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Chloramphenicol 耐性 腸티프스菌에 對한 治療法에 關하여
鄭在奎,李元洛,吳賢秀 中央醫學社 1976 中央醫學 Vol.30 No.3
By the emergence of chloramphenicol(CM) resistant mutants among the isolated strains of Salmonella typhi, CM is no longer a unique exclusive drug of choice for the treatment of typhoid fever. Effective therapeutic methods against infections due to CM resistant strains, by either new devices of combination of CM with other drugs or selections of alternative drugs, have been expected to come. In vitro experiments showed that CM. resistant strains were highly sensitive to ampicillin(AP), kanamycin(KM) trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(T-S) gentamicm (GM) and nalidixic acid(NA), and when CM combined with AP or KM some strains showed additive, effects but not when CM combined with GM or NA. When AP combined with KM antibacterial actions were enhanced apparently exhibiting additive or synergistic actions, and the combined actions were also elevated when AP mixed with T-S. Therefore, in the treatment of salmonellosis caused by CM resistant strains, combined. administrations of CM with either AP, KM or T-S, or alternatively AP plus KM or T-S, are recommended.
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Kubota, Akane,Ito, Shogo,Shim, Jae Sung,Johnson, Richard S.,Song, Yong Hun,Breton, Ghislain,Goralogia, Greg S.,Kwon, Michael S.,Laboy Cintró,n, Dianne,Koyama, Tomotsugu,Ohme-Takagi, Masaru,Prune Public Library of Science 2017 PLoS genetics Vol.13 No.6
<▼1><P>Photoperiod is one of the most reliable environmental cues for plants to regulate flowering timing. In <I>Arabidopsis thaliana</I>, CONSTANS (CO) transcription factor plays a central role in regulating photoperiodic flowering. In contrast to posttranslational regulation of CO protein, still little was known about <I>CO</I> transcriptional regulation. Here we show that the CINCINNATA (CIN) clade of class II TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/ CYCLOIDEA/ PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN FACTOR (TCP) proteins act as <I>CO</I> activators. Our yeast one-hybrid analysis revealed that class II CIN-TCPs, including TCP4, bind to the <I>CO</I> promoter. TCP4 induces <I>CO</I> expression around dusk by directly associating with the <I>CO</I> promoter <I>in vivo</I>. In addition, TCP4 binds to another flowering regulator, GIGANTEA (GI), in the nucleus, and induces <I>CO</I> expression in a <I>GI</I>-dependent manner. The physical association of TCP4 with the <I>CO</I> promoter was reduced in the <I>gi</I> mutant, suggesting that GI may enhance the DNA-binding ability of TCP4. Our tandem affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (TAP-MS) analysis identified all class II CIN-TCPs as the components of the <I>in vivo</I> TCP4 complex, and the <I>gi</I> mutant did not alter the composition of the TCP4 complex. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel function of CIN-TCPs as photoperiodic flowering regulators, which may contribute to coordinating plant development with flowering regulation.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author summary</B></P><P>For plant adaptation to seasonal environments, a crucial developmental event is flowering, as proper timing of flowering affects reproductive success. Although plants monitor various environmental parameters to optimize this timing, photoperiod information is important for plants to regulate seasonal flowering time, because changes in photoperiod occur in a predictable manner throughout the year. The model plant <I>Arabidopsis thaliana</I> responds to photoperiodic changes and flowers under long-day conditions. Based on genetic analyses using mutants defective in the photoperiodic flowering response, we learned that the transcription factor referred to as CONSTANS (CO) plays a central role in regulating the timing of flowering by directly controlling the expression of florigen (flowering-inducing substrate) gene. Long-day afternoon expression of <I>CO</I> is critical for this regulation; however, we had limited knowledge of <I>CO</I> transcriptional regulation. Here we identified that a group of plant-specific transcription factors belonging to the <I>TCP</I> gene family function as novel <I>CO</I> transcriptional activators. We demonstrated that TCP transcription factors regulate <I>CO</I> transcription together with known regulators of <I>CO</I>. Our results imply that plants utilize multiple transcription factors to precisely coordinate the expression of the key regulator gene, <I>CO</I>, which will directly affect flowering time.</P></▼2>
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