L-edge spectra of Fe and Zn reveal that the spin and valence states of the metal ions were not affected by this interaction. This effect is also supported by K-edge measurements for Fe and Zn. The t2g/eg intensity ratio in the O K-edge spectra decreased after this interaction, which is associated with detachment of Zn<SUP>2+</SUP> ions from the lattice. The extent of hybridization, as estimated from the ratio of the post-edge to the pre-edge region of the O K-edge spectra, decreased after this interaction. The metal-oxygen and metal-metal bond lengths were modified as a result of this interaction, as determined from extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. These measurements further support the observation of cation migration from AO4 tetrahedra to AO6 octahedra and <I>vice versa</I>. The Fe L-edge magnetic circular dichroism spectra indicate that Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> ions occupying sites in AO4 tetrahedra and BO6 octahedra exhibited antiferromagnetic-like ordering prior to this interaction. The NPs that interacted with energetic O ions displayed a different kind of magnetic ordering.</P>

Comparative antidiabetic activity of different fractions of Enicostemma littorale Blume in streptozotocin induced NIDDM rats

Vishwakarma, Santosh L.,Rajani, M.,Goyal, Ramesh K. Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2003 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.3 No.4

Aqueous extract of Enicostemma littorale is reported to have antidiabetic activity. In the present investigation, we studied the effect of aqueous extract of E. littorale and its different fractions i.e., toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol fractions and remaining residual fraction in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced neonatal type 2 diabetic rats. Fasting glucose and insulin levels in NIDDM were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control rats and they were significantly decreased by treatment with aqueous extract of E. littorale and its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Results of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that aqueous extract and its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions significantly (P<0.05) decrease both $AUC_{glucose}$ and $AUC_{insulin}$ values in NIDDM treated groups. Insulin sensitivity $(K_{ITT})$ index of NIDDM control was significantly lower as compared to normal control and this was significantly (P<0.05) increased after treatment with aqueous extract, its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions. Treatment with aqueous extract of E. littorale and its n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions lowered the elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels observed in NIDDM rats. Treatment with aqueous extract of E. littorale and its n-butanol fraction showed significant decrease in creatinine, urea, SGPT and SGOT levels as compared to NIDDM control rats. However ethyl acetate fraction showed significant changes only in creatinine and SGOT levels, and not in the levels of urea, and SGPT as compared to NIDDM control rats. Treatment with toluene, chloroform and residual fractions of E. littorale did not produce any effect on glucose, insulin, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, SGPT or SGOT levels as compared to NIDDM control rats. Our data suggest that n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions contain the active compounds which may be responsible for the above activity and associated complications in NIDDM diabetes mellitus.

On decompositions of a weaker form of intuitionistic fuzzy continuity

K. Ramesh,M. Thirumalaiswamy 장전수학회 2014 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.17 No.1

On decompositions of a weaker form of intuitionistic fuzzy continuity

Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) attenuates age-related oxidative stress and ameliorates antioxidant capacity in rats

Ramesh, T.,Yoo, S.K.,Kim, S.W.,Hwang, S.Y.,Sohn, S.H.,Kim, I.W.,Kim, S.K. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2012 Experimental Gerontology Vol.47 No.12

Free radical-induced oxidative damage is considered to be the most important consequence of the aging process. The activities and capacities of antioxidant systems of cells decline with increased age, leading to the gradual loss of pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and resulting in increased oxidative stress. Our investigation was focused on the effects of cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidation in aged rats. Age-associated decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E, and elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in the liver, kidneys, heart and lungs of aged rats, when compared to young rats. Furthermore, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine were found to be significantly elevated in aged rats compared to young rats. Aged rats receiving cordycepin treatment show increased activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST, and elevated levels of GSH, and vitamins C and E such that the values of most of these parameters did not differ significantly from those found in young rats. In addition, the levels of MDA, AST, ALT, urea and creatinine became reduced upon administration of cordycepin to aged rats. These results suggest that cordycepin is effective for restoring antioxidant status and decreasing lipid peroxidation in aged rats.

IMPLICATIONS OF LAW OF CONTRACT

K. V. Ramesh 한국재산법학회 1993 재산법연구 Vol.10 No.1

개념상 법은 질서를 강제한다. 법은 법질서와 사회영역에서 규칙와 규율의 체계를 제공한다. Salmand는 법을 “사법재판에 있어서 국가가 적용하고 승인한 원리들의 총체”라고 정의한다. 그것은 당국에 의해 강제되거나 사회구성원 스스로 부여한 일련의 규칙과 원리들이다. 법은 정의롭고 평화로운 삶과 사회적 안전을 확보하기 위해 시민의 행동을 통제하고 규제한다. 거래의 법적 여건은 상거래시 행동을 규제하고 또한 촉진제로 기능하기도 한다. 계약법은 계약당사자들에게 계약이행의 확실한 보장을 제공하는 상법의 한 분야이다. 또한 그것은 계약을 불이행한 자를 상대로 소를 제기할 수 있는 구제 수단도 규정한다. 계약법은 계약의 시작 뿐 아니라 계약의 전과정을 통하여 거래의 정형성을 부여한다. 인도에서 계약법은 1872년 인도계약법을 내용으로 한다. 동법은 1872년 9월 1일 잠무 주 와 카슈미르 주를 제외한 인도 전역에 확대 시행되었다. 인도 계약법은 당사자 사이에 형성한 권리와 의무 및 계약의 본질적인 요건을 규정하고 있다. 당사자는 당사자간에 맺어진 합의를 존중하고 그에 구속되며 합의의 불이행은 법적 결과를 초래한다. 인도계약법은 원천적으로 모든 사항을 완전히 규율하고 있지 않고 어떠한 거래관습과 관례에 우선하지 않는다. 연혁: 인도의 계약법의 전개는 역사를 거슬러 올라간다. 인도는 다양한 왕조에서 외국의 통치자에 의해 형성된 독특한 법문화를 가지고 있다. 계약법 전개에 있어서 두 시기에 관심과 이해가 요청된다. 첫 번째 17세기 초기에 약 300년간 계약 위반의 대한 문제가 전개되었다. 두 번째, 18세기와 19세기 계약의 자유사상이 확립되고 현대법의 기초가 다져졌다. 기원전 400년에 Kautilya에 의해 쓰여진 고대 Arthasastra에는 “부와 복지에의 과학”으로서 계약법, 재산법과 불법행위가 다루어졌다. 그는 상업을 장려하기 위해 계약의 존엄을 강조하였다. 기원후 100년에, Manusmriti는 인간과 “다람(dharma)”이라 불리는 정의로운 것의 관계에 관한 사회(민사)법의 상세한 지침을 제공하였다. 여기서 그는 힌두적인 진리가 계약법에 상당한 공헌을 하였다는 입장을 견지한다. 오늘날 인도에서 “다람”은 현대법 해석에 있어서 지도 원리와 정의의 기초로 남아있다. 이슬람 이전 시대의 통치는 명확한 전쟁법을 규정하였다. 계약법은 이슬람 관념에 영향을 받았고 계약법의 발전을 촉진한 모하메드 법률학에 대부분 근거하고 있다. 아랍어로 “aqd"는 구속 혹은 결합이라는 뜻의 계약을 가리키는 단어이다. 그러나, Aurangazeb의 통치기간 중 Fatwa Alamgiri를 제외하고 법기록에 대한 공식적인 기록체계 부재로 퇴보를 겪는다. 길고긴 영국식민통치는 오늘날에도 1872년 인도계약법에서 변형된 형태로 잔존하는 듯하다. 식민통치기간 동안, 영국의 보통법은 18세기 특허장(Charters)에 의해 통할도시인 캘커타, 마드라스, 봄배이에 도입되었다. 그러나, 그것은 지방주민에게는 불편을 초래하였고, 영국의 보통법은 일률적으로 적용되었다. 지방민들의 배려차원에서, 1781년법은 계약과 관련한 모든 사항은 힌두법과 관습 및 모하메드법과 관습에 따라야 한다고 규정하였다. 이에 따라 힌두교도와 이슬람교도는 각자의 법과 관습에 따라 규율되었다. 이것은 정의를 제공하기보다 문제를 야기하였다. 전국적인 통일법률체계의 필요성이 생긴 시점이 바로 이때이다. 법률위원회의 선임을 규정한 1883년 특허장 조례(the Charter Act, 1883)는 오로지 보통법을 제정하기 위해 것이었다. 제3 법률위원회 2분과가 계약법을 담당하였다. 1866년 7월 28일, 계약법 초안이 제출되고 많은 심사와 개정을 거듭한 끝에 1872년, 인도계약법으로 의회를 통과하였다. 법률은 다수의 라틴법의 원리에 근거하였다. 중요한 것으로 “법률의 부지는 용서받지 못한다(Ignorantia juris not excusat)”는 법언이 그것이다. 인도계약법의 근원은 기본원리를 제공한 영국법을 포함하고 있다. 관습, 전통, 일반 관례에 근거한 영국법은 수세기 동안 영국법정에 의해 적용되었다. 보통법의 적용이 가혹한 경우에 형평법에 따라 판결이 내려졌다. 재판관들은 선례에 따라 판례법을 적용하였다. 형평법은 이렇게 형성된 판례법이었다. 실제로 보통법과 형평법은 동시에 적용되었다. 영국 계약법은 영국에 퍼져 있는 정치경제사상을 반영하였다. 영국법에 상당부분을 근거하고 있는 인도법은 인도의 중앙의회와 주의회에서 입법화 된 것이다. 영국법 하에서 계약은 정형적이고 간단하다. 형식 계약은 법원의 재판으로부터 구속력을 이끌어내는 서면계약을 포함한다. 서면으로 작성·서명·봉인되고 양당사자에게 교부된 계약은 봉인 계약(contracts under seal)으로 알려져 있다. 날인증서(Covenant)는 계약 위반을 이해하는데 도움을 주 The aim of the paper is to present Law of Contract from Indian perspective. The paper explains the issues surrounding the process of contract and includes salient points related to the coverage include teaching methodology and evaluation approach along with recommendations. The objective of contract law is to provide definiteness to business transactions and contracts. Law of obligations is one of the branches of civil law which includes contract law and quasi contract. The main objective of law of obligations is to regulate and settle the legal relations between parties of the Contract Law enforcement is necessary to ensure a promise to perform. One of the core principles of the any country’s law of contracts is that the promises between parties to the contract must be legally enforceable.Everyone who does business in India needs to be familiar with its key provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872.The act came into effect on September 1, 1872 governs entering into contract, execution of contract, and the effects of breach of contract.The three key elements for the conception of a contract are offer, acceptance, consideration and an intention to create legal relations. However it is necessary to keep in the mind that the legal system is quite different from one country to another country. A contract is an agreement between parties creating an obligation upon them .The law of contract as contained in the Indian Contract Act, 1872, lays down the general principles relating to formation, performance, enforceability of contracts and the rules relating to certain special types of contracts. Indian law of contract is largely based on English common law because of the influence of the British Raj period. Much of contemporary Indian law shows substantial European and American influence. Various acts and ordinances first introduced by the British are still in effect in their modified forms today.

Photochemical and biochemical responses of heliconia (Heliconia stricta ‘Iris’) to different light intensities in a humid coastal environment

K Nihad,Mukesh K. Berwal,K. Balachandra Hebbar,Ravi Bhat,A. Abdul Haris,S. V. Ramesh 한국원예학회 2019 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.60 No.6

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance of heliconia (Heliconia stricta ‘Iris’) grown under four levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in a randomized block design. Photochemical and biochemical parameters were recorded to assess the physiological and biochemical changes in heliconia that accompany varying light intensities. The plants grown under the lowest PAR (30 to 35% of open condition) showed enhanced growth with a higher biomass accumulation, plant height, suckering habit, emergence of flowering shoots, inflorescence yield, and light use efficiency. The leaves exposed to high PAR (open condition) recorded reduction in chlorophyll content (60.8%), chlorophyll index (43.9%), and Fv/Fm (21.4%) compared to values for the leaves exposed to the lowest PAR (30 to 35%). Plant soluble sugars were reduced with the increasing PAR, whereas reducing sugar content was high under fully irradiated conditions but showed a decreasing trend with a reduction in PAR. Total phenolic content and malondialdehyde were lower at 30 to 35% PAR with a reduction in magnitude of 58.4% and 34.8%, respectively, compared to the open condition. Similarly, super oxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities in the leaf decreased 36.2%, 28.7%, and 23.3%, respectively, from the highest PAR (or open condition) in this range. Improved photochemical and biochemical activities of plants grown under lower light intensities resulted in production of quality inflorescences. Hence, Heliconia stricta ‘Iris’ can be recommended as an intercrop on coconut plantations where the light intensity is low (30 to 35%) for improving the livelihood of farmers.

Effects of Enzyme Addition to Broiler Diets Containing Varying Levels of Double Zero Rapeseed Meal

Ramesh, K.R.,Devegowda, G.,Khosravinia, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.9

Maize-soybean meal diets with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg double zero rapeseed meal ('00' RSM) with and without an enzyme mixture (xylanase, pectinase, cellulase) at a level of 1.6 g/kg were evaluated with 624 day-old broiler chicks for 5 weeks. The birds were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with three replicates of 26 birds each. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly and ileal viscosity, organ weights, serum enzyme activity, hormonal profile and hematological parameters were measured at the end of week 5. Average daily gain during the weekly periods was significantly influenced by the dietary level of '00'RSM (p<0.01). Inclusion of '00' RSM improved the ADG up to day 28 with the increased level; beyond that time no improvement was recorded when compared to control groups. However, ADG from 1-35 days was significantly different between 300 g/kg inclusion level of '00' RSM and the control diet. Inconsistent decline in feed intake and feed conversion ratio was observed up to day 21 and the trend was reversed thereafter. The proportion of '00' RSM in the diet had a significant ($p{\leq}0.05$) influence on thyroid weight but had no effect on the relative weights of liver and heart, serum enzyme activities (${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase), thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$), hemoglobin level and hematocrit. Significant improvement in ADG was recorded during the 2nd week of age with the addition of enzyme, whereas for all other periods, including the whole period of the trial, higher but non-significant ADG was observed. FI and FCR were not affected by the addition of enzyme but there was a numerical reduction in FCR during the whole period. The addition of enzyme reduced the ileal viscosity at all levels of '00' RSM inclusion. The results suggest that '00' RSM can be included up to 300 g/kg in broiler diets without any adverse effects on health and performance. The addition of commercial enzyme mixture containing xylanase, pectinase, cellulase to broiler diets containing '00'RSM has some effect on growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

Effect of fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) on oxidative stress and antioxidant activities in major organs of aged rats

Ramesh, T.,Kim, S.W.,Sung, J.H.,Hwang, S.Y.,Sohn, S.H.,Yoo, S.K.,Kim, S.K. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2012 Experimental Gerontology Vol.47 No.1

The intracellular levels of oxidant and antioxidant balances are gradually distorted during the aging process. An age associated elevation of oxidative stress occurring throughout the lifetime is hypothesized to be the major cause of aging. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the putative antioxidant activity of the fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status of major organs of aged rats compared to young rats. Increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea and creatinine were observed in the serum of aged rats. Increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and significantly lowered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were observed in the liver, kidneys, heart and lungs of aged rats, when compared with those in young rats. Quantitative analysis of the non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol levels showed significantly lower values in the liver, kidneys, heart and lungs of aged rats. On the other hand, administration of the fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) to aged rats resulted in increased activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST as well as elevation in GSH, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol levels. Besides, the level of MDA, AST, ALT, urea and creatinine were reduced on administration of GINST to aged rats. These results suggested that treatment of GINST can improve the antioxidant status during aging, thereby minimizing the oxidative stress and occurrence of age-related disorders associated with free radicals.

IMPLICATIONS OF LAW OF CONTRACT – AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

K. V. Ramesh 한국재산법학회 2010 재산법연구 Vol.26 No.3

본고는 인도법을 중심으로 계약법을 설명하였다. 본고는 계약의 과정 중에 발생하는 문제들에 대하여 설명하였고, 교수방법론과 참고할 만한 연혁적 접근의 범위와 관련한 특징적인 부분을 포괄한다. 계약법의 목적은 상거래와 계약에 있어서 정형성을 부여하는 것이다. 채무법은 계약과 유사계약을 포함하는 민법의 한 분야이다. 채무법의 주목적은 계약 당사자 간 법률관계를 규율하고 설정하는 것이다. 이때 강제집행은 이행 확보를 위해 필수적이다. 어떤 나라든 계약법의 핵심원리는 계약 당사자 간의 약속은 법적으로 강제될 수 있다는 것이다. 인도에서 거래하는 모든 사람은 1872년의 인도계약법의 핵심조항을 알아둘 필요가 있다. 1872년 9월 1일에 시행된 동법은 계약의 체결, 계약의 집행, 계약의 불이행의 효과를 규율한다. 계약에 있어 핵심적인 개념은 청약, 승낙, 약인 그리고 법률관계 형성 의도이다. 그러나 나라마다 법제도가 다르다는 점에 유의할 필요가 있다. 계약은 당사자에게 의무를 지우는 합의이다. 1872년 인도법을 내용으로 하는 계약법은 계약의 형성, 이행, 강제와 관련한 일반원리들과 특별한 형태의 계약과 관련한 법칙을 바탕으로 한다. 인도계약법은 영국식민통치로 인해 상당부분을 영국 보통법에 근거하고 있다. 영국에 의해 처음 도입된 다양한 법률과 포고령은 오늘날까지 여전히 변형된 형태로 남아있다.

IMPLICIT KINETIC SCHEMES FOR THE EULER AND IDEALMHD EQUATIONS

Ramesh K. Agarwal,H.S. R. Reksoprodjo 한국전산유체공학회 2006 한국전산유체공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.5