Political Consequences of Economic Interdependence

Min Xia 인하대학교 다문화융합연구소 2023 다문화와 교육 Vol.8 No.3

In an era of globalization, how will the economic interdependence affect international politics? Since the 1970s, more and more scholars have begun to pay attention to this problem. Some scholars believe that economic interdependence will promote exchanges between countries and thus maintain peace among them. Some scholars state that economic interdependence increases the possibility of conflict between countries. And other scholars point put that the political consequences of economic interdependence depend on the satisfaction of certain conditions. This paper proposes a framework of two-level analysis, arguing that the political consequences of economic interdependence need to be examined at both the systemic and inter-state levels. Economic interdependence creates deficits in global governance at the system level, undermining the existing international economic institutions. And economic interdependence at the inter-state level can lead to conflicts between countries due to triggering specific conditions. Therefore, this study suggests that economic interdependence requires a good management mechanism. At the system level, we should improve global governance by inviting more countries to participate in. At the inter-state level, interdependent countries need to take into account each other's concerns, better manage disagreements through dialogues, and distribute the economic gains of interdependence more equitably. Finally, the arguments of this paper will be tested through a case study of Sino-US economic interdependence.

Study on the Inclusion Behavior of Sulfobutylether-β-Cyclodextrin with Perphenazine by Flow Injection Chemiluminescence

Minxia Shen,Hairu Lv,Zhenghua Song 대한화학회 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.11

The inclusion behavior of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) with perphenazine (PPH) was first studied by flow injection (FI)-chemiluminescence (CL) analysis with proposed lg[(I0 – Is)/Is] = lgKP-CD + nlg[CPPH] model and molecular docking. Results showed that a 1:1 complex of SBE-β-CD/PPH could online form, with the formation constant KP-CD of 2.57 × 107 L mol−1 at 298 K. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the inclusion behavior of SBE-β-CD/PPH was a spontaneous process by hydrophobic interaction. The molecular docking results revealed PPH entered into the larger cavity of SBE-β-CD with two hydrogen bonds. Based on the linear relationship of the decrement of luminol/SBE-β-CD/PPH CL intensity against the logarithm of PPH concentration ranging from 0.03 to 30.0 ng mL−1, the present FI-CL analysis using luminol/ SBE-β-CD/PPH system was successfully applied to PPH determination in biological fluids and tablets with recoveries from 94.5 to 105.6% and RSDs less than 2.6% (n = 5).

Study on the Inclusion Behavior of Sulfobutylether-β-Cyclodextrin with Perphenazine by Flow Injection Chemiluminescence

Shen, Minxia,Lv, Hairu,Song, Zhenghua Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.11

The inclusion behavior of sulfobutylether-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin (SBE-${\beta}$-CD) with perphenazine (PPH) was first studied by flow injection (FI)-chemiluminescence (CL) analysis with proposed $lg[(I_0-I_s)/I_s]=lgK_{P-CD}+nlg[C_{PPH}]$ model and molecular docking. Results showed that a 1:1 complex of SBE-${\beta}$-CD/PPH could online form, with the formation constant $K_{P-CD}$ of $2.57{\times}10^7Lmol^{-1}$ at 298 K. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the inclusion behavior of SBE-${\beta}$-CD/PPH was a spontaneous process by hydrophobic interaction. The molecular docking results revealed PPH entered into the larger cavity of SBE-${\beta}$-CD with two hydrogen bonds. Based on the linear relationship of the decrement of luminol/SBE-${\beta}$-CD/PPH CL intensity against the logarithm of PPH concentration ranging from 0.03 to 30.0 ng $mL^{-1}$, the present FI-CL analysis using luminol/SBE-${\beta}$-CD/PPH system was successfully applied to PPH determination in biological fluids and tablets with recoveries from 94.5 to 105.6% and RSDs less than 2.6% (n = 5).

The Association Between Fasting C-peptide and Gastrointestinal Symptoms of Gastroparesis in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

( Yun Huang ),( Honghong Zhang ),( Minxia Zhang ),( Wenya Li ),( Jinhua Wang ),( Ji Hu ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2017 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.23 No.2

Background/Aims The relationship between C-peptide levels and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in type 2 diabetic patients is not clear. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between fasting C-peptide and GI symptoms of gastroparesis in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods We recruited 333 type 2 diabetic patients into the present study. All patients filled out questionnaires of gastroparesis cardinal symptom index (GCSI) to evaluate GI symptoms. Hospital anxiety and depression scale were adopted to define anxiety and depression. Patients with GCSI scores ≥ 1.9 were regarded as having symptoms of gastroparesis. Results In our study, 71 (21.3%) type 2 diabetic patients had GCSI scores ≥ 1.9. In comparison to patients with scores < 1.9, those with scores ≥ 1.9 had significantly lower fasting c-peptide levels (1.49 ng/mL vs 1.94 ng/mL, P < 0.001), higher prevalence of depression (40.9% vs 18.3%, P < 0.001) and anxiety (28.2% vs 13.0%, P = 0.002). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that fasting C-peptide was still significantly associated with symptoms of gastroparesis (odds ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence intervals, 0.48-0.94; P = 0.021), even after adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, HbA1c, current smoking and drinking status, anxiety, and depression. Furthermore, linear regressions showed that fasting C-peptide was independently and negatively related to GCSI scores (standardized regression coefficient, -0.29; P < 0.001) in patients with at least one GI symptom. Conclusion GI symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis affect approximately 20% of type 2 diabetes patients and are associated with lower fasting C-peptide levels independent of depression and anxiety status. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017;23:254-261)

Effect of activator types on cement mortar with polymeric aluminum chloride waste residue

Ping Xu,Yuhao Cui,Dong Han,Minxia Zhang,Yahong Ding Techno-Press 2023 Advances in concrete construction Vol.15 No.3

Water glass (WG) and sodium sulfate (SS) were used to prepare polymeric aluminum chloride residue cement mortar (PACRM) by single and compound blending with polymeric aluminum chloride waste residue, respectively. The structural strength and textural characteristics examinations showed that PACRM consistency increased by incorporating WG, but decreased by incorporating SS. When WG and SS were compounded, the mortar consistency initially rose before falling. The compressive strength of PACRM increased and then decreased as WG was increased. The mechanical properties of PACRM were better enhanced by SS than WG, showing no strength deterioration. The main reason for the improved mechanical properties of polymeric aluminum chloride waste residue in the presence of activators is the increased precipitation of reactive substances, such as C-S-H gels, calcium silica, and Ca(OH)₂. The density of the specimens with PACRM and the degree of aggregation of hydration products were significantly enhanced by generating more hydration products in the mortar. Further, the cracks and pores were significantly reduced, and the matrix structure was continuous and dense at 5% SS doping and 3% compound doping.

Influences of Steel Fiber Content on Size Effect of the Fracture Energy of High-Strength Concrete

Ping Xu,Jinyi Ma,Yahong Ding,Minxia Zhang 대한토목학회 2021 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.25 No.3

Quasi-brittleness is an important factor affecting the size effect of concrete, and the addition of steel fiber can effectively change this effect in concrete. The size effect on the fracture energy of steel fiber reinforced high-strength concrete was investigated in this paper. A total of 156 concrete single-edge notched beams (SENB) of various span-to-depth ratios, crack-to-depth ratios and steel fiber contents were tested to study the size effect of fracture energy of the high-strength concrete added steel fibers. The parameters of fracture in the boundary effect model (BEM) and size effect law (SEL) were deeply analyzed. The results show that the addition of steel fiber will generate significant influence on the parameter values obtained from both BEM and SEL. Based on the BEM, the relationship among Gf (experimental test fracture energy), gf(local fracture energy), and GF (fracture energy unaffected by specimen boundary) could be obtained. Thus, a method for analyzing the influence of steel fiber on GF was proposed using small-size SENB specimens at laboratory. In addition, based on the SEL, the impact of size effect on the fracture energy was effectively mitigated by the addition of steel fibers in high-strength concrete to a certain extent.

Study on Mechanical Behaviors of Unsaturated Loess in terms of Moistening Level

Yichuan Xing,Denghui Gao,Songli Jin,Aijun Zhang,Minxia Guo 대한토목학회 2019 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.23 No.3

Water sensitivity is the special feature of unsaturated loess, which is the main cause of engineering problems in loessial regions. Previous studies have generally focused on potential changes on mechanical properties of loess when it is moistened to saturation, while the moistening process is often ignored. In order to investigate the mechanical behaviors of unsaturated loess during the moistening process, this paper takes unsaturated loess obtained from Ili, Xinjiang Autonomous Regions, China, as study object. A self-developed oedometer was used which was available for adding water into the soil sample during loading, measuring the coefficient of earth pressure at rest and matrix suction during moistening. Loess samples obtained from 3 buried depths were tested under 4 different vertical loads. The moistening level was defined to refer to the relative level of water content with regard to the initial and saturated water contents of a soil sample. Change tendencies of moistening deformation, the coefficient of earth pressure at rest as well as suction versus the moistening level were investigated.