Automatic Detection and Classification of Rib Fractures on Thoracic CT Using Convolutional Neural Network: Accuracy and Feasibility

Zhou Qing-Qing,Wang Jiashuo,Tang Wen,Hu Zhang-Chun,Xia Zi-Yi,Xue-Song Li,Zhang Rongguo,Yin Xindao,Zhang Bing,Zhang Hong 대한영상의학회 2020 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.21 No.7

Objective: To evaluate the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that can automatically detect and classify rib fractures, and output structured reports from computed tomography (CT) images. Materials and Methods: This study included 1079 patients (median age, 55 years; men, 718) from three hospitals, between January 2011 and January 2019, who were divided into a monocentric training set (n = 876; median age, 55 years; men, 582), five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (n = 173; median age, 59 years; men, 118) with different slice thicknesses and image pixels, and a normal control set (n = 30; median age, 53 years; men, 18). Three classifications (fresh, healing, and old fracture) combined with fracture location (corresponding CT layers) were detected automatically and delivered in a structured report. Precision, recall, and F1-score were selected as metrics to measure the optimum CNN model. Detection/diagnosis time, precision, and sensitivity were employed to compare the diagnostic efficiency of the structured report and that of experienced radiologists. Results: A total of 25054 annotations (fresh fracture, 10089; healing fracture, 10922; old fracture, 4043) were labelled for training (18584) and validation (6470). The detection efficiency was higher for fresh fractures and healing fractures than for old fractures (F1-scores, 0.849, 0.856, 0.770, respectively, p = 0.023 for each), and the robustness of the model was good in the five multicenter/multiparameter validation sets (all mean F1-scores > 0.8 except validation set 5 [512 x 512 pixels; F1-score = 0.757]). The precision of the five radiologists improved from 80.3% to 91.1%, and the sensitivity increased from 62.4% to 86.3% with artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis. On average, the diagnosis time of the radiologists was reduced by 73.9 seconds. Conclusion: Our CNN model for automatic rib fracture detection could assist radiologists in improving diagnostic efficiency, reducing diagnosis time and radiologists’ workload.

역사의 의미 -청말 중국의 "역사" 인식과 "역사" 읽기-

장칭 ( Zhang Qing ) 한림과학원 2011 개념과 소통 Vol.0 No.8

``역사적 기억``의 연속은 청말 사상 변천을 구성하는 중요한 상징이다. 이 글에서는 청말 사람들이 ``역사의 의미``를 어떻게 탐색했는지 논하고자 한다. 주로 청말의 과거제도 개혁에서 ``역사``가 왜 시험의 주요 내용을 구성하였는지에 관심을 기울이면서, 과거시험 응시자의 답안에서 ``역사``를 어떻게 해석했는지를 구체적으로 분석할 것이다. 두 문명이 만날 때에는 본래 ``너는 어디에서 왔는가?``, ``어떻게 오늘에까지 왔는가?``라는 질문이 제기될 수 있다. 이는 곧 공간과 시간이라는 축에 근거해서 ``타자``를 상상·이해하고 자신의 ``정체성``을 확립하는 작업이다. 이런 배경 아래 ``역사``가 중국과 서양의 소통에서 특별한 역할을 수행했다. 청말 중국에서 ``역사적 기억``의 연속은 분명 상이한 기준으로 구분되는데, 역사 해석자의 ``입장``이 결정적인 역할을 했다. 과거제도를 개혁하는 과정에서 ``역사``에는 여전히 관변 이데올로기의 흔적이 남아 있었다. 똑같이 ``서양적 요소``에 의해 환기되고 똑같이 역사를 새롭게 해석했지만, ``자기개혁``의 입장에 서서 역사에서 배울 만한 경험을 발굴하려 하였고, 여기서 중요한 것은 역사에서 자신의 영광을 유지하게 하는 자원을 찾으려는 것이었다. 그러나 어떤 입장에 서든 ``역사문화``를 중시했다는 점은 아주 분명하다. 이른바 ``역사의 의미``는 청말 중국에서 충분히 드러났다. 그것은 중국에 이미 역사인식에 대한 유구한 학술적 전통이 있었는데 ``역사 읽기``가 독서인의 독서생활에서 중요한 부분이 되었다는 사실에서 구체적으로 표출되었다. 바로 이런 배경 아래 ``역사``가 중국과 서양의 소통에서 특별한 역할을 했다. 그 영향으로 ``역사``에서 부강의 길을 찾고 문명의 우월감을 유지했으며, ``역사``를 통해 ``경세치용``을 하고, 과거시험과 신식학교 교육에서 관련 내용을 배치한 것도 출제에서 마땅히 있어야 할 의미였다. 물론 ``역사``에 대한 이런 입장은 결코 한번 정해지고 나면 변하지 않는 것이 아니어서, 청말 중국에서 ``역사적 기억``의 연속이 드러낸 또 다른 장면은 ``역사의 의미``에 대한 탐색이 또 다른 방식으로 전개될 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다. "What`s the use of history?" Marc Bloch, the founder of the Annals School raised this question from a child in the beginning of his Historian`s Craft. In China`s case, we will find problems of this kind from time, and they are dissimilar as they appeared in different times. In the late Qing Dynasty, when China was faced with a "seismic situation that never happened in the previous three thousand years", such problems were even more conspicuous. The question was not only "What`s the use of history?" but also how to awaken the "memory of history" to deal with all manner of changes. It was certain that the awakening of the "memory of history" in late Qing was obviously guided by two factors: one was the recovering of the Hans` collective memory stimulated by "anti-Manchuria"; the other was the memory about China, which was activated by foreign factors. This leads us to focus on how the scholars in the late Qing Dynasty thought about "what history has told us" and how to explore the "significance of history". Needless to say, the encounter of the two civilizations would naturally give rise to questions like "where do you come from?" and "how do we come here?" which were based on the dimensions of space and time in order to imagine "the other". Accordingly, incorporating Chinese history and foreign histories into the framework of "Universal History" to achieve historical "harmony" and to seek mutual understanding also constituted the core of communication between Chinese history and foreign histories. Moreover, such "harmony" represents not only the significance of time but also the judgment on historical process. In this context, "history" also played a special "role" in Sino-foreign communication. Its influence was to seek a way to wealth and power in "history" and to maintain the superiority in civilization. With the assignment of relevant topics, the intention of the imperial examinations was to "study Confucianism for statecraft" through "history". This treatise attempts to outline this situation, which occurred in the late Qing Dynasty, in order to explore "the significance of history" in this period.

Empirical rock mechanical site-descriptive modeling (RMSDM) for the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Underground Research Tunnel (KURT)

Zhang, Qing-Zhao,Jang, Hyun-Sic,Bae, Dae-Seok,Kim, Geon-Young,Jang, Bo-An Springer-Verlag 2016 Environmental earth sciences Vol.75 No.10

<P>As part of master plan, when preparing to construct the second stage of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Underground Research Tunnel (KURT2), site investigations were carried out to characterize the rock mass and its related geophysical nature. The rock mass at the study site was divided into rock units depending on a rock type and fracture developments in rock. The rock mass quality for each rock unit was evaluated, using rock mass classification systems, such as Q, rock mass rating (RMR), and rock mass index (RMi). The mechanical properties of rock units were empirically estimated with associated rock mass classification systems, including deformation modulus, uniaxial compressive strength, and cohesion and friction angles. Ultimately, a rock mechanical site-descriptive model (RMSDM) covering the block size of 85 m x 120 m x 80 m was developed by combining the analysis of rock units. Rock block consists of granite, dike, and fault, being divided into six rock units, such as G1, G2, G3, D1, D3, and F3. G1 and D1 rock units were classified as good rock masses, and the rock mass quality of G2 is fair. G3 and D3 rock units were classified as poor rock masses, and the F3 rock unit was very poor. The mechanical properties of rock unit G1 and D1 were almost considered similar and best, and those of G2 were considered middle class. G3 and D3 rock units had poor mechanical properties and those of F3 were the worst. G1 occupies most of block volume, but other rock units were distributed as small portions. Two-dimensional distributions of rock mass from modeling and face mapping at the elevation of the tunnel excavation exhibited that predicted distributions well fit to those observed. Therefore, RMSDM will be of help with the geoscientific understanding of site investigation and designing of a site and construction of a site, similar to KURT-2, and ultimately, it will become a scientific base to future-related research and development projects of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI).</P>

Experimental investigation of long-term characteristics of greenschist

Zhang, Qing-Zhao,Shen, Ming-Rong,Ding, Wen-Qi,Jang, Hyun-Sic,Jang, Bo-An Techno-Press 2016 Geomechanics & engineering Vol.11 No.4

The greenschist in the Jinping II Hydropower Station in southwest China exhibits continuous creep behaviour because of the geological conditions in the region. This phenomenon illustrates the time-dependent deformation and progressive damage that occurs after excavation. In this study, the responses of greenschist to stress over time were determined in a series of laboratory tests on samples collected from the access tunnel walls at the construction site. The results showed that the greenschist presented time-dependent behaviour under long-term loading. The samples generally experienced two stages: transient creep and steady creep, but no accelerating creep. The periods of transient creep and steady creep increased with increasing stress levels. The long-term strength of the greenschist was identified based on the variation of creep strain and creep rate. The ratio of long-term strength to conventional strength was around 80% and did not vary much with confining pressures. A quantitative method for predicting the failure period of greenschist, based on analysis of the stress-strain curve, is presented and implemented. At a confining pressure of 40 MPa, greenschist was predicted to fail in 5000 days under a stress of 290 MPa and to fail in 85 days under the stress of 320 MPa, indicating that the long-term strength identified by the creep rate and creep strain is a reliable estimate.

High‑Temperature Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Al–12Si–CuNiMg Alloy and its Al2O3 Fiber‑Reinforced Composite

Qing Zhang,Shuo Wei,Jie Gu,Ming Qi 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.9

The high-temperature dry sliding wear behavior of an Al–12Si–CuNiMg alloy and its composite reinforced with Al2O3fibersare investigated at 27 °C, 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C. Wear tests are conducted under a constant sliding velocity of 1 m/sand various normal loads ranging from 2.5 to 10 N. To investigate the influence of temperature on the wear mechanisms, theworn surfaces of the matrix alloy and composite surfaces are carefully examined using scanning electron microscopy andenergy dispersive spectroscopy. At 100–200 °C, the wear resistance of the composite increases, with the highest resistancerecorded at 200 °C. The wear resistance decreases with the increase in the temperature from 200 to 300 °C. The wear resistanceof the matrix alloy decreases as the temperature increases from 200 to 300 °C; however, it does not exhibit better wearresistance than the composite in the same temperature range. Furthermore, the friction coefficients of these two materialsare discussed. The worn surface analysis performed at different temperatures indicates that the dominant wear mechanismsof both materials are related to adhesion and delamination under the chosen test conditions.

Preparation and Adsorption Properties of PA6/PSMA-OA Molecularly Imprinted Composite Membranes in Supercritical CO₂

Zhang, Qing,Zhang, Xingyuan,Zhang, Wencheng,Pan, Jian,Liu, Ling,Zhang, Haitao,Zhao, Dong,Li, Zhi Korean Chemical Society 2011 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.32 No.9

Oleanolic acid (OA) as template molecule, polyamide-6 (PA6) as basement membrane and poly(styrene-comaleic acid) (PSMA) were used to prepare PA6/PSMA-OA molecularly imprinted composite membranes by phase inversion method in supercritical $CO_2$ ($ScCO_2$). The template molecule (OA), [poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMAH), PSMA, molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) imprinting OA and MIMs after elution were all characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The conditions that were the mass ratio between PSMA and OA from 3:1 to 8:1, temperature of $ScCO_2$ from $35^{\circ}C$ to $50^{\circ}C$ and pressure of $ScCO_2$ 12 MPa to 17 MPa were studied. It was obtained the largest adsorption rate and purity of OA after adsorption of the resultant MIMs, 50.41% and 96.15% respectively. After using PA6 film and non-woven fabrics as basement membrane respectively, it was found that smaller aperture of PA6 was used as basement membrane, a higher adsorption rate and a higher purity of OA after adsorption of the MIMs were obtained, and so were the stability and reproducibility of the resultant MIMs. After template molecules being removed, the MIMs had effective selectivity hydrogen bonding to separately bind in the binary components to the template molecules-oleanolic acid.

Multi - scale Simulation of Energetic Deposition : Form MD Simulation to KMC Simulation

Qing-Yu Zhang 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2002 Journal of Korean Vacuum Science & Technology Vol.6 No.1

The process of energetic deposition has been simulated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation. The atomistic mechanisms of film growth in energetic deposition are discussed.

Rheological Behaviors and Microstructure of Oviductus Ranae Hydrogels

Qing Liang,Shouqin Zhang,Jinsong Zhang 한국식품과학회 2012 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.21 No.2

The rheological properties of Oviductus Ranae (OR) hydrogels were systematically investigated with shear viscosity, dynamic oscillation, and creep-recovery measurements. The viscosity curves displayed phenomena of shear thinning with increase of shear rate. The flow behaviors of the hydrogels were described using 2representative rheological models. The lesser water was absorbed by OR, the higher viscosity and greater extent of thixotropy it presents. Dynamic viscoelasticity measurements indicated that the samples exhibit viscoelastic properties as physical gels. Creep curves also revealed that the hydrogels behave as viscoelastic solids. Damped oscillations were observed in the initial stage of creep tests (0-1 s). The viscoelastic moduli obtained from dynamic oscillations and those from damped oscillations agreed with each other. The strong dependence of rheological behaviour on network of OR hydrogels had been confirmed by electron microscopy.

SMYD3-associated pathway is involved in the anti-tumor effects of sulforaphane on gastric carcinoma cells

Qing-Qing Dong,Qiu-Tong Wang,Lei Wang,Ya-Xin Jiang,Mei-Ling Liu,Hai-Jie Hu,Yong Liu,Hao Zhou,Hong-Peng He,Tong-Cun Zhang,Xuegang Luo 한국식품과학회 2018 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.27 No.4

Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural compound derived from cruciferous vegetables, has been proved to possess potent anti-cancer activity. SMYD3 is a histone methyltransferase which is closely related to the proliferation and migration of cancer cells. This study showed that SFN could dose-dependently induce cell cycle arrest, stimulate apoptosis, and inhibit proliferation and migration of gastric carcinoma cells. Accompanied with these anticancer effects, SMYD3 and its downstream genes, myosin regulatory light chain 9, and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, was downregulated by SFN. Furthermore, overexpression of SMYD3 via transfection could abolish the effects of SFN, suggesting that SMYD3 might be an important mediator of SFN. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the role of SMYD3 in the anti-cancer of SFN. These findings might throw light on the development of novel anti-cancer drugs and functional food using SFN-rich cruciferous vegetables.

Production of Recombinant Humanized Anti-HBsAg Fab Fragmentfrom Pichia pastoris by Fermentation

Zhang Qing,Rao Guirong,Deng Ning,Xiang Junjian,Xiong Sheng,Chen Wenyin,Wang Xunzhang 한국생화학분자생물학회 2005 BMB Reports Vol.38 No.3