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기능적(functional) 번역이론 개념과 번역 교육에의 활용
전미연 한국국제회의통역학회 2004 통역과 번역 Vol.6 No.1
The purpose of this paper is to define translation theory from a pedagogical point of view - with the aim of teaching it to facilitate students' translation learning - and to show, through some examples, how theoretical concepts can be taught effectively in class. First, this paper proposes 'functional' translation theory, which can be taught to help students comprehend different aspects of translation and translation profession. It is important to stress that a theory does not necessarily have to be prescriptive to be functional. Additionally, the paper shows to what extent translation theory can help translators. In fact, the choice of theories will be largely influenced by the understanding the teacher has in this matter. Thirdly, recognizing that not all theories can apply, this paper emphasizes the necessity of a proper selection. While utility or functionality is not inherent to a theory, it is up to the teacher to use consciously all its possibilities as a functional theory. Finally, the paper demonstrates how 'functional theoretical concepts' can be taught in class. Three notions of speech act theory and the concept of isotopy have been expanded to prove their functionality in translation teaching.
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전소희,백병주,김재곤,양연미 大韓小兒齒科學會 2005 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.32 No.1
형태학적으로 아주 유사한 상, 하악 제2유구치와 제1대구치의 교합면 형태를 분석하고자 정상교합의 유치열기 아동(Hellman dental age ⅡA) 100명(남자 50명, 여자 50명)과 영구치열기의 성인(Hellman dental age ⅣA) 86명(남자 43명, 여자 43명)을 대상으로 하였다. 상, 하악 제2유구치와 제1대구치의 상, 하악 석고모형의 3차원 형상 data로부터 각 교두정간 거리, 교두정을 최소한의 오차로 지나는 평면과 교합면사이의 체적, 평면에서 교두정간 까지의 방향별 Section curve를 구하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 형성된 표준평면과 각 교두정과의 거리에 관한 오차는 하악 제2유구치에서 남자 0.05-0.09mm, 여자 0.04-0.09mm로서 제일 작았다. 2. 각 교두정간의 거리는 하악 제2유구치와 제1대구치에서 남자가 크게 나타났다. 특히 제2 유구치에서는 유의성이 존재하였다(p<0.05). 3. 남녀 모두에서 사주 교두거리를 제외하고, 상악 제2유구치는 원심 협측교두와 설측교두 사이가, 하악 제2유구치는 원심교두와 원심 설측교두 사이가, 상악 제1대구치는 근심 설측교두와 협측교두 사이가, 하악 제1대구치는 원심 설측교두와 근심 설측교두 사이의 거리가 가장 크게 측정되었다. 4. 제2유구치와 제1대구치에 교합면 체적은 하악에서 크게 나타났고, 영구치가 1.40-1.75배 값을 보였으며(p<0.05), 남녀간에서는 남자가 큰 값을 보이긴 하였지만 통계적인 유의성이 없었다. 5. 대부분의 경우 유치열에서 보다 영구치열에서 section curve가 넓고 깊었으며 교두사이의 사선거리를 제외하고 상악의 경우 근심 협측과 설측교두 사이에서 유치열과 영구치열 모두에서 가장 깊은 section curve를 이루었으며 하악에서는 영구치열은 원심 협측과 원심교두사이 유치열은 원심 설측과 원심교두 사이에서 가장 깊은 section curve를 이루었다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphometrics of primary second molar and permanent first molar. Samples were consisted of normal occlusion in the primary dentition(50 males and 50 females) and permanent dentition(43 males and 43 females). Their upper and lower plaster casts were used and their measuring points wore decided, through 3-dimensional laser scanning(3D Scanner, DS4060, LDI, U.S.A.), fitting standard horizontal plane were made for measuring the intercuspal distance, volume of intercuspal area and section curve. The results were as follows; 1. Average distance from the fit plane to the cusp tips of mandibular primary second molar was smaller than any other tooth. (0.05-0.09 mm in male and 0.04-0.09 mm in female). 2. Intercuspal distances of mandibular primary second molar and permanent first molar were larger in male than in female. Especially, there was statistical significance in primary second molar(p<0.05). 3. Intercuspal distance between distobuccal and distolingual cusp was larger in maxillary primary second molar, except cross intercuspal distances. And distances between distal and distolingual cusp, in mandibular primary second molar, between mesiolingual and mesiobuccal cusp, in maxillary first molar, and between distolingual and mesiolingual cusp, in mandibular first molar were larger than any other intercuspal distance 4. Volume of intercuspal area of primary second molar and permanent first molar was larger in mandible than in maxilla and that of' permanent first molar was 1.40-1.75 times of primary second molar (p<0.05). Also it was larger in male than in female, but there was no statistical significance. 5. In most cases, section curves were wider and deeper in permanent dentition than in primary dentition. Except cross intercuspal distances, in maxilla, section curve between mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusp was the deepest in both dentition. In mandible, section curve between distobuccal and distal cusp was the deepest in permanent dentition and between distolingual and distal cusp was the deepest in primary dentition.
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NaOCL로 처리된 치수강 상아질에서 sodium ascorbate가 미세인장결합강도에 미치는 영향
전수연,이광원,유미경 大韓齒科保存學會 2008 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.33 No.6
본 연구의 목적은 NaOCl로 처리된 치수강 상아질에 total-etching adhesive system(single bond, 3M-ESPE, St Paul MN USA)을 적용할 때 미세인장결합강도에서 sodium ascorbate가 미치는 영향을 평가하는 것이다. 발치된 건전한 인간 대구치의 치수강 내면을 다음과 같이 처리하였다. 1군, 0.9% NaCl로 세척; 2군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척; 3군 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 1분간 적용; 4군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 1분간 적용하고 다시 10ml 물로 수세 : 5군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 5분간 적용; 6군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 5분간 적용하고 다시 10ml 물로 수세 ; 7군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용; 8군, 5.25% NaOCl로 세척한 후 10% sodium ascorbate를 10분간 적용하고 다시 10ml 물로 수세. 처리된 시편들은 total-etching adhe-sive system(Single bond)으로 처리한 후 composite resin(Z250)으로 충전하고, 미세인장강도를 측정하기 전 24시간 동안 보관하였다. 분석 결과 NaOCl 처리 군(2군)은 다른 실험군들에 비해 유의성 있게 낮은 결합 강도를 보였다. NaCl 처리 군(1군)과 sodium ascorbate처리 군(3-8군)은 유의성 있는 차이가 없었다. 이번 연구 결과는 NaOCl로 처리한 치수강 상아질의 Single bond에 대한 미세인장결합강도는 감소되며 , 10% sodium ascorbate를 추가적으로 처리하였을 때 감소된 결합력이 회복됨을 보여주었다. Sodium ascorbate의 다양한 처리시간은 결합력에 영향을 미치지 않았다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of sodium ascorbate on microtensile bond strengths of total-etching adhesive system to pulp chamber dentin treated with NaOCl. Pulp chambers of extracted human non-caries permanent molars were treated as follows: group 1, with 0.9% NaCl; group 2, with 5.25% NaOCl; group 3, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 1min; group 4, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 1 min and 10ml of water; group 5, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 5 min; group 6, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 5 min and 10ml of water; group 7, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 min; group 8, with 5.25% NaOCl and 10% sodium ascorbate for 10 min and 10ml of water. Treated specimens were dried, bonded with a total-etching adhe-give system (Single bond), restored with a composite resin(Z250) and kept for 24h at 100% humidity to measure the microtensile bond strength. NaOCl-treated group (group 2) demonstrated significantly lower strength than the other groups. No significant difference in microtensile bond strengths was found between NaCl-treated group (group 1) and sodium ascorbate-treated groups (group 3-8). The results of this study indicated that dentin treated with NaOCl reduced the microtensile bond strength of Single bond. Application of 10% sodium ascorbate restored the bond strength of Single bond on NaOCI-treated dentin. Application time of sodium ascorbate did not have a significant effect.
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최연희,전은영,김현미 慶山大學校 保健福祉硏究所 2003 保健福祉硏究 Vol.8 No.-
The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitude of public works on the nonsmoking areas. The subjects were a volunteer sample of 436 public workers in Daegu city. Data was collected through interviews and questionaires from March 10 to May 9, 2001, and analyzed by frequency, percentage, chi-square test and multiple logistic regression, using a SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows: Smokers of the subject group accounted for 47.9%, and smokers who smoke one pack of cigarettes per day and a cigarette to its two-thirds length was the most. 42.6% of smokers have positive attitude to quit smoking, but 36.6% has no intention to quit. Among the subjects who answer 'yes' to designate the nonsmoking area were 63.3%. In the designated places of nonsmoking area within public workplace, 'elevator' showed the highest(95.0%), 'cafeteria'(73.0%), 'physical-training room'(71.6%), and 'passage'(66.4%). For designation of nonsmoking areas, nonsmokers were more positive than smokers and the difference was statistically significant. To designated the factors influencing attitude of public workers on nonsmoking areas, logistic regression analysis has been done. According to the results of this analysis, the volume of smoking and a job barrier being due to cigarette smoking were selected as significant factors. In conclusion, more smoking and health education for public workers is needed to reduce the rate of national smoking and allow people to have a good smoking attitude. It is required to arrange an institutional system who can strictly public workers' smoking in their offices.
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Jeon, Eun-Joo,Yoon, Bo-Young,Lim, Jung-Yeon,Oh, Hye-Jwa,Park, Hyun-Sil,Park, Min-Jung,Lim, Mi-Ae,Park, Mi-Kyung,Kim, Kyung-Woon,Cho, Mi-La,Cho, Seok-Goo Informa Healthcare 2012 Autoimmunity Vol.45 No.6
<P>Maintaining an appropriate balance between subsets of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> helper T cells and T regulatory cells (Tregs) is a critical process in immune homeostasis and a protective mechanism against autoimmunity and inflammation. To identify the role of vitamin A-related compounds, we investigated the regulation of interleukin (IL)-17-producing helper T cells (Th17 cells) and Tregs treated with all-trans-retinal (retinal). CD4<SUP>+</SUP>T cells or total cells from the spleens of C57BL/6 mice were stimulated under Treg-polarizing (anti-CD3/CD28 and TGF-β) or Th17-polarizing (anti-CD3/CD28, TGF-β, and IL-6) conditions in the presence or absence of retinal. To analyze their suppressive abilities, retinal-induced Tregs or TGF-β-induced Tregs were co-cultured with responder T cells. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established in interferon (IFN)-γ knockout mice. On day 13, retinal-induced Tregs were adoptively transferred to mice with established CIA after second immunizations. Compared with TGF-β-induced Treg cells, retinal-induced Tregs showed increased Foxp3 expression and mediated stronger suppressive activity. Under Th17-polarizing conditions, retinal inhibited the production of IL-17 and increased the expression of Foxp3.Retinal-induced Tregs showed therapeutic effects in IFN-γ knockout CIA mice. Thus, we demonstrated that retinal reciprocally regulates Foxp3<SUP>+</SUP> Tregs and Th17 cells. These findings suggest that retinal, a vitamin A metabolite, can regulate the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immunity. A better understanding of the manipulation of Foxp3 and Tregs may enable the application of this tremendous therapeutic potential in various autoimmune diseases.</P>
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의생활 윤리소비 교육프로그램이 청소년들의 의생활 윤리소비의식과 일반적인 윤리소비지식 및 윤리소비행동에 미치는 영향
전미연 ( Mi Yeon Jeon ),정혜정 ( Hye Jung Jung ),오경화 ( Kyung Wha Oh ) 한국의류산업학회 2013 한국의류산업학회지 Vol.15 No.6
This study aims to investigate the impacts on adolescents of the application of the education program for ethical consumption related to clothing in terms of their clothing-related ethical consumption consciousness, and in terms of their general ethical consumption knowledge and behaviors. Additionally, the effects of clothing-related ethical consumption consciousness and general ethical consumption knowledge on general ethical consumption behavior were examined. The program for education in ethical consumption related to clothing for adolescents was developed and applied, two surveys for the pre-post test design were conducted with high school female and male students, and a total of 158 responses were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows. 1) The results of the factor analysis and the reliability test on ethical consumption consciousness for high school students clearly showed factorial structures including Pro-environmentalism, Animal welfare, Social responsibility, and Recycling. 2) Analysis of the differences in the means of ethical consumption consciousness, knowledge, and behaviors of respondents between pre-test and post-test revealed that posttest means of all research variables after application of the education program were higher than pre-test means. 3) The ethical consumption knowledge had important medicating roles in the relationship between ethical consumption consciousness with regard to clothing and general ethical consumption behaviors. Overall, the study provides empirical evidence to support the notion that there is a need for applying an ethical consumption education program to lead adolescents to consume ethically.
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전미라(Mi Ra Jeon),김민희(Min Hee Kim),김미연(Mi Yeon Kim),김미리(Mee Ree Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.38 No.1
마늘을 여러 가지 방법으로 열처리해 새로운 무취마늘 식품소재를 개발하기 위해 마늘을 삶기(100℃, 60 min), 찌기(100℃, 30 min), 굽기(120℃, 10 min), 고온고압처리(120℃, 20 min, 1.5 kgf/cm2)하여 이화학적, 관능적 특성 및 항산화 성을 평가하였다. 마늘의 색도 측정 결과 생마늘에 비해 가열처리된 마늘이 L값이 감소하였으며, a값과 b값은 유의적으로 증가하였다(p<0.05). 가열처리된 마늘의 기계적 경도, 씹힘성, 검성은 유의적으로 감소하였으며(p<0.05), 고온고압 처리한 경우에 크게 감소하였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거능 및 hydroxyl 라디칼 소거능에 대한 항산화 활성은 생마늘(대조구)에 비해 가열처리된 마늘에서 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 가열방법에 따라서는 고온고압처리 마늘이 항산화 활성이 가장 우수하였다. 관능적 특성 중 강도평가에서 매운맛, 마늘 냄새에 대해서는 생마늘에 비해 가열처리된 마늘이 유의적으로 강도가 낮게 평가되었고(p<0.05), 특히 고온고압처리 마늘이 매운맛(1.6점), 자극적 냄새(1.5점)가 가장 적었다. 이상의 결과를 토대로 마늘 무취화를 위한 가열처리 방법으로는 고온고압처리가 가장 적합하다고 판단하였다. 그리고 가열처리로 인한 항산화성 감소를 보완하고자, 마늘을 고온고압처리 시 허브(녹차, 월계수, 계피, 솔잎)를 10% 첨가하여 DPPH radical 소거능으로 항산화성을 평가한 결과 녹차를 첨가했을 때 가장 우수한 항산화성을 보였다. 또한 경제적인 면을 고려하여 녹차의 첨가량을 1%로 줄이고 5% 숯을 첨가하여 DPPH radical 소거능을 측정했을 때 10% 첨가구에 비해 IC??값이 감소하여 적은 양의 녹차로도 항산화작용이 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결과적으로 마늘의 무취화에 고온고압처리를 적용할 수 있으며, 녹차를 함께 첨가할 경우 항산화성 보완할 수 있음을 확인하였다. The effects of heat treated and herb added garlic (Allium sativum L.) on the antioxidant activities were investigated. Boiling (100℃, 60 min), steaming (100℃, 30 min), baking (120℃, 10 min), or high temperature and high pressure (HTHP, 120℃, 20 min, 1.5 kgf/㎠) were applied, and several herbs were added to garlic. Hunter color L-value of heated garlic was significantly decreased, compared to that of control (fresh garlic), whereas a-value and b-value were increased (p<0.05). In the texture profile analysis, hardness, chewiness and gumminess of heated garlic were decreased, whereas adhesiveness was increased. The antioxidant activities determined by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were decreased in HTHP garlic. The pungent taste and garlic odor were the weakest in HTHP garlic. Especially, the pungent taste of HTHP garlic was not detectable. Green tea among several herbs (bay leaf, cinnamon bark, pine needles) showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Addition of green tea to HTHP garlic was appropriate for decreasing antioxidative activity of HTHP garlic compared to fresh garlic. Based on these results, it was suggested that high temperature and high pressure treated garlic with green tea might be very useful as a substitute for odorless functional garlic products.
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