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Molecular basis of flowering under natural long-day conditions in Arabidopsis

Song, Young Hun,Kubota, Akane,Kwon, Michael S.,Covington, Michael, F.,Lee, Nayoung,Ella, R. Taagen,Cintró,n, Dianne Laboy,Hwang, Dae Yeon,Akiyama, Reiko,Sarah, K. Hodge,Huang, He,Nguyen, Nhu H. Nature Publishing Group 2018 Nature plants Vol.4 No.10
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Plants sense light and temperature changes to regulate flowering time. Here we show that expression of the Arabidopsis florigen gene, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), peaks in the morning during spring, a different pattern than we observe in the lab. Providing our lab growth conditions with a red/far-red light ratio similar to open field conditions and daily temperature oscillation is sufficient to mimic the FT expression and flowering time in natural long days. Under the adjusted growth conditions, key light signaling components, such as phytochrome A (phyA) and EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3), play important roles in morning FT expression. These conditions stabilize CONSTANS (CO) protein, a major FT activator, in the morning, which is likely a critical mechanism for photoperiodic flowering in nature. Refining the parameters of our standard growth conditions to more precisely mimic plant responses in nature can provide a powerful method for improving our understanding of seasonal response.
2
TCP4-dependent induction of CONSTANS transcription requires GIGANTEA in photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis

Kubota, Akane,Ito, Shogo,Shim, Jae Sung,Johnson, Richard S.,Song, Yong Hun,Breton, Ghislain,Goralogia, Greg S.,Kwon, Michael S.,Laboy Cintró,n, Dianne,Koyama, Tomotsugu,Ohme-Takagi, Masaru,Prune Public Library of Science 2017 PLoS genetics Vol.13 No.6
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<▼1>Photoperiod is one of the most reliable environmental cues for plants to regulate flowering timing. In Arabidopsis thaliana, CONSTANS (CO) transcription factor plays a central role in regulating photoperiodic flowering. In contrast to posttranslational regulation of CO protein, still little was known about CO transcriptional regulation. Here we show that the CINCINNATA (CIN) clade of class II TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/ CYCLOIDEA/ PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN FACTOR (TCP) proteins act as CO activators. Our yeast one-hybrid analysis revealed that class II CIN-TCPs, including TCP4, bind to the CO promoter. TCP4 induces CO expression around dusk by directly associating with the CO promoter in vivo. In addition, TCP4 binds to another flowering regulator, GIGANTEA (GI), in the nucleus, and induces CO expression in a GI-dependent manner. The physical association of TCP4 with the CO promoter was reduced in the gi mutant, suggesting that GI may enhance the DNA-binding ability of TCP4. Our tandem affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry (TAP-MS) analysis identified all class II CIN-TCPs as the components of the in vivo TCP4 complex, and the gi mutant did not alter the composition of the TCP4 complex. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel function of CIN-TCPs as photoperiodic flowering regulators, which may contribute to coordinating plant development with flowering regulation.</▼1><▼2>Author summaryFor plant adaptation to seasonal environments, a crucial developmental event is flowering, as proper timing of flowering affects reproductive success. Although plants monitor various environmental parameters to optimize this timing, photoperiod information is important for plants to regulate seasonal flowering time, because changes in photoperiod occur in a predictable manner throughout the year. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana responds to photoperiodic changes and flowers under long-day conditions. Based on genetic analyses using mutants defective in the photoperiodic flowering response, we learned that the transcription factor referred to as CONSTANS (CO) plays a central role in regulating the timing of flowering by directly controlling the expression of florigen (flowering-inducing substrate) gene. Long-day afternoon expression of CO is critical for this regulation; however, we had limited knowledge of CO transcriptional regulation. Here we identified that a group of plant-specific transcription factors belonging to the TCP gene family function as novel CO transcriptional activators. We demonstrated that TCP transcription factors regulate CO transcription together with known regulators of CO. Our results imply that plants utilize multiple transcription factors to precisely coordinate the expression of the key regulator gene, CO, which will directly affect flowering time.</▼2>

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