Biocompatibility of cobalt iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in male rabbits

Furhan Iqbal,Tanveer Ahmad Tabish,Muhammad Naeem Ashiq,Muhammad Azeem Ullah,Shahid Iqbal,Muhammad Latif,Muhammad Ali,Muhammad Fahad Ehsan 한국화학공학회 2016 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.33 No.7

Present study was conducted to study the in vivo biocompatibility of cobalt iron oxide magnetic nano-particles (CoFe2O4 MNPs) in rabbits. CoFe2O4 MNPs were synthesized by the conventional micro emulsion technique in crystallite size range of 30 to 50 nm. The lattice constant (a) and cell volume were found to be 8.386 Å and 589.75 Å3, respectively, revealed by XRD. Subject animals were divided in three groups--low dose, high dose and control group without nanoparticles implantation for biocompatibility evaluation. CoFe2O4 was intraperitoneally implanted in rabbits: low dose (1mg CoFe2O4/Kg body weight) and high dose (10mg CoFe2O4/Kg body weight). Blood, serum and histological study of vital organs (liver, heart, kidney and spleen) were carried out in seven days of time protocol after sacrificing of animals. Results indicated that CoFe2O4 had drastically affected the blood chemistry in a dose-dependent manner as RDWa (P=0.01), Platelet (P<0.001) and Plateletcrit (P<0.001) concentrations reduced significantly in low dose and high dose CoFe2O4 treatments as compared to sham treated control group. Histological analysis revealed that CoFe2O4 exposure resulted in disordered and abnormal histology of liver, kidney and that of muscles at surgical site. It is concluded that CoFe2O4 has low biocompatibility and higher toxicity levels in living system at the applied doses.

Grey wolf optimization based clustering algorithm for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Fahad, Muhammad,Aadil, Farhan,Rehman, Zahoor-ur-,Khan, Salabat,Shah, Peer Azmat,Muhammad, Khan,Lloret, Jaime,Wang, Haoxiang,Lee, Jong Weon,Mehmood, Irfan Elsevier 2018 Computers & electrical engineering Vol.70 No.-

<P>In vehicular ad-hoc network (VANETs), frequent topology changes occur due to fast moving nature of mobile nodes. This random topology creates instability that leads to scalability issues. To overcome this problem, clustering can be performed. Existing approaches for clustering in VANETs generate large number of cluster-heads which utilize the scarce wireless resources resulting in degraded performance. In this article, grey wolf optimization based clustering algorithm for VANETs is proposed, that replicates the social behaviour and hunting mechanism of grey wolfs for creating efficient clusters. The linearly decreasing factor of grey wolf nature enforces to converge earlier, which provides the optimized number of clusters. The proposed method is compared with well-known meta-heuristics from literature and results show that it provides optimal outcomes that lead to a robust routing protocol for clustering of VANETs, which is appropriate for highways and can accomplish quality communication, confirming reliable delivery of information to each vehicle. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>

Threat Posed by the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) to the Cooperation between Pakistan & China

Muhammad Taimur Fahad Khan 아시아사회과학학회 2021 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.4 No.3

The United States and its international coalition partners are set to completely withdraw their troops from Afghanistan by September 11, 2021. Following the Doha Agreement between the US and the Taliban, fierce fighting has ensued in Afghanistan between the Taliban and the government forces. Amid all the violence and instability in the country, there is a high probability that extremist and terrorist organisations like ETIM might resurface and re-initiate their terror campaigns in the region. Such developments in the region pose a grave threat to regional states (particularly Pakistan and China), their development, economic and commercial, political, strategic and national interests along with threats to their respective societies. This research paper will try to give an overview of the contemporary situation in the region, organisational profile and current state of ETIM (the group in focus for this study) and analyse the threats posed by ETIM to the cooperation between Pakistan and China.

Poly-Crystalline Thin-Film by Aluminum Induced Crystallization on Aluminum Nitride Substrate

Muhammad Fahad Bhopal,이두원,이수홍 대한금속·재료학회 2016 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.12 No.5

Thin-film polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si) on foreign (non-silicon)substrates has been researched by various research groups for theproduction of photovoltaic cells. High quality pc-Si depositionon foreign substrates with superior optical properties isconsidered to be the main hurdle in cell fabrication. Metalinduced crystallization (MIC) is one of the renowned techniquesused to produce this quality of material. In the current study, analuminum induced crystallization (AIC) method was adopted toproduce pc-Si thin-film on aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate by aseed layer approach. Aluminum and a-Si layer were depositedusing an e-beam evaporator. Various annealing conditions wereused in order to investigate the AIC grown pc-Si seed layers forprocess optimization. The effect of thermal annealing on grainsize, defects preferentially crystallographic orientation of thegrains were analyzed. Surface morphology was studied using anoptical microscope. Poly-silicon film with a crystallinity fractionbetween 95-100% and an FWHM between 5-6 cm−1 is achievable at low temperatures and for short time intervals. A grainsize of about 10 micron can be obtained at a low deposition rate on an AIN substrate. Similarly, Focused ion beam (FIB) alsoshowed that at 425 °C sample B and at 400 °C sample A were fully crystallized. The crystalline quality of pc-Si wasevaluated using μ-Raman spectroscopy as a function of annealed conditions and Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction(GIXRD) was used to determine the phase direction of the pc-Si layer. The current study implicates that a poly-silicon layerwith good crystallographic orientation and crystallinity fraction is achievable on AIN substrate at low temperatures and shorttime frames.

Coconut shell waste as an alternative lightweight aggregate in concrete- A review

Muhammad ,Aslam,Waqas, Aziz,M. Jahanzaib, Khalil,M. Jahanzaib, Ali,Muhammad, Raheel,Aayzaz, Ahmed,Muhammad Fahad, Ejaz Techno-Press 2022 Advances in materials research Vol.11 No.4

This review article highlights the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of coconut shells, and the fresh and hardened properties of the coconut shell concrete are summarized and were compared with other types of aggregates. Furthermore, the structural behavior in terms of flexural, shear, and torsion was also highlighted, with other properties including shrinkage, elastic modulus, and permeability of the coconut shell concrete. Based on the reviewed literature, concrete containing coconut shell as coarse aggregate with normal sand as fine showed the 28-day compressive strength between 2 and 36 MPa with the dried density range of 1865 to 2300 kg/m³. Coconut shell concretes showed a 28-day modulus of rupture and splitting tensile strength values in the ranges of 2.59 to 8.45 MPa and 0.8 to 3.70 MPa, respectively, and these values were in the range of 5-20% of the compressive strength. The flexural behavior of CSC was found similar to other types of lightweight concrete. There were no horizontal cracks on beams which indicate no bond failure. Whereas, the diagonal shear failure was prominent in beams with no shear reinforcements while flexural failure mode was seen in beams having shear reinforcement. Under torsion, CSC beams behave like conventional concrete. Finally, future recommendations are also suggested in this study to investigate the innovative lightweight aggregate concrete based on the environmental and financial design factors.

Determination and estimation of magnesium contentin the single phase magnesium-calcite [Ca(1-x)MgxCO3(s)]using electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)

Muhammad Fahad Khan,Sundas Saeed 한국지질과학협의회 2018 Geosciences Journal Vol.22 No.2

Mg-calcite (MgCc) is the term used for calcite containing variable magnesium content. The correct determination of the Mg-content in the calcite is of great interest for many fields of research. This study presents the potential, accuracy and the limitations of determining Mg-content in MgCc by means of electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) coupled with the energy dispersive and wave dispersive spectrometry (EDS/WDS), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). These techniques were used to examine the distribution of Mg (in mol% MgCO3) in six calcite marble samples from different locations of Peshawar basin (Pakistan), a part of Lesser Himalayas. Results showed variable Mg-content averaging 0.944–1.740 mol% from the chemical analysis with EPMA/EDS of the whole rock sample. This was almost consistent with the XRD findings of 0.750–1.690 mol%. The sample NO13 with heteroblastic grain structure showed disequilibrium geometry due to the contact metamorphism, characterized by the relatively high temperature and low pressure. This caused predominantly quick re-crystallization of the carbonate phase, thus showing lower Mgcontent in the sample. It was assumed that the observed small variability in the Mg-content of the investigated calcites even with in the sample is due to the temperature dependency of the Mg incorporation into the calcites. The highest degree of accuracy in Mg-content determination was observed based on the lattice parameter a and cell volume V. For the Mg-content obtained by XRD, best correlation was observed between the lattice parameter a, cell volume V and Mg-content, with r2 = 0.991 and 0.990 respectively. The difference between the d104 values from the Rietveld refinement and the observed XRD patterns were generally < 0.002 Å.

An Efficient Optimization Technique for Node Clustering in VANETs Using Gray Wolf Optimization

( Muhammad Fahad Khan ),( Farhan Aadil ),( Muazzam Maqsood ),( Salabat Khan ),( Bilal Haider Bukhari ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2018 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.12 No.9

Many methods have been developed for the vehicles to create clusters in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Usually, nodes are vehicles in the VANETs, and they are dynamic in nature. Clusters of vehicles are made for making the communication between the network nodes. Cluster Heads (CHs) are selected in each cluster for managing the whole cluster. This CH maintains the communication in the same cluster and with outside the other cluster. The lifetime of the cluster should be longer for increasing the performance of the network. Meanwhile, lesser the CH's in the network also lead to efficient communication in the VANETs. In this paper, a novel algorithm for clustering which is based on the social behavior of Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO) for VANET named as Intelligent Clustering using Gray Wolf Optimization (ICGWO) is proposed. This clustering based algorithm provides the optimized solution for smooth and robust communication in the VANETs. The key parameters of proposed algorithm are grid size, load balance factor (LBF), the speed of the nodes, directions and transmission range. The ICGWO is compared with the well-known meta-heuristics, Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (CLPSO) for clustering in VANETs. Experiments are performed by varying the key parameters of the ICGWO, for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. These parameters include grid sizes, transmission ranges, and a number of nodes. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of optimization of number of cluster with respect to transmission range, grid size and number of nodes. ICGWO selects the 10% of the nodes as CHs where as CLPSO and MOPSO selects the 13% and 14% respectively.

Melt Blown Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Polypropylene Mat-Based Triboelectric Sensor for Respiration and Heartbeat Monitoring

Mir Muhammad Fahad,Reza Mohammad Shamim,Gajula Prasad,Sellamuthu N. Jaisankar,김갑진,김홍두 한국고분자학회 2021 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.46 No.2

Nonwoven flexible textile materials thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polypropylene (PP) were used to fabricate a self-powered triboelectric pressure sensor which effectively determined the heartbeat and respiration rate of a human subject. TPU and PP intrinsically owns opposite triboelectric polarity and nonwoven construction of the material accelerated the efficiency of the sensor. The sensor exhibited significant amount of output voltage. Peak to peak voltage (Vp-p) of around 3.3 V was obtained from prototype sensor using custom-made dynamic tester under periodic external load of 0.1~1.0 kgf. Physiological sensor successfully converted human body generated low frequency physio-mechanical vibrations into electrical signal which was received through Piezo Film Lab Amplifier equipped with BIOPAC MP150. From recorded signal, convoluted respiration and heartbeat frequencies were isolated and evaluated.

C-Si thin-films on carbon-related substrates: Deposition and photovoltaic cells

Bhopal, Muhammad Fahad,Rehman, Atteq ur,Lee, Doo won,Lee, Soo Hong Korean Physical Society 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.66 No.5

High-ĸ dielectric oxide as an interfacial layer with enhanced photo-generation for Gr/Si solar cells

Bhopal, Muhammad Fahad,Akbar, Kamran,Rehman, Malik Abdul,Lee, Doo won,Rehman, Atteq ur,Seo, Yongho,Chun, Seung-Hyun,Lee, Soo Hong Elsevier 2017 Carbon Vol.125 No.-

<P>In recent years, graphene (Gr) based solar cells have attracted extensive interest because of their ability to produce low cost and highly efficient solar cells. Conventional Gr/Si Schottky junction based solar cells are mostly fabricated by transfer of graphene on silicon substrate. In current work the direct growth of graphene by using the Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) technique was demonstrated to make fabrication more practical on a large scale. Firstly Gr/Si Schottky junction based solar cells were fabricated, and by optimizing the growth process, power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 3.5% was achieved. Additionally, we demonstrated a metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) structure by introducing hafnium oxide (HfO2), and an enriched efficiency of 6.68% was reached. Furthermore, the chemical doping of Gr grown on top of HfO2 passivated Si was done and the efficiency was further enhanced by 8.5%. This study also suggests that the Voc of the Gr/HfO2/Si solar cells strongly depends on the thickness of the HfO2 interfacial layer. These solar cells proved reliable as their efficiency was still consistent even after four months. The current study envisions the use of graphene based solar cells for commercial application. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</P>